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Goel M, Dhingra NK. bFGF and insulin lead to migration of Müller glia to photoreceptor layer in rd1 mouse retina. Neurosci Lett 2021; 755:135936. [PMID: 33910061 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2021.135936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Müller glia can act as endogenous stem cells and regenerate the missing neurons in the injured or degenerating retina in lower vertebrates. However, mammalian Müller glia, although can sometimes express stem cell markers and specific neuronal proteins in response to injury or degeneration, do not differentiate into functional neurons. We asked whether bFGF and insulin would stimulate the Müller glia to migrate, proliferate and differentiate into photoreceptors in rd1 mouse. We administered single or repeated (two or three) intravitreal injections of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF;200 μg) and insulin (2 μg) in 2-week-old rd1 mice. Müller glia were checked for proliferation, migration and differentiation using immunostaining. A single injection resulted within 5 days in a decrease in the numbers of Müller glia in the inner nuclear layer (INL) and a corresponding increase in the outer nuclear layer (ONL). The total number of Müller glia in the INL and ONL was unaltered, suggesting that they did not proliferate, but migrated from INL to ONL. However, maintaining the Müller cells in the ONL for two weeks or longer required repeated injections of bFGF and insulin. Interestingly, all Müller cells in the ONL expressed chx10, a stem cell marker. We did not find any immunolabeling for rhodopsin, m-opsin or s-opsin in the Müller glia in the ONL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manvi Goel
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Gurgaon, Haryana 122051, India.
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Jeon S, Oh IH. Regeneration of the retina: toward stem cell therapy for degenerative retinal diseases. BMB Rep 2016; 48:193-9. [PMID: 25560700 PMCID: PMC4436854 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2015.48.4.276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Degenerative retinal diseases affect millions of people worldwide, which can lead to the loss of vision. However, therapeutic approaches that can reverse this process are limited. Recent efforts have allowed the possibility of the stem cell-based regeneration of retinal cells and repair of injured retinal tissues. Although the direct differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into terminally differentiated photoreceptor cells comprises one approach, a series of studies revealed the intrinsic regenerative potential of the retina using endogenous retinal stem cells. Muller glial cells, ciliary pigment epithelial cells, and retinal pigment epithelial cells are candidates for such retinal stem cells that can differentiate into multiple types of retinal cells and be integrated into injured or developing retina. In this review, we explore our current understanding of the cellular identity of these candidate retinal stem cells and their therapeutic potential for cell therapy against degenerative retinal diseases. [BMB Reports 2015; 48(4): 193-199]
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohee Jeon
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Lifescience; Department of Ophthalmology, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
| | - Il-Hoan Oh
- Catholic High-Performance Cell Therapy Center & Department of Medical Lifescience, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 137-701, Korea
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Jayakody SA, Gonzalez-Cordero A, Ali RR, Pearson RA. Cellular strategies for retinal repair by photoreceptor replacement. Prog Retin Eye Res 2015; 46:31-66. [PMID: 25660226 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 01/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Loss of photoreceptors due to retinal degeneration is a major cause of blindness in the developed world. While no effective treatment is currently available, cell replacement therapy, using pluripotent stem cell-derived photoreceptor precursor cells, may be a feasible future treatment. Recent reports have demonstrated rescue of visual function following the transplantation of immature photoreceptors and we have seen major advances in our ability to generate transplantation-competent donor cells from stem cell sources. Moreover, we are beginning to realise the possibilities of using endogenous populations of cells from within the retina itself to mediate retinal repair. Here, we present a review of our current understanding of endogenous repair mechanisms together with recent progress in the use of both ocular and pluripotent stem cells for the treatment of photoreceptor loss. We consider how our understanding of retinal development has underpinned many of the recent major advances in translation and moved us closer to the goal of restoring vision by cellular means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujatha A Jayakody
- Gene and Cell Therapy Group, Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Anai Gonzalez-Cordero
- Gene and Cell Therapy Group, Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, London EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Robin R Ali
- Gene and Cell Therapy Group, Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, London EC1V 9EL, UK; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, City Road, London EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Rachael A Pearson
- Gene and Cell Therapy Group, Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, 11-43 Bath St, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
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Yoon JJ, Wang EF, Ismail S, McGhee JJ, Sherwin T. Sphere-forming cells from peripheral cornea demonstrate polarity and directed cell migration. Cell Biol Int 2013; 37:949-60. [PMID: 23619932 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 04/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sphere-forming cells from peripheral cornea represent a potential source of progenitor cells for treatment of corneal degenerative diseases. Control of cellular repopulation on transplantable substrates is important to prevent uncontrolled growth in unfavourable directions. The coordination of cellular outgrowth may be in response to environmental cues and/or cellular signals from other spheres. To investigate this, cell migration patterns were observed following placement of spheres on an adhesive surface. Human peripheral corneal cells were maintained using a sphere-forming assay and their behaviour on collagen substrate recorded by time-lapse imaging. Immunocytochemistry and proliferation assays were used to detect protein expression and cell division. Proliferation assays showed that spheres formed by a combination of cell division and aggregation. Cell division continued within spheres for up to 4 months and was up-regulated when exposed to differentiation medium and collagen substrate. The spheres expressed both epithelial and stromal cell markers. When exposed to collagen; (1) 25% of the spheres showed spontaneous polarised outgrowth. (2) One sphere initially showed polarised outgrowth followed by collective migration with discrete morphological changes to form leading and trailing compartments. (3) A sphere which did not show polarised outgrowth was also capable of collective migration using cell protrusion and retraction. (4) Active recruitment of cells into spheres was observed. (5) Placement of spheres in close proximity led to production of a cell exclusion area adjacent to spheres. Thus peripheral corneal cell spheres are dynamic entities capable of developing polarity and modifying migration in response to their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinny Jung Yoon
- Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, New Zealand National Eye Centre, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1020, New Zealand
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Gullapalli VK, Khodair MA, Wang H, Sugino IK, Madreperla S, Zarbin MA. Transplantation Frontiers. Retina 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-1-4557-0737-9.00125-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Gualdoni S, Baron M, Lakowski J, Decembrini S, Pearson RA, Ali RR, Sowden JC. Isolation and Culture of Adult Ciliary Epithelial Cells, Previously Identified as Retinal Stem Cells, and Retinal Progenitor Cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; Chapter 1:Unit 1H.4. [DOI: 10.1002/9780470151808.sc01h04s19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gualdoni
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London London United Kingdom
| | - Michael Baron
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London London United Kingdom
| | - Jörn Lakowski
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London London United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Decembrini
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London London United Kingdom
| | - Rachel A. Pearson
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London London United Kingdom
| | - Robin R. Ali
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London London United Kingdom
| | - Jane C. Sowden
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, University College London London United Kingdom
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De Marzo A, Aruta C, Marigo V. PEDF promotes retinal neurosphere formation and expansion in vitro. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 664:621-30. [PMID: 20238066 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-1399-9_71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The retina is subject to degenerative conditions leading to blindness. Although retinal regeneration is possible in lower vertebrates, it does not occur in the adult mammalian retina. Retinal stem cell (RSC) research offers unique opportunities for developing clinical application for therapy. The ciliary body of adult mammals represents a source of quiescent RSC. These neural progenitors have a limited self-renewal potential in vitro but this can be improved by mitogens. Pigment Epithelium Derived Factor (PEDF), a member of the serpin gene family, is synthesized and secreted by retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. We tested combinations of PEDF with fibroblast growth factor (FGF) during RSC growth to evaluate self-renewal and subsequent differentiation into retinal-like neuronal cell types. Medium supplemented with FGF + PEDF enhanced the RSC yield and more interestingly allowed expansion of the culture by increasing secondary retinal neurospheres after the 1st passage. This effect was accompanied by cell proliferation as revealed by BrdU incorporation. PEDF usage did not affect rod-like differentiation potential. This was demonstrated by immunofluorescence analysis of Rhodopsin and Pde6b that were found similarly expressed in cells derived from FGF or FGF + PEDF cultured RSC. Our studies suggest a possible application of PEDF in Retinal Stem Cell culture and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna De Marzo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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Gualdoni S, Baron M, Lakowski J, Decembrini S, Smith AJ, Pearson RA, Ali RR, Sowden JC. Adult ciliary epithelial cells, previously identified as retinal stem cells with potential for retinal repair, fail to differentiate into new rod photoreceptors. Stem Cells 2010; 28:1048-59. [PMID: 20506130 DOI: 10.1002/stem.423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ciliary margin in lower vertebrates is a site of continual retinal neurogenesis and a stem cell niche. By contrast, the human eye ceases retinal neuron production before birth and loss of photoreceptors during life is permanent and a major cause of blindness. The discovery of a proliferative cell population in the ciliary epithelium (CE) of the adult mammalian eye, designated retinal stem cells, raised the possibility that these cells could help to restore sight by replacing lost photoreceptors. We previously demonstrated the feasibility of photoreceptor transplantation using cells from the developing retina. CE cells could provide a renewable source of photoreceptors for transplantation. Several laboratories reported that these cells generate new photoreceptors, whereas a recent report questioned the existence of retinal stem cells. We used Nrl.gfp transgenic mice that express green fluorescent protein in rod photoreceptors to assess definitively the ability of CE cells to generate new photoreceptors. We report that CE cells expanded in monolayer cultures, lose pigmentation, and express a subset of eye field and retinal progenitor cell markers. Simultaneously, they continue to express some markers characteristic of differentiated CE and typically lack a neuronal morphology. Previously reported photoreceptor differentiation conditions used for CE cells, as well as conditions used to differentiate embryonic retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) and embryonic stem cell-derived RPCs, do not effectively activate the Nrl-regulated photoreceptor differentiation program. Therefore, we conclude that CE cells lack potential for photoreceptor differentiation and would require reprogramming to be useful as a source of new photoreceptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Gualdoni
- Developmental Biology Unit, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
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West E, Pearson R, MacLaren R, Sowden J, Ali R. Cell transplantation strategies for retinal repair. PROGRESS IN BRAIN RESEARCH 2009; 175:3-21. [PMID: 19660645 PMCID: PMC3272389 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6123(09)17501-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell transplantation is a novel therapeutic strategy to restore visual responses to the degenerate adult neural retina and represents an exciting area of regenerative neurotherapy. So far, it has been shown that transplanted postmitotic photoreceptor precursors are able to functionally integrate into the adult mouse neural retina. In this review, we discuss the differentiation of photoreceptor cells from both adult and embryonic-derived stem cells and their potential for retinal cell transplantation. We also discuss the strategies used to overcome barriers present in the degenerate neural retina and improve retinal cell integration. Finally, we consider the future translation of retinal cell therapy as a therapeutic strategy to treat retinal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.L. West
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - R.A. Pearson
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - R.E. MacLaren
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Vitreoretinal Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - J.C. Sowden
- Developmental Biology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - R.R. Ali
- Department of Genetics, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Molecular Immunology Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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