1
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Toyoda S, Handa T, Yong H, Takahashi H, Shiwaku H. IMPDH2 forms spots at branching sites and distal ends of astrocyte stem processes. Genes Cells 2024; 29:150-158. [PMID: 38009721 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.13088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Inosine monophosphate dehydrogenase (IMPDH) is a rate-limiting enzyme in the de novo GTP biosynthesis pathway. Recent studies suggest that IMPDH2, an isoform of IMPDH, can localize to specific subcellular compartments under certain conditions and regulate site-specific GTP availability and small GTPase activity in invasive cancer cells. However, it is unclear whether IMPDH2 plays a site-specific regulatory role in subcellular functions in healthy cells. In this study, we focused on brain cells and examined the localization pattern of IMPDH2. We discovered that IMPDH2 forms localized spots in the astrocytes of the adult mouse hippocampus. Further analysis of spot distribution in primary astrocyte cultures revealed that IMPDH2 spots are predominantly localized on branching sites and distal ends of astrocyte stem processes. Our findings suggest a potential unidentified role for IMPDH2 and GTP synthesis specifically at specialized nodes of astrocyte branches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Toyoda
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takehisa Handa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Huang Yong
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Research Institute and Center for Brain Integration Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidehiko Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shiwaku
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University Graduate School, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Rodríguez-Giraldo M, González-Reyes RE, Ramírez-Guerrero S, Bonilla-Trilleras CE, Guardo-Maya S, Nava-Mesa MO. Astrocytes as a Therapeutic Target in Alzheimer's Disease-Comprehensive Review and Recent Developments. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13630. [PMID: 36362415 PMCID: PMC9654484 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a frequent and disabling neurodegenerative disorder, in which astrocytes participate in several pathophysiological processes including neuroinflammation, excitotoxicity, oxidative stress and lipid metabolism (along with a critical role in apolipoprotein E function). Current evidence shows that astrocytes have both neuroprotective and neurotoxic effects depending on the disease stage and microenvironmental factors. Furthermore, astrocytes appear to be affected by the presence of amyloid-beta (Aβ), with alterations in calcium levels, gliotransmission and proinflammatory activity via RAGE-NF-κB pathway. In addition, astrocytes play an important role in the metabolism of tau and clearance of Aβ through the glymphatic system. In this review, we will discuss novel pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatments focused on astrocytes as therapeutic targets for AD. These interventions include effects on anti-inflammatory/antioxidant systems, glutamate activity, lipid metabolism, neurovascular coupling and glymphatic system, calcium dysregulation, and in the release of peptides which affects glial and neuronal function. According to the AD stage, these therapies may be of benefit in either preventing or delaying the progression of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Mauricio O. Nava-Mesa
- Grupo de Investigación en Neurociencias (NeURos), Centro de Neurociencias Neurovitae-UR, Instituto de Medicina Traslacional (IMT), Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá 111711, Colombia
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3
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Abstract
Cdk5 is a proline-directed serine/threonine protein kinase that governs a variety of cellular processes in neurons, the dysregulation of which compromises normal brain function. The mechanisms underlying the modulation of Cdk5, its modes of action, and its effects on the nervous system have been a great focus in the field for nearly three decades. In this review, we provide an overview of the discovery and regulation of Cdk5, highlighting recent findings revealing its role in neuronal/synaptic functions, circadian clocks, DNA damage, cell cycle reentry, mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as its non-neuronal functions under physiological and pathological conditions. Moreover, we discuss evidence underscoring aberrant Cdk5 activity as a common theme observed in many neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping-Chieh Pao
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Li-Huei Tsai
- Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
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4
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Toro-Fernández LF, Zuluaga-Monares JC, Saldarriaga-Cartagena AM, Cardona-Gómez GP, Posada-Duque R. Targeting CDK5 in Astrocytes Promotes Calcium Homeostasis Under Excitotoxic Conditions. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:643717. [PMID: 34790098 PMCID: PMC8591049 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.643717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate excitotoxicity triggers overactivation of CDK5 and increases calcium influx in neural cells, which promotes dendritic retraction, spine loss, increased mitochondrial calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum, and neuronal death. Our previous studies showed that CDK5 knockdown (KD) in astrocytes improves neurovascular integrity and cognitive functions and exerts neuroprotective effects. However, how CDK5-targeted astrocytes affect calcium regulation and whether this phenomenon is associated with changes in neuronal plasticity have not yet been analyzed. In this study, CDK5 KD astrocytes transplanted in CA3 remained at the injection site without proliferation, regulated calcium in the CA1 hippocampal region after excitotoxicity by glutamate in ex vivo hippocampal slices, improving synapsin and PSD95 clustering. These CDK5 KD astrocytes induced astrocyte stellation and neuroprotection after excitotoxicity induced by glutamate in vitro. Also, these effects were supported by CDK5 inhibition (CDK5i) in vitro through intracellular stabilization of calcium levels in astrocytes. Additionally, these cells in cocultures restored calcium homeostasis in neurons, redistributing calcium from somas to dendrites, accompanied by dendrite branching, higher dendritic spines and synapsin-PSD95 clustering. In summary, induction of calcium homeostasis at the CA1 hippocampal area by CDK5 KD astrocytes transplanted in the CA3 area highlights the role of astrocytes as a cell therapy target due to CDK5-KD astrocyte-mediated synaptic clustering, calcium spreading regulation between both areas, and recovery of the intracellular astrocyte-neuron calcium imbalance and plasticity impairment generated by glutamate excitotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Fernanda Toro-Fernández
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Camilo Zuluaga-Monares
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ana María Saldarriaga-Cartagena
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Rafael Posada-Duque
- Instituto de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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5
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Chacón-Quintero MV, Pineda-López LG, Villegas-Lanau CA, Posada-Duque R, Cardona-Gómez GP. Beta-Secretase 1 Underlies Reactive Astrocytes and Endothelial Disruption in Neurodegeneration. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:656832. [PMID: 34025357 PMCID: PMC8136516 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.656832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysfunction in the neurovascular unit (NVU) is a key component in the progressive deterioration of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and is critical in vascular dementia. Recent studies have shown that inflammation plays early and perhaps causal roles in the pathogenesis of AD related to NVU damage, possibly in part by overactivating the aspartic acid protease activity of β-site amyloid precursor protein-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1), which until now has almost solely been studied in the context of the β-amyloid cascade. In this study, we analyzed the relationship of BACE1 with astrocytes and blood vessels in human brains with sporadic and familial dementia [Autosomal dominant cerebral arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL), sporadic Alzheimer's disease (SAD), and familial Alzheimer's disease (FAD)] and how BACE1 inhibition affects astrocytes and endothelial cells under conditions of glutamate toxicity. Our results show increased BACE1, PHF (Paired helical filaments)-tau and GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acid Protein) immunoreactivity (IR) in the CA1 hippocampal regions of FAD and SAD brains. Furthermore, BACE1 immunoprecipitated with GFAP in tissue samples from all study cases, but their immunofluorescence close to (10 μm3) or overlapping blood vessels was only increased in FAD and SAD brains, and PHF-tau was present around the vessels mainly in FAD brains. Interestingly, the increased BACE1 levels were associated with reactive astrocytes, characterized by morphological changes and upregulation of GFAP under pathological and stressful conditions, and endothelial disruption by glutamate excitotoxicity, and these effects were reversed by BACE1 inhibition; further, BACE1-inhibited astrocytes protected endothelial cell integrity by preserving zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) distribution and decreasing the expression of inflammatory markers. Taken together, these findings suggest that BACE1 dysregulation in astrocytes may have a role in the alterations in NVU integrity implicated in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Chacón-Quintero
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Medellin, Colombia.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Lina Gisela Pineda-López
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Medellin, Colombia.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Rafael Posada-Duque
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Medellin, Colombia.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, University of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Medellin, Colombia
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6
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Patabendige A, Singh A, Jenkins S, Sen J, Chen R. Astrocyte Activation in Neurovascular Damage and Repair Following Ischaemic Stroke. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:4280. [PMID: 33924191 PMCID: PMC8074612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22084280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient or permanent loss of tissue perfusion due to ischaemic stroke can lead to damage to the neurovasculature, and disrupt brain homeostasis, causing long-term motor and cognitive deficits. Despite promising pre-clinical studies, clinically approved neuroprotective therapies are lacking. Most studies have focused on neurons while ignoring the important roles of other cells of the neurovascular unit, such as astrocytes and pericytes. Astrocytes are important for the development and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier, brain homeostasis, structural support, control of cerebral blood flow and secretion of neuroprotective factors. Emerging data suggest that astrocyte activation exerts both beneficial and detrimental effects following ischaemic stroke. Activated astrocytes provide neuroprotection and contribute to neurorestoration, but also secrete inflammatory modulators, leading to aggravation of the ischaemic lesion. Astrocytes are more resistant than other cell types to stroke pathology, and exert a regulative effect in response to ischaemia. These roles of astrocytes following ischaemic stroke remain incompletely understood, though they represent an appealing target for neurovascular protection following stroke. In this review, we summarise the astrocytic contributions to neurovascular damage and repair following ischaemic stroke, and explore mechanisms of neuroprotection that promote revascularisation and neurorestoration, which may be targeted for developing novel therapies for ischaemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adjanie Patabendige
- Brain Barriers Group, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2321, Australia;
- Priority Research Centre for Stroke and Brain Injury, and Priority Research Centre for Brain & Mental Health, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2321, Australia
- Hunter Medical Research Institute, New Lambton Heights, NSW 2305, Australia
- Institute of Infection & Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L7 3EA, UK
| | - Ayesha Singh
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
| | - Stuart Jenkins
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (S.J.); (J.S.)
- Neural Tissue Engineering: Keele (NTEK), Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK
| | - Jon Sen
- School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK; (S.J.); (J.S.)
- Clinical Informatics and Neurosurgery Fellow, The Cleveland Clinic, 33 Grosvenor Square, London SW1X 7HY, UK
| | - Ruoli Chen
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University, Staffordshire ST5 5BG, UK;
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7
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González-Molina LA, Villar-Vesga J, Henao-Restrepo J, Villegas A, Lopera F, Cardona-Gómez GP, Posada-Duque R. Extracellular Vesicles From 3xTg-AD Mouse and Alzheimer's Disease Patient Astrocytes Impair Neuroglial and Vascular Components. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:593927. [PMID: 33679370 PMCID: PMC7933224 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.593927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are specialized glial cells that are essential components of the neurovascular unit (NVU) and are involved in neurodevelopment, brain maintenance and repair, and neurodegeneration. Astrocytes mediate these processes by releasing cellular mediators such as extracellular vesicles (EVs). EVs are vehicles of cell-cell communication and have been proposed as mediators of damage in AD. However, the transcellular mechanism by which Alzheimer disease (AD) astrocytes impair the function of NVU components is poorly understood. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of adult PS1-KI and 3xTg-AD astrocyte conditioned media (CM) and EVs on NVU components (neuroglia and endothelium) in vitro. Additionally, SAD and FAD astrocyte-derived EVs (A-EVs) were characterized, and we evaluated their effects on NVU in cocultured cells in vitro and on intrahippocampal CA1 cells in vivo. Surprisingly, cultured 3xTg-AD astrocytes showed increased glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) reactivity compared to PS1-KI astrocytes, which denotes astrocytic hyperreactivity. CM from adult mice 3xTg-AD astrocytes increased cell-cell gaps between endothelial cells, filopodia-like dendritic protrusions in neurons and neuronal and endothelial cell death. 3xTg-AD A-EVs induced neurotoxicity and increased astrocyte GFAP reactivity. Cultured human postmortem astrocytes from AD patients also increased GFAP reactivity and EVs release. No differences in the size or number of A-EVs were detected between AD and control samples; however, both SAD and FAD A-EVs showed increased expression of the surface marker aquaporin 4. A-EVs induced cytotoxicity and astrocyte hyperactivation: specifically, FAD A-EVs induced neuroglial cytotoxicity and increased gaps between the endothelium, while SAD A-EVs mainly altered the endothelium. Similarly, both AD A-EVs increased astrocyte GS reactivity and vascular deterioration in vivo. We associated this finding with perivascular reactive astrocytes and vascular deterioration in the human AD brain. In summary, these results suggest that AD A-EVs impair neuroglial and vascular components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Alfonso González-Molina
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Juan Villar-Vesga
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Julián Henao-Restrepo
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Andrés Villegas
- Neurobank, Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Neurobank, Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Rafael Posada-Duque
- Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Biología, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
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8
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Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms of R/S-Roscovitine and CDKs Related Inhibition under Both Focal and Global Cerebral Ischemia: A Focus on Neurovascular Unit and Immune Cells. Cells 2021; 10:cells10010104. [PMID: 33429982 PMCID: PMC7827530 DOI: 10.3390/cells10010104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Following ischemic stroke, Neurovascular Unit (NVU) inflammation and peripheral leucocytes infiltration are major contributors to the extension of brain lesions. For a long time restricted to neurons, the 10 past years have shown the emergence of an increasing number of studies focusing on the role of Cyclin-Dependent Kinases (CDKs) on the other cells of NVU, as well as on the leucocytes. The most widely used CDKs inhibitor, (R)-roscovitine, and its (S) isomer both decreased brain lesions in models of global and focal cerebral ischemia. We previously showed that (S)-roscovitine acted, at least, by modulating NVU response to ischemia. Interestingly, roscovitine was shown to decrease leucocytes-mediated inflammation in several inflammatory models. Specific inhibition of roscovitine majors target CDK 1, 2, 5, 7, and 9 showed that these CDKs played key roles in inflammatory processes of NVU cells and leucocytes after brain lesions, including ischemic stroke. The data summarized here support the investigation of roscovitine as a potential therapeutic agent for the treatment of ischemic stroke, and provide an overview of CDK 1, 2, 5, 7, and 9 functions in brain cells and leucocytes during cerebral ischemia.
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9
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Villar-Vesga J, Henao-Restrepo J, Voshart DC, Aguillon D, Villegas A, Castaño D, Arias-Londoño JD, Zuhorn IS, Ribovski L, Barazzuol L, Cardona-Gómez GP, Posada-Duque R. Differential Profile of Systemic Extracellular Vesicles From Sporadic and Familial Alzheimer's Disease Leads to Neuroglial and Endothelial Cell Degeneration. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:587989. [PMID: 33281599 PMCID: PMC7705379 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.587989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Evidence suggests that extracellular vesicles (EVs) act as mediators and biomarkers of neurodegenerative diseases. Two distinct forms of Alzheimer disease (AD) are known: a late-onset sporadic form (SAD) and an early-onset familial form (FAD). Recently, neurovascular dysfunction and altered systemic immunological components have been linked to AD neurodegeneration. Therefore, we characterized systemic-EVs from postmortem SAD and FAD patients and evaluated their effects on neuroglial and endothelial cells. We found increase CLN-5 spots with vesicular morphology in the abluminal portion of vessels from SAD patients. Both forms of AD were associated with larger and more numerous systemic EVs. Specifically, SAD patients showed an increase in endothelial- and leukocyte-derived EVs containing mitochondria; in contrast, FAD patients showed an increase in platelet-derived EVs. We detected a differential protein composition for SAD- and FAD-EVs associated with the coagulation cascade, inflammation, and lipid-carbohydrate metabolism. Using mono- and cocultures (endothelium-astrocytes-neurons) and human cortical organoids, we showed that AD-EVs induced cytotoxicity. Both forms of AD featured decreased neuronal branches area and astrocytic hyperreactivity, but SAD-EVs led to greater endothelial detrimental effects than FAD-EVs. In addition, FAD- and SAD-EVs affected calcium dynamics in a cortical organoid model. Our findings indicate that the phenotype of systemic AD-EVs is differentially defined by the etiopathology of the disease (SAD or FAD), which results in a differential alteration of the NVU cells implied in neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Villar-Vesga
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Julián Henao-Restrepo
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Daniëlle C Voshart
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Section of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - David Aguillon
- Neurobank, Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Andrés Villegas
- Neurobank, Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Diana Castaño
- Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Inge S Zuhorn
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Laís Ribovski
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Lara Barazzuol
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands.,Section of Molecular Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Sciences of Cells and Systems, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Gloria P Cardona-Gómez
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Rafael Posada-Duque
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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10
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Lavanderos B, Silva I, Cruz P, Orellana-Serradell O, Saldías MP, Cerda O. TRP Channels Regulation of Rho GTPases in Brain Context and Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:582975. [PMID: 33240883 PMCID: PMC7683514 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.582975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders are mediated by several pathophysiological mechanisms, including developmental and degenerative abnormalities caused primarily by disturbances in cell migration, structural plasticity of the synapse, and blood-vessel barrier function. In this context, critical pathways involved in the pathogenesis of these diseases are related to structural, scaffolding, and enzymatic activity-bearing proteins, which participate in Ca2+- and Ras Homologs (Rho) GTPases-mediated signaling. Rho GTPases are GDP/GTP binding proteins that regulate the cytoskeletal structure, cellular protrusion, and migration. These proteins cycle between GTP-bound (active) and GDP-bound (inactive) states due to their intrinsic GTPase activity and their dynamic regulation by GEFs, GAPs, and GDIs. One of the most important upstream inputs that modulate Rho GTPases activity is Ca2+ signaling, positioning ion channels as pivotal molecular entities for Rho GTPases regulation. Multiple non-selective cationic channels belonging to the Transient Receptor Potential (TRP) family participate in cytoskeletal-dependent processes through Ca2+-mediated modulation of Rho GTPases. Moreover, these ion channels have a role in several neuropathological events such as neuronal cell death, brain tumor progression and strokes. Although Rho GTPases-dependent pathways have been extensively studied, how they converge with TRP channels in the development or progression of neuropathologies is poorly understood. Herein, we review recent evidence and insights that link TRP channels activity to downstream Rho GTPase signaling or modulation. Moreover, using the TRIP database, we establish associations between possible mediators of Rho GTPase signaling with TRP ion channels. As such, we propose mechanisms that might explain the TRP-dependent modulation of Rho GTPases as possible pathways participating in the emergence or maintenance of neuropathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Lavanderos
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Ian Silva
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Pablo Cruz
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Octavio Orellana-Serradell
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile
| | - María Paz Saldías
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile
| | - Oscar Cerda
- Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile.,Millennium Nucleus of Ion Channel-Associated Diseases (MiNICAD), Santiago, Chile.,The Wound Repair, Treatment and Health (WoRTH) Initiative, Santiago, Chile
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11
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Posada-Duque RA, Cardona-Gómez GP. CDK5 Targeting as a Therapy for Recovering Neurovascular Unit Integrity in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 82:S141-S161. [PMID: 33016916 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The neurovascular unit (NVU) is responsible for synchronizing the energetic demand, vasodynamic changes, and neurochemical and electrical function of the brain through a closed and interdependent interaction of cell components conforming to brain tissue. In this review, we will focus on cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) as a molecular pivot, which plays a crucial role in the healthy function of neurons, astrocytes, and the endothelium and is implicated in the cross-talk of cellular adhesion signaling, ion transmission, and cytoskeletal remodeling, thus allowing the individual and interconnected homeostasis of cerebral parenchyma. Then, we discuss how CDK5 overactivation affects the integrity of the NVU in Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cognitive impairment; we emphasize how CDK5 is involved in the excitotoxicity spreading of glutamate and Ca2+ imbalance under acute and chronic injury. Additionally, we present pharmacological and gene therapy strategies for producing partial depletion of CDK5 activity on neurons, astrocytes, or endothelium to recover neuroplasticity and neurotransmission, suggesting that the NVU should be the targeted tissue unit in protective strategies. Finally, we conclude that CDK5 could be effective due to its intervention on astrocytes by its end feet on the endothelium and neurons, acting as an intermediary cell between systemic and central communication in the brain. This review provides integrated guidance regarding the pathogenesis of and potential repair strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Andrés Posada-Duque
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, SIU, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
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12
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Roles of Id1/HIF-1 and CDK5/HIF-1 in cell cycle reentry induced by amyloid-beta peptide in post-mitotic cortical neuron. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118628. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2019.118628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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13
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Gutiérrez-Vargas JA, Cardona-Gómez GP. Considering risk factors for the effectiveness of translational therapies in brain stroke. J Neurol Sci 2020; 408:116547. [PMID: 31683050 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2019.116547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple studies on cerebral ischemia have been performed in animal models to propose different strategies of neuroprotection that mitigate either the early or late consequences of the disease. These therapies have been successful in reducing the volume of infarction, the proinflammatory cascade, and the amount of free radicals, as well as reversing markers of neurodegeneration, among other events. However, when those strategies are translated to clinical studies, their effectiveness is not reproduced. This review will focus on highlighting some of the main limitations of the animal models of stroke that lead to unsuccessful translational therapies and the common risk factors in humans that should be carefully considered in the experimental design of future studies to generate a more realistic spatiotemporal physiopathology and improve therapeutic efficacy in cerebral ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Grupo de Neurociencias de Antioquia, Área de Neurobiología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, SIU, Universidad de Antioquia, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
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14
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Zhang Z, Ma Z, Zou W, Zhang L, Li Y, Zhang J, Liu M, Hou W, Ma Y. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 controls astrocyte morphology via Rho-GTPase signaling. J Cell Physiol 2019; 234:20847-20858. [PMID: 31004356 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.28689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Astrocyte undergoes morphology changes that are closely associated with the signaling communications at synapses. N-myc downstream-regulated gene 2 (NDRG2) is specifically expressed in astrocytes and is associated with several important astrocyte functions, but its potential role(s) relating to astrocyte morphological changes remain unknown. Here, primary astrocytes were prepared from neonatal Ndrg2+/+ and Ndrg2-/- pups, and the drug Y27632 was used to induce stellation. We then used a variety of methods to measure the levels of NDRG2, α-Actinin4, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and the activity of RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 in Y27632-treated astrocytes as well as in Ndrg2+/+ , Ndrg2-/- , or Ndrg2-/- + lentivirus (restore NDRG2 expression) astrocytes. We also conducted live-imaging and proteomics studies of the cultured astrocytes. We found that induction of astrocytes stellation (characterized by cytoplasmic retraction and process outgrowth) resulted in increased NDRG2 protein expression and Rac1 activity and in reduced α-Actinin4 protein expression and RhoA activity. Ndrg2 deletion induced astrocyte flattening, whereas the restoration of NDRG2 expression induced stellation. Ndrg2 deletion also significantly increased α-Actinin4 protein expression and RhoA activity yet reduced GFAP protein expression and Rac1 activity, and these trends were reversed by restoration of NDRG2 expression. Collectively, our results showed that Ndrg2 deletion promoted cell proliferation, interrupted stellation capability, and extensively altered the protein expression profiles of proteins that function in Rho-GTPase signaling. These findings suggest that NDRG2 functions to regulate astrocytes morphology via altering the accumulation of the Rho-GTPase signaling pathway components, thereby supporting that NDRG2 should be understood as a regulator of synaptic plasticity and thus neuronal communications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengli Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhi Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Wangyuan Zou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, The Fourth Medical Center to Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Center for Brain Science, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Min Liu
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center to Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wugang Hou
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yulong Ma
- Anesthesia and Operation Center, The First Medical Center to Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Joshi V, Subbanna S, Shivakumar M, Basavarajappa BS. CB1R regulates CDK5 signaling and epigenetically controls Rac1 expression contributing to neurobehavioral abnormalities in mice postnatally exposed to ethanol. Neuropsychopharmacology 2019; 44:514-525. [PMID: 30143782 PMCID: PMC6333777 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-018-0181-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) represent a wide array of defects that arise from ethanol exposure during development. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms are limited. In the current report, we aimed to further evaluate the cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1R)-mediated mechanisms in a postnatal ethanol-exposed animal model. We report that the exposure of postnatal day 7 (P7) mice to ethanol generates p25, a CDK5-activating peptide, in a time- and CB1R-dependent manner in the hippocampus and neocortex brain regions. Pharmacological inhibition of CDK5 activity before ethanol exposure prevented accumulation of cleaved caspase-3 (CC3) and hyperphosphorylated tau (PHF1) (a marker for neurodegeneration) in neonatal mice and reversed cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) activation and activity-regulated cytoskeleton-associated protein (Arc) expression. We also found that postnatal ethanol exposure caused a loss of RhoGTPase-related, Rac1, gene expression in a CB1R and CDK5 activity-dependent manner, which persisted to adulthood. Our epigenetic analysis of the Rac1 gene promoter suggested that persistent suppression of Rac1 expression is mediated by enhanced histone H3 lysine 9 dimethylation (H3K9me2), a repressive chromatin state, via G9a recruitment. The inhibition of CDK5/p25 activity before postnatal ethanol exposure rescued CREB activation, Arc, chromatin remodeling and Rac1 expression, spatial memory, and long-term potentiation (LTP) abnormalities in adult mice. Together, these findings propose that the postnatal ethanol-induced CB1R-mediated activation of CDK5 suppresses Arc and Rac1 expression in the mouse brain and is responsible for persistent synaptic plasticity and learning and memory defects in adult mice. This CB1R-mediated activation of CDK5 signaling during active synaptic development may slow down the maturation of synaptic circuits and may cause neurobehavioral defects, as found in this FASD animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Joshi
- 0000 0001 2189 4777grid.250263.0Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962 USA
| | - Shivakumar Subbanna
- 0000 0001 2189 4777grid.250263.0Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962 USA
| | - Madhu Shivakumar
- 0000 0001 2189 4777grid.250263.0Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962 USA
| | - Balapal S. Basavarajappa
- 0000 0001 2189 4777grid.250263.0Division of Analytical Psychopharmacology, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY 10962 USA ,0000 0000 8499 1112grid.413734.6New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY 10032 USA ,0000000419368729grid.21729.3fDepartment of Psychiatry, College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032 USA ,0000 0001 2109 4251grid.240324.3Department of Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY USA
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16
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Cortes N, Sabogal-Guaqueta AM, Cardona-Gomez GP, Osorio E. Neuroprotection and improvement of the histopathological and behavioral impairments in a murine Alzheimer's model treated with Zephyranthes carinata alkaloids. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 110:482-492. [PMID: 30530228 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
In Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques initiates a cascade of pathological events where the overactivation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDA) by excess glutamate (Glu) triggers oxidative processes that lead to the activation of microglial cells, inflammation, and finally neuronal death. Amaryllidaceae alkaloids exert neuroprotective activities against different neurotoxin-induced injuries in vitro, and although their biological potential is well demonstrated, their neuroprotective activity has not been reported in an in vivo model of AD. The aim of our study was to determine the in vitro and in vivo neuroprotective potential of standardized alkaloidal fractions of Zephyranthes carinata. In this work, the neuroprotective effect of two alkaloidal fractions extracted from Z. carinata (bulbs and leaves) was analyzed in an in vitro excitotoxicity model in order to select the most promising one for subsequent evaluation in a triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3xTg-AD). We found that Z. carinata bulbs protect neurons against a Glu-mediated toxic stimulus in vitro, as evidenced by the decrease in apoptotic nuclei, the reduction in the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde and the conservation of dendritic structures. The effects of intraperitoneal administration of Z. carinata bulbs (10 mg/kg) every 12 h for 1 month on 3xTg-AD (18 months old) showed improved learning and spatial memory. Histopathologically, the alkaloidal fraction-treated 3xTg-AD mice exhibited a significant reduction in tauopathy and astrogliosis, as well as a significant decrease in the proinflammatory marker COX-2 and an increase in pAkt. The results suggest that Z. carinata bulbs provide neuroprotective effects both in vitro and in 3xTg-AD mice by intervening in the inflammatory processes, regulating the aggregation of pair helical filaments (PHFs) and activating survival pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Cortes
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquía UdeA, Calle 70 No, 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Angelica Maria Sabogal-Guaqueta
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area - School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No, 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gomez
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area - School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No, 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Edison Osorio
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquía UdeA, Calle 70 No, 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.
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17
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[Neurogenesis and gliogenesis modulation in cerebral ischemia by CDK5 RNAi-based therapy]. BIOMEDICA 2018; 38:388-397. [PMID: 30335244 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v38i4.3800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cerebral ischemia is the third cause of death risk in Colombia and the first cause of physical disability worldwide. Different studies on the silencing of the cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) have shown that reducing its activity is beneficial in ischemic contexts. However, its effect on neural cell production after cerebral ischemia has not been well studied yet. OBJECTIVE To evaluate CDK5 silencing on the production of neurons and astrocytes after a focal cerebral ischemia in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS We used 40 eight-week-old male Wistar rats. Both sham and ischemia groups were transduced at CA1 hippocampal region with an adeno-associated viral vector using a noninterfering (shSCRmiR) and an interfering sequence for CDK5 (shCDK5miR). We injected 50 mg/kg of bromodeoxyuridine intraperitoneally from hour 24 to day 7 post-ischemia. We assessed the neurological abilities during the next 15 days and we measured the immunoreactivity of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU), doublecortin (DCX), NeuN, and glial fibrillary acid protein (GFAP) from day 15 to day 30 post-ischemia. RESULTS Our findings showed that CDK5miR-treated ischemic animals improved their neurological score and presented increased BrdU+ cells 15 days after ischemia, which correlated with higher DCX and lower GFAP fluorescence intensities, and, although mature neurons populations did not change, GFAP immunoreactivity was still significantly reduced at 30 days post-ischemia in comparison with untreated ischemic groups. CONCLUSION CDK5miR therapy generated the neurological recovery of ischemic rats associated with the induction of immature neurons proliferation and the reduction of GFAP reactivity at short and longterm post-ischemia.
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18
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Cortes N, Castañeda C, Osorio EH, Cardona-Gomez GP, Osorio E. Amaryllidaceae alkaloids as agents with protective effects against oxidative neural cell injury. Life Sci 2018; 203:54-65. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Sabogal-Guáqueta AM, Posada-Duque R, Cortes NC, Arias-Londoño JD, Cardona-Gómez GP. Changes in the hippocampal and peripheral phospholipid profiles are associated with neurodegeneration hallmarks in a long-term global cerebral ischemia model: Attenuation by Linalool. Neuropharmacology 2018; 135:555-571. [PMID: 29680773 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Phospholipid alterations in the brain are associated with progressive neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment after acute and chronic injuries. Various types of treatments have been evaluated for their abilities to block the progression of the impairment, but effective treatments targeting long-term post-stroke alterations are not available. In this study, we analyzed changes in the central and peripheral phospholipid profiles in ischemic rats and determined whether a protective monoterpene, Linalool, could modify them. We used an in vitro model of glutamate (125 μM) excitotoxicity and an in vivo global ischemia model in Wistar rats. Linalool (0.1 μM) protected neurons and astrocytes by reducing LDH release and restoring ATP levels. Linalool was administered orally at a dose of 25 mg/kg every 24 h for a month, behavioral tests were performed, and a lipidomic analysis was conducted using mass spectrometry. Animals treated with Linalool displayed faster neurological recovery than untreated ischemic animals, accompanied by better motor and cognitive performances. These results were confirmed by the significant reduction in astrogliosis, microgliosis and COX-2 marker, involving a decrease of 24:0 free fatty acid in the hippocampus. The altered profiles of phospholipids composed of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PC 36:1; 42:1 (24:0/18:1)/LPC 22:6)/LPE 22:6) in the ischemic hippocampus and the upregulation of PI 36:2 and other LCFA (long chain fatty acids) in the serum of ischemic rats were prevented by the monoterpene. Based on these data, alterations in the central and peripheral phospholipid profiles after long-term was attenuated by oral Linalool, promoting a phospholipid homeostasis, related to the recovery of brain function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angélica Maria Sabogal-Guáqueta
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area - School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 70 # 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Rafael Posada-Duque
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area - School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 70 # 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Natalie Charlotte Cortes
- Grupo de Investigación en Sustancias Bioactivas, Facultad de Ciencias Farmacéuticas y Alimentarias, Universidad de Antioquía, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area - School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 70 # 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
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20
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Becerra-Calixto A, Posada-Duque R, Cardona-Gómez GP. Recovery of Neurovascular Unit Integrity by CDK5-KD Astrocyte Transplantation in a Global Cerebral Ischemia Model. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:8563-8585. [PMID: 29564811 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0992-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Astrocytes play metabolic and structural support roles and contribute to the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), linking communication between neurons and the endothelium. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (CDK5) likely exerts a dual effect on the endothelium and astrocytes due to its involvement in migration and angiogenesis; the overactivation of CDK5 is associated with dysfunction in glutamate recapture and hypoxia. Recently, we proposed that CDK5-targeted astrocytes facilitate the recovery of neurological and motor function in transplanted ischemic rats. In the current study, we treated cerebral ischemic rats and endothelial cells exposed to glutamate toxicity with CDK5 knock-down (CDK5-KD) astrocytes to determine the role of CDK5 in neurovascular integrity. We found that the effects of CDK5-KD were sustained for 4 months, preventing neuronal and astrocyte loss, facilitating the recovery of the BBB via the production of BDNF by endogenous astrocytes (GFP-) surrounding vessels in the motor cortex and the corpus callosum of global ischemic rats, and improving neurological performance. These findings were supported by the in vitro findings of increased transendothelial resistance, p120-ctn+ adhesion and reduced intercellular gaps induced by a CDK5 inhibitor (roscovitine) in bEnd.3 cells in a glutamate-toxicity model. Additionally, CDK5-KD astrocytes in co-culture protected the endothelial cell viability, increased BDNF release from astrocytes, increased BDNF immunoreactivity in neighboring astrocytes and endothelial cells and enhanced cell adhesion in a glutamate-toxicity model. Altogether, these findings suggest that a CDK5 reduction in astrocytes protects the endothelium, which promotes BDNF release, endothelial adhesion, and the recovery of neurovascular unit integrity and brain function in ischemic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Becerra-Calixto
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Rafael Posada-Duque
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.,Institute of Biology, Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 70, No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia. .,Universidad de Antioquia, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), Calle 62 # 52 - 59; Torre 1, Piso 4, Laboratorio 412, Medellín, Colombia.
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Cdk5 Contributes to Huntington’s Disease Learning and Memory Deficits via Modulation of Brain Region-Specific Substrates. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:6250-6268. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0828-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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22
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Liao Z, Tao Y, Guo X, Cheng D, Wang F, Liu X, Ma L. Fear Conditioning Downregulates Rac1 Activity in the Basolateral Amygdala Astrocytes to Facilitate the Formation of Fear Memory. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:396. [PMID: 29230165 PMCID: PMC5712045 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are well known to scale synaptic structural and functional plasticity, while the role in learning and memory, such as conditioned fear memory, is poorly elucidated. Here, using pharmacological approach, we find that fluorocitrate (FC) significantly inhibits the acquisition of fear memory, suggesting that astrocyte activity is required for fear memory formation. We further demonstrate that fear conditioning downregulates astrocytic Rac1 activity in basolateral amygdala (BLA) in mice and promotes astrocyte structural plasticity. Ablation of astrocytic Rac1 in BLA promotes fear memory acquisition, while overexpression or constitutive activation of astrocytic Rac1 attenuates fear memory acquisition. Furthermore, temporal activation of Rac1 by photoactivatable Rac1 (Rac1-PA) induces structural alterations in astrocytes and in vivo activation of Rac1 in BLA astrocytes during fear conditioning attenuates the formation of fear memory. Taken together, our study demonstrates that fear conditioning-induced suppression of BLA astrocytic Rac1 activity, associated with astrocyte structural plasticity, is required for the formation of conditioned fear memory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaohui Liao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Institutes of Brain Science, and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yezheng Tao
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Institutes of Brain Science, and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaomu Guo
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Institutes of Brain Science, and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Deqin Cheng
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Institutes of Brain Science, and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Feifei Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Institutes of Brain Science, and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Liu
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Institutes of Brain Science, and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lan Ma
- The State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, The Institutes of Brain Science, and The Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Gutiérrez-Vargas JA, Moreno H, Cardona-Gómez GP. Targeting CDK5 post-stroke provides long-term neuroprotection and rescues synaptic plasticity. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2017; 37:2208-2223. [PMID: 27486045 PMCID: PMC5464713 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x16662476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Post-stroke cognitive impairment is a major cause of long-term neurological disability. The prevalence of post-stroke cognitive deficits varies between 20% and 80% depending on brain region, country, and diagnostic criteria. The biochemical mechanisms underlying post-stroke cognitive impairment are not known in detail. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 is involved in neurodegeneration, and its dysregulation contributes to cognitive disorders and dementia. Here, we administered cyclin-dependent kinase 5-targeting gene therapy to the right hippocampus of ischemic rats after transient right middle cerebral artery occlusion. Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 RNA interference prevented the impairment of reversal learning four months after ischemia as well as neuronal loss, tauopathy, and microglial hyperreactivity. Additionally, cyclin-dependent kinase 5 silencing increased the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in the hippocampus. Furthermore, deficits in hippocampal long-term potentiation produced by excitotoxic stimulation were rescued by pharmacological blockade of cyclin-dependent kinase 5. This recovery was blocked by inhibition of the TRKB receptor. In summary, these findings demonstrate the beneficial impact of cyclin-dependent kinase 5 reduction in preventing long-term post-ischemic neurodegeneration and cognitive impairment as well as the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor/TRKB in the maintenance of normal synaptic plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna A Gutiérrez-Vargas
- 1 Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Herman Moreno
- 2 The Robert F. Furchgott Center for Neural and Behavioral Science, Departments of Neurology and Physiology/Pharmacology, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Gloria P Cardona-Gómez
- 1 Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, Colombia
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24
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Becerra-Calixto A, Cardona-Gómez GP. The Role of Astrocytes in Neuroprotection after Brain Stroke: Potential in Cell Therapy. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:88. [PMID: 28420961 PMCID: PMC5376556 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are commonly involved in negative responses through their hyperreactivity and glial scar formation in excitotoxic and/or mechanical injuries. But, astrocytes are also specialized glial cells of the nervous system that perform multiple homeostatic functions for the survival and maintenance of the neurovascular unit. Astrocytes have neuroprotective, angiogenic, immunomodulatory, neurogenic, and antioxidant properties and modulate synaptic function. This makes them excellent candidates as a source of neuroprotection and neurorestoration in tissues affected by ischemia/reperfusion, when some of their deregulated genes can be controlled. Therefore, this review analyzes pro-survival responses of astrocytes that would allow their use in cell therapy strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gloria P. Cardona-Gómez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, School of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), University of AntioquiaMedellín, Colombia
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Posada-Duque RA, Ramirez O, Härtel S, Inestrosa NC, Bodaleo F, González-Billault C, Kirkwood A, Cardona-Gómez GP. CDK5 downregulation enhances synaptic plasticity. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:153-172. [PMID: 27506619 PMCID: PMC11107552 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
CDK5 is a serine/threonine kinase that is involved in the normal function of the adult brain and plays a role in neurotransmission and synaptic plasticity. However, its over-regulation has been associated with Tau hyperphosphorylation and cognitive deficits. Our previous studies have demonstrated that CDK5 targeting using shRNA-miR provides neuroprotection and prevents cognitive deficits. Dendritic spine morphogenesis and forms of long-term synaptic plasticity-such as long-term potentiation (LTP)-have been proposed as essential processes of neuroplasticity. However, whether CDK5 participates in these processes remains controversial and depends on the experimental model. Using wild-type mice that received injections of CDK5 shRNA-miR in CA1 showed an increased LTP and recovered the PPF in deficient LTP of APPswe/PS1Δ9 transgenic mice. On mature hippocampal neurons CDK5, shRNA-miR for 12 days induced increased dendritic protrusion morphogenesis, which was dependent on Rac activity. In addition, silencing of CDK5 increased BDNF expression, temporarily increased phosphorylation of CaMKII, ERK, and CREB; and facilitated calcium signaling in neurites. Together, our data suggest that CDK5 downregulation induces synaptic plasticity in mature neurons involving Ca2+ signaling and BDNF/CREB activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Andrés Posada-Duque
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 62 # 52-59, Torre 1, Piso 4, Laboratorio 412, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Omar Ramirez
- Laboratory for Scientific Image Analysis (SCIAN-Lab), Center for Medical Informatics and Telemedicine (CIMT), Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, ICBM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Steffen Härtel
- Laboratory for Scientific Image Analysis (SCIAN-Lab), Center for Medical Informatics and Telemedicine (CIMT), Biomedical Neuroscience Institute BNI, ICBM, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nibaldo C Inestrosa
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneración, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, 8331150, Santiago, Chile
| | - Felipe Bodaleo
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Christian González-Billault
- Laboratory of Cell and Neuronal Dynamics, Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
- Geroscience Center for Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alfredo Kirkwood
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Zanvyl-Krieger Mind/Brain Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, USA
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia, Calle 62 # 52-59, Torre 1, Piso 4, Laboratorio 412, Medellín, Colombia.
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Cardona-Gómez GP, Lopera F. Dementia, Preclinical Studies in Neurodegeneration and its Potential for Translational Medicine in South America. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:304. [PMID: 28066230 PMCID: PMC5167748 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Latin-American people with dementia will increase to an astounding 368% in 2050, higher than USA and Europe. In addition, to sporadic dementia type like Alzheimer, and vascular dementia (VaD) progression after Cerebrovascular disease is also found. These incidences are increased in Colombia by specific populations affected with pure Neurodegenerative and VaDs like Autosomical Dominant familial Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and Cerebral Autosomal-Dominant Arteriopathy with Subcortical Infarcts and Leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL). In spite of the enormous human effort with and economical effort and investment costs, neither sporadic nor genetic kinds of dementia progression have been prevented or blocked yet. Currently, there exist several animal models that partially solve the understanding of the neurodegenerative etiopathogenesis and its treatment. However, when the potential therapies are translated to humans, those do not work or present a limited action. Main difficulties are the diverse comorbility associated to the cause and/or several affected brain regions, reducing the efficacy of some therapies which are limited to a tissue-specific action or modulating a kind of neurotransmission. Global investigation suggests that a general prevention could be achieved with the improvement in the quality of lifestyle, including healthy diet, physical and mental activity, and avoiding mechanical or chemical pro-inflammatory events in an early stage in the most of non-communicable diseases. In this review article, we present some molecular targets and preclinical studies in animal models to propose strategies that could be useful in a future translation to prevent or block neurodegeneration: one is gene therapy; silencing pathogenic genes in critical brain areas where excitotoxicity arise and spread. Another is to take advantage of the natural source and its wide biodiversity of natural products that are capable of identifying, by the blocking and prevention of neurodegeneration. On the other side, the casuistic of pure dementias in the Latin-American region gives an exceptional opportunity to understand the pathogenesis in these human populations. Further, this is in support of the basic and clinical researchers working on an interaction for a better understanding and medical care of mixed dementias, which have more complex factors than pure ones. However, to promote the translation of any therapeutical alternative is necessary to clarify the normative and the protocols for developing clinical trials with original candidates or work upon strategies proposed from South-American countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), University of Antioquia Medellin, Colombia
| | - Francisco Lopera
- Clinical Neuroscience Area, Neuroscience Group of Antioquia, Faculty of Medicine, Sede de Investigación Universitaria (SIU), University of Antioquia Medellin, Colombia
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Tehrani S, Davis L, Cepurna WO, Choe TE, Lozano DC, Monfared A, Cooper L, Cheng J, Johnson EC, Morrison JC. Astrocyte Structural and Molecular Response to Elevated Intraocular Pressure Occurs Rapidly and Precedes Axonal Tubulin Rearrangement within the Optic Nerve Head in a Rat Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167364. [PMID: 27893827 PMCID: PMC5125687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Glaucomatous axon injury occurs at the level of the optic nerve head (ONH) in response to uncontrolled intraocular pressure (IOP). The temporal response of ONH astrocytes (glial cells responsible for axonal support) to elevated IOP remains unknown. Here, we evaluate the response of actin-based astrocyte extensions and integrin-based signaling within the ONH to 8 hours of IOP elevation in a rat model. IOP elevation of 60 mm Hg was achieved under isoflurane anesthesia using anterior chamber cannulation connected to a saline reservoir. ONH astrocytic extension orientation was significantly and regionally rearranged immediately after IOP elevation (inferior ONH, 43.2° ± 13.3° with respect to the anterior-posterior axis versus 84.1° ± 1.3° in controls, p<0.05), and re-orientated back to baseline orientation 1 day post IOP normalization. ONH axonal microtubule filament label intensity was significantly reduced 1 and 3 days post IOP normalization, and returned to control levels on day 5. Phosphorylated focal adhesion kinase (FAK) levels steadily decreased after IOP normalization, while levels of phosphorylated paxillin (a downstream target of FAK involved in focal adhesion dynamics) were significantly elevated 5 days post IOP normalization. The levels of phosphorylated cortactin (a downstream target of Src kinase involved in actin polymerization) were significantly elevated 1 and 3 days post IOP normalization and returned to control levels by day 5. No significant axon degeneration was noted by morphologic assessment up to 5 days post IOP normalization. Actin-based astrocyte structure and signaling within the ONH are significantly altered within hours after IOP elevation and prior to axonal cytoskeletal rearrangement, producing some responses that recover rapidly and others that persist for days despite IOP normalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shandiz Tehrani
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Lauren Davis
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - William O. Cepurna
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Tiffany E. Choe
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Diana C. Lozano
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Ashley Monfared
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Lauren Cooper
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Joshua Cheng
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - Elaine C. Johnson
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
| | - John C. Morrison
- Casey Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, United States of America
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Romero DM, Berardino BG, Wolansky MJ, Kotler ML. From the Cover: Vulnerability of C6 Astrocytoma Cells After Single-Compound and Joint Exposure to Type I and Type II Pyrethroid Insecticides. Toxicol Sci 2016; 155:196-212. [PMID: 27815491 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfw188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A primary mode-of-action of all pyrethroid insecticides (PYRs) is the disruption of the voltage-gated sodium channel electrophysiology in neurons of target pests and nontarget species. The neurological actions of PYRs on non-neuronal cells of the nervous system remain poorly investigated. In the present work, we used C6 astrocytoma cells to study PYR actions (0.1-50 μM) under the hypothesis that glial cells may be targeted by and vulnerable to PYRs. To this end, we characterized the effects of bifenthrin (BF), tefluthrin (TF), α-cypermethrin (α-CYP), and deltamethrin (DM) on the integrity of nuclear, mitochondrial, and lysosomal compartments. In general, 24- to 48-h exposures produced concentration-related impairment of cell viability. In single-compound, 24-h exposure experiments, effective concentration (EC)15s 3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT assay) were computed as follows (in μM): BF, 16.1; TF, 37.3; α-CYP, 7.8; DM, 5.0. We found concentration-related damage in several C6-cell subcellular compartments (mitochondria, nuclei, and lysosomes) at ≥ 10-1 μM levels. Last, we examined a mixture of all PYRs (ie, Σ individual EC15) using MTT assays and subcellular analyses. Our findings indicate that C6 cells are responsive to nM levels of PYRs, suggesting that astroglial susceptibility may contribute to the low-dose neurological effects caused by these insecticides. This research further suggests that C6 cells may provide relevant information as a screening platform for pesticide mixtures targeting nervous system cells by expected and unexpected toxicogenic pathways potentially contributing to clinical neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delfina M Romero
- Laboratorio de Toxicología de Mezclas Químicas.,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IQUIBICEN-Argentina National Research Council (CONICET)
| | - Bruno G Berardino
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Laboratorio de Neuroepigenética
| | - Marcelo J Wolansky
- Laboratorio de Toxicología de Mezclas Químicas; .,Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IQUIBICEN-Argentina National Research Council (CONICET)
| | - Mónica L Kotler
- Departamento de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina.,IQUIBICEN-Argentina National Research Council (CONICET).,Laboratorio de Disfunción Celular en Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas y Nanomedicina
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29
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Becerra-Calixto A, Cardona-Gómez GP. Neuroprotection Induced by Transplanted CDK5 Knockdown Astrocytes in Global Cerebral Ischemic Rats. Mol Neurobiol 2016; 54:6681-6696. [PMID: 27744570 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-016-0162-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cerebral ischemia is a cerebrovascular episode that generates a high incidence of death and physical and mental disabilities worldwide. Excitotoxicity, release of free radicals, and exacerbated immune response cause serious complications in motor and cognitive areas during both short and long time frames post-ischemia. CDK5 is a kinase that is widely involved in the functions of neurons and astrocytes, and its over-activation is implicated in neurodegenerative processes. In this study, we evaluated the brain parenchymal response to the transplantation of CDK5-knockdown astrocytes into the somatosensory cortex after ischemia in rats. Male Wistar rats were subjected to the two-vessel occlusion (2VO) model of global cerebral ischemia and immediately transplanted with shCDK5miR- or shSCRmiR-transduced astrocytes or with untransduced astrocytes (Control). Our findings showed that animals transplanted with shCDK5miR astrocytes recovered motor and neurological performance better than with those transplanted with WT or shSCRmiR astrocytes. Cell transplantation produced an overall prevention of neuronal loss, and CDK5-knockdown astrocytes significantly increased the immunoreactivity (IR) of endogenous GFAP in branches surrounding blood vessels, accompanied by the upregulation of PECAM-1 IR in the walls of vessels in the motor and somatosensory regions and by an increase in Ki67 IR in the subventricular zone (SVZ), partially associated with the production of BDNF. Together, our data suggest that transplantation of shCDK5miR astrocytes protects the neurovascular unit in ischemic rats, allowing the motor and neurological function recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Becerra-Calixto
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia
| | - Gloria Patricia Cardona-Gómez
- Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Area, Group of Neuroscience of Antioquia, School of Medicine, SIU, University of Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellin, Colombia.
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