High content analysis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Differential Diagnosis or Etiology: A Case Report on Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis-like Neuropathy Associated with HIV Infection

BACKGROUND

Retroviruses are described as a risk factor for chronic neuropathy. However, it is still unknown if they can work as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis triggers. Over the years, some cases of this association have been described with heterogenous disclosures.

CASE REPRESENTATION

This study aimed to report a case of HIV and ALS-like neuropathy and briefly discuss peculiarities of clinical aspects, such as physiopathology and treatment options. The patient underwent neurological examination associated with blood tests, electromyography, analysis of cerebrospinal fluid, and imaging studies.

DISCUSSION

A non-systematic review was performed in major databases regarding the topic. The case presented mixed upper and lower motor neuron signs and was framed as a probable case of ALS following the present criteria.

CONCLUSION

After a short follow-up and viral load cleansing, neurological stabilization was achieved.

Lower and upper motor neuron involvement and their impact on disease prognosis in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive muscle wasting, breathing and swallowing difficulties resulting in patient’s death in two to five years after disease onset. In amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, both upper and lower motor neurons of the corticospinal tracts are involved in the process of neurodegeneration, accounting for great clinical heterogeneity of the disease. Clinical phenotype has great impact on the pattern and rate of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis progression and overall survival prognosis. Creating more homogenous patient groups in order to study the effects of drug agents on specific manifestations of the disease is a challenging issue in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis clinical trials. Since amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has low incidence rates, conduction of multicenter trials requires certain standardized approaches to disease diagnosis and staging. This review focuses on the current approaches in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis classification and staging system based on clinical examination and additional instrumental methods, highlighting the role of upper and lower motor neuron involvement in different phenotypes of the disease. We demonstrate that both clinical and instrumental findings can be useful in evaluating severity of upper motor neuron and lower motor neuron involvement and predicting the following course of the disease. Addressing disease heterogeneity in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis clinical trials could lead to study designs that will assess drug efficacy in specific patient groups, based on the disease pathophysiology and spatiotemporal pattern. Although clinical evaluation can be a sufficient screening method for dividing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients into clinical subgroups, we provide proof that instrumental studies could provide valuable insights in the disease pathology.

Investigating the pre-lethal cytotoxic effects of bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)phosphate on Chinese hamster ovary cells using high content analysis

Bis(2,4-di-tert-butylphenyl)Phosphate (bDtBPP) leaches out of polyethylene films used by the biopharmaceutical industry in single-use systems (SUS) for the culturing of drug producing cell lines. Previous studies found bDtBPP (0.025 - 0.110 mg/L) negatively affects Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell growth and productivity. Less information is known about the potential early stages of subtle pre-lethal cytotoxic effects of bDtBPP. This study aimed to investigate the pre-lethal cytotoxic effects in CHO-K1 cells of bDtBPP (0.005 - 0.25 μg/ml) at process relevant concentrations following 2, 24 and 48 h exposure, using high content analysis to investigate multiple pre-lethal cytotoxicity markers. After 48 h exposure, bDtBPP (0.005 - 0.25 μg/ml; P ≤ 0.001) increased nuclear intensity. A dose- and time-dependent reduction in mitochondrial mass was seen after exposure to bDtBPP. Reactive oxygen species increased after 2 h exposure to 0.25 μg/ml bDtBPP, 24 and 48 h exposure to 0.05 - 0.25 μg/ml bDtBPP (P ≤ 0.01 and P ≤ 0.001). BDtBPP induced subtle pre-lethal cytotoxic effects on CHO-K1 cellular health. This study highlights the cellular health benefits of the biopharmaceutical industry switching to alternative SUS plastics which do not leach bDtBPP, which may enhance CHO-K1 cell productivity.

Motor impairment in a rare form of spastic paraplegia (Spoan syndrome): a 10-year follow-up

Background

Spastic paraplegia, optic atrophy and neuropathy (Spoan syndrome) is an autosomal recessive disease with approximately 70 cases recorded in Brazil and Egypt.

Methods

This is a prospective longitudinal study performed with 47 patients affected with Spoan syndrome of seven communities of Rio Grande do Norte (Brazil) to investigate changes in motor function based on comparative data obtained from a 10-year follow-up.

Results

The mean age of the participants was 47.21 ± 12.42 years old, and the mean age at loss of ambulation and hand function were 10.78 ± 5.55 and 33.58 ± 17.47 years old, respectively. Spearman’s correlation analysis between the score on the Modified Barthel Index and the investigated variables evidenced statistical significance for age (p < 0.001) and right- and left-hand grip strength (p = 0.042 and p = 0.021, respectively). Statistical significance was not evidenced for the remainder of the variables, including age at onset of symptoms (p = 0.634), age at loss of ambulation (p = 0.664) and age at loss of hand function (p = 0.118).

Conclusions

Our analysis allows asserting that the participants exhibited slight dependence until age 35. The greatest losses occurred from ages 35 to 41, and starting at 50, practically all patients become completely dependent. These findings are relevant for determining the prognosis as well as suitable treatment, rehabilitation and assistive technology for these individuals.

A stocked toolbox for understanding the role of astrocytes in disease

Our understanding of astrocytes and their role in neurological diseases has increased considerably over the past two decades as the diverse roles of these cells have become recognized. Our evolving understanding of these cells suggests that they are more than support cells for neurons and that they play important roles in CNS homeostasis under normal conditions, in neuroprotection and in disease exacerbation. These multiple functions make them excellent candidates for targeted therapies to treat neurological disorders. New technological advances, including in vivo imaging, optogenetics and chemogenetics, have allowed us to examine astrocytic functions in ways that have uncovered new insights into the dynamic roles of these cells. Furthermore, the use of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived astrocytes from patients with a host of neurological disorders can help to tease out the contributions of astrocytes to human disease. In this Review, we explore some of the technological advances developed over the past decade that have aided our understanding of astrocyte function. We also highlight neurological disorders in which astrocyte function or dysfunction is believed to have a role in disease pathogenesis or propagation and discuss how the technological advances have been and could be used to study each of these diseases.

CNS repurposing - Potential new uses for old drugs: Examples of screens for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and spasticity

Drug repurposing is recently gaining increasing attention, not just from pharmaceutical companies but also from government agencies in an attempt to generate new medications to address increasing unmet medical needs in a cost effective and expedite manner. There are several approaches to identify novel indications for known drugs. Many are based on rational selection e.g. the known or a new mechanism of action of a drug. This review will focus rather on phenotypic or high content screening of compounds in models that are believed to be predictive of effectiveness of compounds irrespective of their mechanism of action. Three short cases studies of screens for Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and spasticity will be given as examples. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Drug Repurposing: old molecules, new ways to fast track drug discovery and development for CNS disorders'.

Biomaterials Developments for Brain Tissue Engineering

The Central Nervous System (CNS) is a highly complex organ that works as the control centre of the body, managing vital and non-vital functions. Neuro-diseases can lead to the degeneration of neural tissue, breakage of the neuronal networks which can affect vital functions and originate cognitive deficits. The complexity of the neural networks, their components and the low regenerative capacity of the CNS are on the basis for the lack of recovery, having the need for therapies that can promote tissue repair and recovery. Most brain processes are mediated through molecules (e.g. cytokines, neurotransmitters) and cells response accordingly and to surrounding cues, either biological or physical, which offers molecule administration and/or cell transplantation a great potential for use in brain recovery. Biomaterials and in particular, of natural-origin are attractive candidates owed to their intrinsic biological cues and biocompatibility and degradability. Through the use of biomaterials, it is possible to protect the cells/molecules from body clearance, enzymatic degradation while maintaining the components in a place of interest. Moreover, by means of combining several components, it is possible to obtain a more targeted and controlled delivery, to image the biomaterial implantation and its degradation over time and tackling simultaneously occurring events (cell death and inflammation) in brain diseases. In this chapter, it is reviewed some brain-affecting diseases and the current developments on tissue engineering approaches for a functional recovery of the brain from those diseases.