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Comparison of Antimicrobial Resistance among Commensal Escherichia coli Isolated from Retail Table Eggs Produced by Laying Hens from the Cage and Non-Cage Housing Systems in Western Australia. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12030588. [PMID: 36978454 PMCID: PMC10044583 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12030588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has become a global public health concern in recent decades. Although several investigations evaluated AMR in commensal and pathogenic bacteria from different foods of animal origin in Australia, there is a lack of studies that compared AMR in commensal E. coli isolated from retail table eggs obtained from different laying hen housing systems. This study aimed to determine AMR and differences in AMR patterns among E. coli isolates recovered from retail table eggs sourced from caged and non-caged housing systems in Western Australia. Commensal E. coli isolates were tested for susceptibility to 14 antimicrobials using a broth microdilution method. Clustering analyses and logistic regression models were applied to identify patterns and differences in AMR. Overall, there were moderate to high frequencies of resistance to the antimicrobials of lower importance used in Australian human medicine (tetracycline, ampicillin, trimethoprim, and sulfamethoxazole) in the isolates sourced from the eggs of two production systems. All E. coli isolates were susceptible to all critically important antimicrobials except the very low level of resistance to ciprofloxacin. E. coli isolates from eggs of non-caged systems had higher odds of resistance to tetracycline (OR = 5.76, p < 0.001) and ampicillin (OR = 3.42, p ≤ 0.01) compared to the isolates from eggs of caged systems. Moreover, the number of antimicrobials to which an E. coli isolate was resistant was significantly higher in table eggs from non-caged systems than isolates from caged systems’ eggs. Considering the conservative approach in using antimicrobials in the Australian layer flocks, our findings highlight the potential role of the environment or human-related factors in the dissemination and emergence of AMR in commensal E. coli, particularly in retail table eggs of non-cage system origin. Further comprehensive epidemiological studies are required to better understand the role of different egg production systems in the emergence and dissemination of AMR in commensal E. coli.
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Plasmid and chromosomal copies of bla CMY-2 mediate resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in Escherichia coli from food animals in China. Vet Microbiol 2022; 271:109493. [PMID: 35728389 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of antimicrobials in food animals is the major determinant for the propagation of resistant bacteria in the animal reservoir. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence and distribution of third-generation cephalosporin (3GC) -resistant and plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC)-producing Escherichia coli isolated from food animals in Southern China. In total, 744 3GC-resistant and 40 blaCMY-2-positive E. coli strains were recovered from 1656 food animal fecal samples across five rearing regions. The blaCMY-2 genes were located on IncC, IncFIB or IncI1 type plasmids in 12 E. coli isolates. In the other 22 isolates, S1-PFGE and hybridization analyses revealed that the blaCMY-2 gene was chromosomally located and demonstrated a high prevalence of the chromosomally encoded blaCMY-2 gene in E. coli. Plasmid stability and growth curve experiments demonstrated that IncI1, IncC and IncFIB plasmids can exist stably in the host bacteria and with a low growth burden and may be the reason these plasmids can be widely disseminated in breeding environments. Whole genome sequencing indicated that ISEcp1 and IS1294 played important roles in blaCMY-2 transfer to both plasmids and the chromosome. Our study confirmed that blaCMY-2 mediated resistance of food animal-derived E. coli to 3GC and highlights the urgent need for appropriate monitoring programmes.
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Abbassi MS, Badi S, Lengliz S, Mansouri R, Hammami S, Hynds P. Hiding in plain sight - Wildlife as a neglected reservoir and pathway for the spread of antimicrobial resistance: A narrative review. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2022; 98:6568898. [DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Antimicrobial resistance represents a global health problem, with infections due to pathogenic antimicrobial resistant bacteria (ARB) predicted to be the most frequent cause of human mortality by 2050. The phenomenon of antimicrobial resistance has spread to and across all ecological niches, and particularly in livestock used for food production with antimicrobials consumed in high volumes. Similarly, hospitals and other healthcare facilities are recognized as significant “hotspots” of ARB and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs); however, over the past decade, new and previously overlooked ecological niches are emerging as hidden reservoirs of ARB/ARGs. Increasingly extensive and intensive industrial activities, degradation of natural environments, burgeoning food requirements, urbanization, and global climatic change have all dramatically affected the evolution and proliferation of ARB/ARGs, which now stand at extremely concerning ecological levels. While antimicrobial resistant bacteria and genes as they originate and emanate from livestock and human hosts have been extensively studied over the past 30 years, numerous ecological niches have received considerably less attention. In the current descriptive review, the authors have sought to highlight the importance of wildlife as sources/reservoirs, pathways and receptors of ARB/ARGs in the environment, thus paving the way for future primary research in these areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salah Abbassi
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la recherche vétérinaire de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisia
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Faculté de Médecine de Tunis, LR99ES09 Laboratoire de recherche «Résistance aux antimicrobiens» 1007, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Souhir Badi
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la recherche vétérinaire de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Sana Lengliz
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la recherche vétérinaire de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Riadh Mansouri
- Université de Tunis El Manar, Institut de la recherche vétérinaire de Tunisie, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Salah Hammami
- Université Manouba, IRESA, École Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire de Sidi Thabet, Sidi Thabet 2020, Ariana, Tunisia
| | - Paul Hynds
- Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute (ESHI), Technological University Dublin, Grangegorman, Dublin 7, Dublin, Republic of Ireland
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Torres RT, Carvalho J, Fernandes J, Palmeira JD, Cunha MV, Fonseca C. Mapping the scientific knowledge of antimicrobial resistance in food-producing animals. One Health 2021; 13:100324. [PMID: 34541280 PMCID: PMC8435696 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2021.100324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) can be highlighted as one of the most significant health concerns among the last decades, for which antimicrobial drug use in food-producing animals has contributed as one of the major drivers. Food-producing animals are one of the most important and rapidly expanding commercial agricultural sectors worldwide but there is currently limited knowledge on the temporal and geographical distribution of scientific research on antimicrobial resistance in food-producing animals. We provide a global overview of the spatial and temporal trends of scientific knowledge on AMR in food-producing animals. Peer-reviewed papers of AMR on food-producing animals were retrieved from the Web of Science, systemized and dissected. The final validated dataset contained 1341 occurrences observations covering the 1957-2018 period. There has been a shift of research efforts, both geographically and temporally, emphasizing regional differences in food animal production and changing practices in the food production industry. It becomes evident that many regions have been poorly surveyed, wherein intensified sampling and testing efforts should be most valuable. This systematization of knowledge will be crucial in helping to determine how to optimally allocate limited resources available for AMR monitor and control, aiding in the prediction where the threat of new resistant infections will be greatest. AMR research in food-producing animals in developing countries is markedly growing, reflecting changes in food animals production systems but also posing a particularly significant threat, not only due to intensive animal production, but also exacerbated by poor sanitation. We highlight that the use of antibiotics in food producing animals is pervasive, calling for urgent action. These findings raise the possibility to finetuning key priorities on AMR global issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Tinoco Torres
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - João Carvalho
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Joana Fernandes
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Josman D. Palmeira
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Mónica V. Cunha
- Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes (cE3c), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
- Biosystems & Integrative Sciences Institute (BioISI), Faculdade de Ciências, Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Carlos Fonseca
- Departamento de Biologia & CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- ForestWISE - Collaborative Laboratory for Integrated Forest & Fire Management, Quinta de Prados, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal
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One Health in hospitals: how understanding the dynamics of people, animals, and the hospital built-environment can be used to better inform interventions for antimicrobial-resistant gram-positive infections. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2020; 9:78. [PMID: 32487220 PMCID: PMC7268532 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-020-00737-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite improvements in hospital infection prevention and control, healthcare associated infections (HAIs) remain a challenge with significant patient morbidity, mortality, and cost for the healthcare system. In this review, we use a One Health framework (human, animal, and environmental health) to explain the epidemiology, demonstrate key knowledge gaps in infection prevention policy, and explore improvements to control Gram-positive pathogens in the healthcare environment. We discuss patient and healthcare worker interactions with the hospital environment that can lead to transmission of the most common Gram-positive hospital pathogens – methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus – and detail interventions that target these two One Health domains. We discuss the role of animals in the healthcare settings, knowledge gaps regarding their role in pathogen transmission, and the absence of infection risk mitigation strategies targeting animals. We advocate for novel infection prevention and control programs, founded on the pillars of One Health, to reduce Gram-positive hospital-associated pathogen transmission.
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Shim JB, Seo KW, Kim YB, Jeon HY, Lim SK, Lee YJ. Molecular characteristics of extended-spectrum and plasmid-mediated AmpC β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolated from commercial layer in Korea. Poult Sci 2019; 98:949-956. [PMID: 30239888 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the poultry industry, commercial layer farms play an important role in meeting the protein demand through the supply of eggs. However, the risk of contamination by β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in eggs laid by commercial chickens is significant. In this study, we investigated the rate of extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC) β-lactamase-producing E. coli isolated from layer hens and characterized their molecular background. Among the 92 cefotaxime-resistant E. coli isolates, 66 (71.7%) were identified as multidrug resistant and 29 showed phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of β-lactamase-producing E. coli. The ESBL/pAmpC genes blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-14, blaCTX-M-15, and blaCMY-2 were detected in 1, 6, 5, and 4 isolates, respectively. The non-ESBL/pAmpC gene blaTEM-1 was found in 16 isolates. Three isolates harbored both blaTEM-1 and blaCTX-M-14 genes. A total of 12 isolates also carried class 1 integrons, with 3 different gene cassette arrangements found in 8 of these isolates. A pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of the 29 β-lactamase-producing E. coli isolates revealed that 4 PFGE patterns were consistent with the β-lactamase gene and layer farm origin, and showed a similar antibiotic resistance pattern. Our results suggest that comprehensive surveillance and more prudent use of third-generation cephalosporins in commercial layer farms is necessary to prevent the dissemination of ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong Bo Shim
- R&D center, Korean Poultry TS Co., Ltd., Icheon 17415, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Won Seo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Bin Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Young Jeon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Seo KW, Lee YJ. Detection of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes in β-lactamase-producing Escherichia coliisolates from layer hens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1480-1487. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Seo KW, Shim JB, Lee YJ. Comparative genetic characterization of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coliisolated from a layer operation system in Korea. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1472-1479. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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9
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Seo KW, Shim JB, Lee YJ. Emergence of CMY-2-Producing Escherichia coli in Korean Layer Parent Stock. Microb Drug Resist 2019; 25:462-468. [PMID: 30625027 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of antimicrobials in food animals is the major determinant for the propagation of resistant bacteria in the animal reservoir. Especially, parent stock (PS) produces thousands of eggs for commercial laying hens and can transfer a variety of viral and bacterial agents to chicks. The objective of this study was to investigate the presence and distribution of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant and extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)- and plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC)-producing Escherichia coli in the PS level of the layer operation system in Korea. A total of 591 E. coli isolates were tested in this study and resistance to the first-generation cephalosporins ranged from 60.0% to 71.1%, whereas the resistance to the second- and third-generation cephalosporins ranged from 18.3% to 28.9% and from 8.3% to 14.5%, respectively. Of the 65 third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli isolates, 51 (78.5%) showed multidrug resistance and 18 (27.7%) exhibited phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli. With regard to ESBL/pAmpC gene prevalence, only the CMY-2 gene was identified in all 18 ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli and two isolates possessed both the CMY-2 and TEM-1 genes. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis of the 18 CMY-2-producing E. coli isolates revealed four PFGE patterns from the same PS farm and flock and accorded both CMY-2 genes and antimicrobial resistance pattern. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant and CMY-2-producing E. coli isolated at the layer PS level; our findings support the critical need for a comprehensive surveillance program to monitor the emergence and dissemination of third-generation cephalosporin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Won Seo
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bo Shim
- 2 Korean Poultry TS Co., Ltd., Icheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- 1 College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Dailey J, Rosman L, Silbergeld EK. Evaluating biological plausibility in supporting evidence for action through systematic reviews in public health. Public Health 2018; 165:48-57. [PMID: 30368168 PMCID: PMC6289655 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2018.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this research was to develop and test methods for accessing and evaluating information on the biological plausibility of observed associations between exposures or interventions and outcomes to generate scientific evidence for action consistent with practice in systematic reviews. STUDY DESIGN To undertake this research, we used the example of the observed associations between antimicrobial use in food animals and increased risks of human exposures to antimicrobial-resistant pathogens of zoonotic origin. METHODS We conducted a scoping search using terms related to biological plausibility or mechanism to identify key references. As recommended by these references, we also used expert consultation with researchers and a public health informationist. We used their recommendations, which included expert consultation, to identify mechanisms relevant to biological plausibility of the association we selected to test. We used the reviews conducted by the World Health Organization (WHO) Guidelines Development Group in support of reducing antimicrobial use in food animal production to populate our model for assessing biological plausibility. RESULTS We were able to develop a transparent model for biological plausibility based on the adverse outcome pathway used in toxicology and ecology. We were also able to populate this model using the WHO reviews. CONCLUSIONS This analysis of biological plausibility used transparent and validated methods to assess the evidence used in systematic reviews based on the observational studies accessed through searches of the scientific literature. Given the importance of this topic in systematic reviews and evidence-based decision-making, further research is needed to define and test the methodological approaches to access and properly evaluate information from the scientific literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dailey
- Johns Hopkins University, Whiting School of Engineering, Department of Materials Science, USA.
| | - L Rosman
- Johns Hopkins University, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Welch Medical Library, USA.
| | - E K Silbergeld
- Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health and Engineering, USA.
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Seo KW, Kim YB, Jeon HY, Lim SK, Lee YJ. Comparative genetic characterization of third-generation cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli from chicken meat produced by integrated broiler operations in South Korea. Poult Sci 2018; 97:2871-2879. [PMID: 29897533 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Vertical integration of the broiler industry allows producers to combine different biosecurity and sanitation practices, housing technologies, and feeding regimens to improve food safety. The objectives of this study were to determine the antimicrobial resistance pattern of β-lactamase-producing E. coli and to compare the characteristics of E. coli recovered from 7 different integrated broiler operations in South Korea. Among 200 chicken meat samples, 101 were observed to be positive for E. coli. However, the prevalence varied from 37.5% to 75.0% in chicken meats from different operations, indicating variation in E. coli occurrence among the operations. Among 101 isolated E. coli from chicken meat, 59 were identified third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli and recovered from 7 different operations. A high proportion of the E. coli isolates were resistant to penicillins (89.8%), quinolones (81.4%). Among 59 third-generation cephalosporin-resistant E. coli isolates, 29 showed phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of β-lactamase-producing E. coli. Prevalence of bla gene, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-14, blaCMY-2, and blaTEM-1, were identified in 2, 4, 8, and 16 E. coli isolates respectively and only one E. coli had both genes, blaTEM-1 and blaCTX-M-1. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis was performed on 29 β-lactamase-producing E. coli isolates. In PFGE, E. coli included 7 PFGE patterns showing the same operation and an accorded both resistance to β-lactam antibiotics and presence of the bla-gene. Our findings suggest that E. coli with resistance to third-generation cephalosporins can now be found in association with integrated broiler operations, providing the data to support the development of monitoring and preventing program in integrated operations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Won Seo
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Bin Kim
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Young Jeon
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Kyung Lim
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, Gimcheon 39660, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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Seo KW, Lee YJ. Prevalence and Characterization of β-Lactamases Genes and Class 1 Integrons in Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates from Chicken Meat in Korea. Microb Drug Resist 2018; 24:1599-1606. [PMID: 29927695 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2018.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance has become a serious public health threat throughout the world, and therapeutic options for several infectious diseases are currently limited by the presence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. This study was designed to examine the drug resistance patterns, the prevalence of the β-lactamases, and class 1 integrons in MDR Escherichia coli isolates from chicken meat in Korea. Among 200 chicken meat samples, 101 isolates were observed to be positive for E. coli, of which 57 were identified as MDR E. coli. Among 57 MDR E. coli isolates, the prevalence of bla gene, blaCTX-M-1, blaCTX-M-14, and blaTEM-1, were identified in 2, 4, and 16 E. coli strains, respectively; only 1 E. coli strain had both, blaTEM-1 and blaCTX-M-1 genes. Twenty-one of the 57 MDR E. coli isolates also carried class 1 integrons, and 5 different gene cassette arrangements were found in 14 of the 21 class 1 integron-positive isolates. The β-lactamase-producing E. coli and integron-positive E. coli had significantly higher resistance to 16 antimicrobial drugs than the non-β-lactamase-producing E. coli and the integron-negative E. coli (p < 0.05). Our findings suggest that β-lactamase and class 1 integrons are widely distributed in E. coli isolates from chicken meat, and directly contribute to resistance to diverse antimicrobial agents. Therefore, continuous investigation of integron gene cassette arrays will provide useful information regarding antimicrobial resistance mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwang Won Seo
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ju Lee
- Department of Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Beresin GA, Wright JM, Rice GE, Jagai JS. Swine exposure and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection among hospitalized patients with skin and soft tissue infections in Illinois: A ZIP code-level analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 159:46-60. [PMID: 28772149 PMCID: PMC5862075 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2017.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), a bacterial pathogen, is a predominant cause of skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) in the United States. Swine-production facilities have been recognized as potential environmental reservoirs of MRSA. To better understand how swine production may contribute to MRSA infection, we evaluated the association between MRSA infection among SSTI inpatients and exposure measures derived from national swine inventory data. METHODS Based on adjusted odds ratios from logistic regression models, we evaluated the association between swine exposure metrics and MRSA infections among all Illinois inpatient hospitalizations for SSTI from January 2008 through July 2011. We also assessed if swine exposures had greater association with suspected community-onset MRSA (CO-MRSA) compared to suspected hospital-onset MRSA (HO-MRSA). Exposures were estimated using the Farm Location and Agricultural Production Simulator, generating the number of farms with greater than 1000 swine per residential ZIP code and the residential ZIP code-level swine density (swine/km2). RESULTS For every increase in 100 swine/km2 within a residential ZIP code, the adjusted OR (aOR) for MRSA infection was 1.36 (95% CI: 1.28-1.45). For every additional large farm (i.e., >1000 swine) per ZIP code, the aOR for MRSA infection was 1.06 (95% CI: 1.04-1.07). The aOR for ZIP codes with any large farms compared to those with no large farms was 1.24 (95% CI: 1.19-1.29). We saw no evidence of an increased association for CO-MRSA compared to HO-MRSA with either continuous exposure metric (aORs=0.99), and observed inconsistent results across exposure categories. CONCLUSIONS These publicly-available, ecological exposure data demonstrated positive associations between swine exposure measures and individual-level MRSA infections among SSTI inpatients. Though it is difficult to draw definitive conclusions due to limitations of the data, these findings suggest that the risk of MRSA may increase based on indirect environmental exposure to swine production. Future research can address measurement error related to these data by improving exposure assessment precision, increased specification of MRSA strain, and better characterization of specific environmental exposure pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glennon A Beresin
- Association of Schools and Programs of Public Health Environmental Health Fellowship hosted by Environmental Protection Agency: 1900 M Street NW, Suite 710, Washington, DC 20036, United States.
| | - J Michael Wright
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, 26 West Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Glenn E Rice
- US Environmental Protection Agency, National Center for Environmental Assessment, 26 West Martin Luther King Dr., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
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Impact of anthropogenic activities on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance across ecological boundaries. Essays Biochem 2017; 61:11-21. [DOI: 10.1042/ebc20160054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Antibiotics are considered to be one of the major medical breakthroughs in history. Nonetheless, over the past four decades, antibiotic resistance has reached alarming levels worldwide and this trend is expected to continue to increase, leading some experts to forecast the coming of a ‘post-antibiotic’ era. Although antibiotic resistance in pathogens is traditionally linked to clinical environments, there is a rising concern that the global propagation of antibiotic resistance is also associated with environmental reservoirs that are linked to anthropogenic activities such as animal husbandry, agronomic practices and wastewater treatment. It is hypothesized that the emergence and dissemination of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic-resistant genes (ARGs) within and between environmental microbial communities can ultimately contribute to the acquisition of antibiotic resistance in human pathogens. Nonetheless, the scope of this phenomenon is not clear due to the complexity of microbial communities in the environment and methodological constraints that limit comprehensive in situ evaluation of microbial genomes. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge regarding antibiotic resistance in non-clinical environments, specifically focusing on the dissemination of antibiotic resistance across ecological boundaries and the contribution of this phenomenon to global antibiotic resistance.
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Tripathi V, Tripathi P. Antibiotic Resistance Genes: An Emerging Environmental Pollutant. PERSPECTIVES IN ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46248-6_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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16
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Chamorro MF, Cernicchiaro N, Haines DM. Evaluation of the effects of colostrum replacer supplementation of the milk replacer ration on the occurrence of disease, antibiotic therapy, and performance of pre-weaned dairy calves. J Dairy Sci 2016; 100:1378-1387. [PMID: 27939546 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-11652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of colostrum supplementation of the milk replacer ration on disease occurrence, antibiotic therapy, and performance of pre-weaned dairy calves with adequate transfer of passive immunity. Two hundred and two 1-d-old Holstein dairy calves were assigned to 1 of 2 groups after arrival to a dairy calf rearing facility. Calves assigned to the control group (n = 100) received milk replacer (28% crude protein and 20% crude fat) without colostrum inclusion twice daily. Calves assigned to the treatment group (n = 102) received 150 g of supplemental colostrum replacer powder added to their milk replacer twice daily for the first 14 d of life. Before group assignment, serum samples were collected from all calves to confirm transfer of passive immunity. Calves were evaluated daily until weaning (56 d of life) for signs of clinical disease as well as any treatment with antibiotics. Presentation of clinical disease and antibiotic treatment was recorded daily by personnel blinded to treatment allocation. Adequate transfer of passive immunity was confirmed in all calves at the start of the study and mean serum IgG values were similar among calves from treatment and control groups. The odds ratios of having abnormal feces and abnormal respiration during the pre-weaning period for calves from the treatment group were 0.15 and 0.46 the odds ratios of calves from the control group, respectively. The odds ratios of receiving antibiotic therapy during the pre-weaning period for calves from the treatment group were 0.09 the odds ratios of calves from the control group. Mean body weight and average daily gain at weaning were not significantly different among calves from the treatment and control groups. Colostrum replacer supplementation of the milk replacer ration was effective in reducing antibiotic therapy and occurrence of disease during the pre-weaning period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel F Chamorro
- Department of Clinical Research, The Saskatoon Colostrum Company Ltd., Saskatoon, Canada S7K 6A2.
| | - Natalia Cernicchiaro
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan 66506
| | - Deborah M Haines
- Department of Clinical Research, The Saskatoon Colostrum Company Ltd., Saskatoon, Canada S7K 6A2; Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Western College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada S7K 6A2
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Vasileiadis S, Puglisi E, Trevisan M, Scheckel KG, Langdon KA, McLaughlin MJ, Lombi E, Donner E. Changes in soil bacterial communities and diversity in response to long-term silver exposure. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2015; 91:fiv114. [PMID: 26391377 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiv114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Silver-induced selective pressure is becoming increasingly important due to the growing use of silver (Ag) as an antimicrobial agent in biomedical and commercial products. With demonstrated links between environmental resistomes and clinical pathogens, it is important to identify microbial profiles related to silver tolerance/resistance. We investigated the effects of ionic Ag stress on soil bacterial communities and identified resistant/persistent bacterial populations. Silver treatments of 50-400 mg Ag kg(-1) soil were established in five soils. Chemical lability measurements using diffusive gradients in thin-film devices confirmed that significant (albeit decreasing) labile Ag concentrations were present throughout the 9-month incubation period. Synchrotron X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy demonstrated that this decreasing lability was due to changes in the Ag speciation to less soluble forms such as Ag(0) and Ag2S. Real-time PCR and Illumina MiSeq screening of 16S rRNA bacterial genes showed β-diversity changes, increasing α-diversity in response to Ag pressure, and immediate and significant reductions in 16S rRNA gene counts with varying degrees of recovery. These effects were more strongly influenced by exposure time than by Ag dose at these rates. Ag-selected dominant OTUs principally resided in known persister taxa (mainly Gram positive), including metal-tolerant bacteria and slow-growing Mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotirios Vasileiadis
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia Istituto di Chimica Agraria e Ambientale, Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italia
| | - Edoardo Puglisi
- Istituto di Microbiologia, Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italia
| | - Marco Trevisan
- Istituto di Chimica Agraria e Ambientale, Universitá Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122 Piacenza, Italia
| | - Kirk G Scheckel
- National Risk Management Research Laboratory, US EPA, Cincinnati, OH 45224, USA
| | - Kate A Langdon
- CSIRO Minerals Down Under Flagship, Glen Osmond, SA 5064, Australia
| | | | - Enzo Lombi
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
| | - Erica Donner
- Centre for Environmental Risk Assessment and Remediation, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes, SA 5095, Australia
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Krishnasamy V, Otte J, Silbergeld E. Antimicrobial use in Chinese swine and broiler poultry production. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2015; 4:17. [PMID: 25922664 PMCID: PMC4412119 DOI: 10.1186/s13756-015-0050-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial use for growth promotion in food animal production is now widespread. A major concern is the rise of antimicrobial resistance and the subsequent impact on human health. The antimicrobials of concern are used in concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) which are responsible for almost all meat production including swine and poultry in the US. With global meat consumption rising, the CAFO model has been adopted elsewhere to meet this demand. One such country where this has occurred is China, and evidence suggests 70% of poultry production now occurs outside of traditional small farms. Moreover, China is now the largest aggregate consumer of meat products in the world. With this rapid rise in consumption, the Chinese production model has changed along with the use of antimicrobials in feeds. However, the specific antibiotic use in the Chinese food animal production sector is unclear. Additionally, we are aware of high quantities of antimicrobial use because of reports of high concentrations of antimicrobials in animal waste and surface waters surrounding animal feeding operations. METHODS In this report, we estimate the volume of antibiotics used for swine and poultry production as these are the two meat sources with the highest levels of production and consumption in China. We adopt a model developed by Mellon et al. in the US for estimating drug use in feed for poultry and swine production to estimate overall antimicrobial use as well as antimicrobial use by class. RESULTS We calculate that 38.5 million kg [84.9 million lbs] were used in 2012 in China's production of swine and poultry. By antibiotic class, the highest weights are tetracyclines in swine and coccidiostats in poultry. CONCLUSIONS The volume of antimicrobial use is alarming. Although there are limitations to these data, we hope our report will stimulate further analysis and a sense of urgency in assessing the consequences of such high levels of utilization in terms of antibiotic resistance in the food supply and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram Krishnasamy
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room WB602, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
| | - Joachim Otte
- Food and Agriculture Organization, Room C-510, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome, 00153 Italy
| | - Ellen Silbergeld
- Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Room E6644, Baltimore, MD 21205 USA
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Antibiotic Resistance Elements in Wastewater Treatment Plants: Scope and Potential Impacts. THE HANDBOOK OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2015_361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Patchanee P, Tadee P, Arjkumpa O, Love D, Chanachai K, Alter T, Hinjoy S, Tharavichitkul P. Occurrence and characterization of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig industries of northern Thailand. J Vet Sci 2014; 15:529-36. [PMID: 25530702 PMCID: PMC4269595 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2014.15.4.529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) in pigs, farm workers, and the environment in northern Thailand, and to assess LA-MRSA isolate phenotypic characteristics. One hundred and four pig farms were randomly selected from the 21,152 in Chiang Mai and Lamphun provinces in 2012. Nasal and skin swab samples were collected from pigs and farm workers. Environmental swabs (pig stable floor, faucet, and feeder) were also collected. MRSA was identified by conventional bacterial culture technique, with results confirmed by multiplex PCR and multi locus sequence typing (MLST). Herd prevalence of MRSA was 9.61% (10 of 104 farms). Among pigs, workers, and farm environments, prevalence was 0.68% (two of 292 samples), 2.53% (seven of 276 samples), and 1.28% (four of 312 samples), respectively. Thirteen MRSA isolates (seven from workers, four from environmental samples, and two from pigs) were identified as Staphylococcal chromosomal cassette mec IV sequences type 9. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests found 100% of the MRSA isolates resistant to clindamycin, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline, while 100% were susceptible to cloxacillin and vancomycin. All possessed a multidrug-resistant phenotype. This is the first evidence of an LA-MRSA interrelationship among pigs, workers, and the farm environment in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prapas Patchanee
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pakpoom Tadee
- Department of Food Animal Clinic, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Orapun Arjkumpa
- Field Epidemiology Training Program, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand. ; Veterinary Research and Development Center, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperation, Bangkok 10200, Thailand
| | - David Love
- Johns Hopkins Center for a Livable Future, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Karoon Chanachai
- Bureau of Disease Control and Veterinary Services, Department of Livestock Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Cooperation, Bangkok 10200, Thailand
| | - Thomas Alter
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Panel "Veterinary Public Health", Institute of Food Hygiene, Free University Berlin, Berlin 14195, Germany
| | - Soawapak Hinjoy
- Bureau of Epidemiology, Department of Disease Control, Ministry of Public Health, Nonthaburi 11000, Thailand
| | - Prasit Tharavichitkul
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Kyeremateng-Amoah E, Nowell J, Lutty A, Lees PS, Silbergeld EK. Laceration injuries and infections among workers in the poultry processing and pork meatpacking industries. Am J Ind Med 2014; 57:669-82. [PMID: 24800900 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.22325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Workers in poultry processing and pork meatpacking have high rates of acute injuries and chronic disease among. The presence of zoonotic pathogens in these workplaces may interact with injury. METHODS We investigated incidence of worker injuries, lacerations, and infections reported by 10 companies from 2004 to 2009 and calculated annual incidence rates by industry and company along with temporal trends and job-related risk factors. RESULTS Average annual mean total injury rates were 6.4 per 100 workers (poultry) and 13.2 per 100 workers (pork). Average annual mean rates for lacerations were 1.8 per 100 workers (poultry) and 1.9 per 100 (pork). Sharp tools and animal products were most frequently reported as sources for lacerations. Animal products were most frequently reported as sources of infected lacerations. CONCLUSIONS The results indicate that these industries continue to have high injury rates. The results also suggest that zoonotic pathogens may be preventable health and safety risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Kyeremateng-Amoah
- Division of Environmental Health Engineering; Department of Environmental Health Sciences; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Jackie Nowell
- United Food and Commercial Workers Union; Washington District of Columbia
| | - Aurora Lutty
- United Food and Commercial Workers Union; Washington District of Columbia
| | - Peter S.J. Lees
- Division of Environmental Health Engineering; Department of Environmental Health Sciences; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore Maryland
| | - Ellen K. Silbergeld
- Division of Environmental Health Engineering; Department of Environmental Health Sciences; Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health; Baltimore Maryland
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Neyra RC, Frisancho JA, Rinsky JL, Resnick C, Carroll KC, Rule AM, Ross T, You Y, Price LB, Silbergeld EK. Multidrug-resistant and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in hog slaughter and processing plant workers and their community in North Carolina (USA). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2014; 122:471-7. [PMID: 24508836 PMCID: PMC4014760 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1306741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Use of antimicrobials in industrial food-animal production is associated with the presence of antimicrobial-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) among animals and humans. Hog slaughter/processing plants process large numbers of animals from industrial animal operations and are environments conducive to the exchange of bacteria between animals and workers. OBJECTIVES We compared the prevalence of multidrug-resistant S. aureus (MDRSA) and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) carriage among processing plant workers, their household members, and community residents. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional study of hog slaughter/processing plant workers, their household members, and community residents in North Carolina. Participants responded to a questionnaire and provided a nasal swab. Swabs were tested for S. aureus, and isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and subjected to multilocus sequence typing. RESULTS The prevalence of S. aureus was 21.6%, 30.2%, and 22.5% among 162 workers, 63 household members, and 111 community residents, respectively. The overall prevalence of MDRSA and MRSA tested by disk diffusion was 6.9% and 4.8%, respectively. The adjusted prevalence of MDRSA among workers was 1.96 times (95% CI: 0.71, 5.45) the prevalence in community residents. The adjusted average number of antimicrobial classes to which S. aureus isolates from workers were resistant was 2.54 times (95% CI: 1.16, 5.56) the number among isolates from community residents. We identified two MDRSA isolates and one MRSA isolate from workers as sequence type 398, a type associated with exposure to livestock. CONCLUSIONS Although the prevalence of S. aureus and MRSA was similar in hog slaughter/processing plant workers and their household and community members, S. aureus isolates from workers were resistant to a greater number of antimicrobial classes. These findings may be related to the nontherapeutic use of antimicrobials in food-animal production.
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Improved detection of antibiotic compounds by bacterial reporter strains achieved by manipulations of membrane permeability and efflux capacity. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:2267-77. [PMID: 23963273 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5176-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of pharmaceuticals, including antibacterial compounds, in the environment has been acknowledged as an emerging and troubling issue in environmental safety; their usage is constantly on the rise, and their effects on the environment are only partially understood. Such compounds can accumulate, contaminate the ecosystem, and contribute to the spreading of antibiotic resistance among bacteria, hindering human health. Bioluminescent Escherichia coli reporter strains, engineered to detect antibiotic compounds by fusing the promoter of the global regulator soxS to the Photorhabdus luminescens luxCDABE cassette, were further modified by altering their membrane permeability and efflux capabilities. This was accomplished by introducing several mutations in the efflux system (ΔemrE, ΔacrB, and ΔtolC) and by overexpressing OmpF, a porin located in the outer membrane that allows passive diffusion of molecules. Combinations of these alterations had a cumulative effect in lowering the detection threshold of several antibiotics, in some of the cases to concentrations reported from pharmaceutical-polluted environments.
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Rinsky JL, Nadimpalli M, Wing S, Hall D, Baron D, Price LB, Larsen J, Stegger M, Stewart J, Heaney CD. Livestock-associated methicillin and multidrug resistant Staphylococcus aureus is present among industrial, not antibiotic-free livestock operation workers in North Carolina. PLoS One 2013; 8:e67641. [PMID: 23844044 PMCID: PMC3699663 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0067641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Administration of antibiotics to food animals may select for drug-resistant pathogens of clinical significance, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). In the United States, studies have examined prevalence of MRSA carriage among individuals exposed to livestock, but prevalence of multidrug-resistant S. aureus (MDRSA) carriage and the association with livestock raised with versus without antibiotic selective pressure remains unclear. We aimed to examine prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility, and molecular characteristics of S. aureus among industrial livestock operation (ILO) and antibiotic-free livestock operation (AFLO) workers and household members in North Carolina. Methods Participants in this cross-sectional study were interviewed and provided a nasal swab for S. aureus analysis. Resulting S. aureus isolates were assessed for antibiotic susceptibility, multi-locus sequence type, and absence of the scn gene (a marker of livestock association). Results Among 99 ILO and 105 AFLO participants, S. aureus nasal carriage prevalence was 41% and 40%, respectively. Among ILO and AFLO S. aureus carriers, MRSA was detected in 7% (3/41) and 7% (3/42), respectively. Thirty seven percent of 41 ILO versus 19% of 42 AFLO S. aureus-positive participants carried MDRSA. S. aureus clonal complex (CC) 398 was observed only among workers and predominated among ILO (13/34) compared with AFLO (1/35) S. aureus-positive workers. Only ILO workers carried scn-negative MRSA CC398 (2/34) and scn-negative MDRSA CC398 (6/34), and all of these isolates were tetracycline resistant. Conclusions Despite similar S. aureus and MRSA prevalence among ILO and AFLO-exposed individuals, livestock-associated MRSA and MDRSA (tetracycline-resistant, CC398, scn-negative) were only present among ILO-exposed individuals. These findings support growing concern about antibiotics use and confinement in livestock production, raising questions about the potential for occupational exposure to an opportunistic and drug-resistant pathogen, which in other settings including hospitals and the community is of broad public health importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L. Rinsky
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Maya Nadimpalli
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Steve Wing
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Devon Hall
- Rural Empowerment Association for Community Help (REACH), Warsaw, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dothula Baron
- Rural Empowerment Association for Community Help (REACH), Warsaw, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Lance B. Price
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia, United States of America
| | - Jesper Larsen
- Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marc Stegger
- Microbiology and Infection Control, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jill Stewart
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher D. Heaney
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Feingold BJ, Silbergeld EK, Curriero FC, van Cleef BAGL, Heck MEOC, Kluytmans JAJW. Livestock density as risk factor for livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, the Netherlands. Emerg Infect Dis 2013; 18:1841-9. [PMID: 23092646 PMCID: PMC3559158 DOI: 10.3201/eid1811.111850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The risk for livestock-associated MRSA increases with increasing density of pigs and calves. To determine whether persons living in areas of high animal density are at increased risk for carrying livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA), we used an existing dataset of persons in the Netherlands with LA-MRSA carriage and controls who carried other types of MRSA. Results of running univariate and multivariate logistic regression models indicated that living in livestock-dense areas increases the odds of nasal carriage of LA-MRSA. We found that doubling pig, cattle, and veal calf densities per municipality increased the odds of LA-MRSA carriage over carriage of other types of MRSA by 24.7% (95% CI 0.9%–54.2%), 76.9% (95% CI 11.3%–81.3%), and 24.1% (95% CI 5.5%–45.9%), respectively, after adjusting for direct animal contact, living in a rural area, and the probable source of MRSA carriage. Controlling the spread of LA-MRSA thus requires giving attention to community members in animal-dense regions who are unaffiliated with livestock farming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth J Feingold
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA.
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Melamed S, Lalush C, Elad T, Yagur‐Kroll S, Belkin S, Pedahzur R. A bacterial reporter panel for the detection and classification of antibiotic substances. Microb Biotechnol 2012; 5:536-48. [PMID: 22385678 PMCID: PMC3815330 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2012.00333.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/25/2012] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The ever-growing use of pharmaceutical compounds, including antibacterial substances, poses a substantial pollution load on the environment. Such compounds can compromise water quality, contaminate soils, livestock and crops, enhance resistance of microorganisms to antibiotic substances, and hamper human health. We report the construction of a novel panel of genetically engineered Escherichia coli reporter strains for the detection and classification of antibiotic substances. Each of these strains harbours a plasmid that carries a fusion of a selected gene promoter to bioluminescence (luxCDABE) reporter genes and an alternative tryptophan auxotrophy-based non-antibiotic selection system. The bioreporter panel was tested for sensitivity and responsiveness to diverse antibiotic substances by monitoring bioluminescence as a function of time and of antibiotic concentrations. All of the tested antibiotics were detected by the panel, which displayed different response patterns for each substance. These unique responses were analysed by several algorithms that enabled clustering the compounds according to their functional properties, and allowed the classification of unknown antibiotic substances with a high degree of accuracy and confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar Melamed
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Chaim Lalush
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Tal Elad
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Sharon Yagur‐Kroll
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Shimshon Belkin
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Rami Pedahzur
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Hadassah Academic College, Jerusalem, Israel
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Ferreira JP, Anderson KL, Correa MT, Lyman R, Ruffin F, Reller LB, Fowler VG. Transmission of MRSA between companion animals and infected human patients presenting to outpatient medical care facilities. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26978. [PMID: 22102871 PMCID: PMC3213111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a significant pathogen in both human and veterinary medicine. The importance of companion animals as reservoirs of human infections is currently unknown. The companion animals of 49 MRSA-infected outpatients (cases) were screened for MRSA carriage, and their bacterial isolates were compared with those of the infected patients using Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis (PFGE). Rates of MRSA among the companion animals of MRSA-infected patients were compared to rates of MRSA among companion animals of pet guardians attending a “veterinary wellness clinic” (controls). MRSA was isolated from at least one companion animal in 4/49 (8.2%) households of MRSA-infected outpatients vs. none of the pets of the 50 uninfected human controls. Using PFGE, patient-pets MRSA isolates were identical for three pairs and discordant for one pair (suggested MRSA inter-specie transmission p-value = 0.1175). These results suggest that companion animals of MRSA-infected patients can be culture-positive for MRSA, representing a potential source of infection or re-infection for humans. Further studies are required to better understand the epidemiology of MRSA human-animal inter-specie transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Pinto Ferreira
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology-PHP, North Carolina State University-NCSU College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, United States of America.
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Evaluating interventions againstSalmonellain broiler chickens: applying synthesis research in support of quantitative exposure assessment. Epidemiol Infect 2011; 140:925-45. [DOI: 10.1017/s0950268811001373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
SUMMARYA scoping study and systematic review-meta-analyses (SR-MAs) were conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of various interventions forSalmonellain broiler chicken, from grow-out farm to secondary processing. The resulting information was used to inform a quantitative exposure assessment (QEA) comparing various control options within the context of broiler chicken production in Ontario, Canada. Multiple scenarios, including use of two separate on-farm interventions (CF3 competitive exclusion culture and a 2% lactose water additive), a package of processing interventions (a sodium hydroxide scald water disinfectant, a chlorinated post-evisceration spray, a trisodium phosphate pre-chill spray and chlorinated immersion chilling) a package consisting of these farm and processing interventions and a hypothetical scenario (reductions in between-flock prevalence and post-transport concentration), were simulated and compared to a baseline scenario. The package of on-farm and processing interventions was the most effective in achieving relative reductions (compared to baseline with no interventions) in the concentration and prevalence ofSalmonellaby the end of chilling ranging from 89·94% to 99·87% and 43·88% to 87·78%, respectively. Contaminated carcasses entering defeathering, reductions in concentration due to scalding and post-evisceration washing, and the potential for cross-contamination during chilling had the largest influence on the model outcomes under the current assumptions. Scoping study provided a transparent process for mapping out and selecting promising interventions, while SR-MA was useful for generating more precise and robust intervention effect estimates for QEA. Realization of the full potential of these methods was hampered by low methodological soundness and reporting of primary research in this area.
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Neurologic symptoms associated with raising poultry and swine among participants in the Agricultural Health Study. J Occup Environ Med 2011; 53:190-5. [PMID: 21270654 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0b013e31820805d5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) is the leading cause of acute peripheral neuropathy worldwide, often associated with recent foodborne infection with Campylobacter jejuni. In this cross-sectional analysis of data from the Agricultural Health Study, we tested whether swine and poultry exposure were associated with increased prevalence of GBS-like neurologic symptoms. METHODS Using multivariate analysis, we tested the symptoms such as numbness and weakness, relevant to inflammatory peripheral neuropathies, among farmers with self-reported occupational poultry or swine exposure compared with farmers who reported no occupational animal exposure. RESULTS Among swine farmers/workers, prevalence of weakness and numbness were increased (P < 0.05). Among poultry farmers/workers, prevalence of weakness and numbness were increased, but increased prevalence of weakness was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Occupational contact with live poultry or swine, potentially related to C. jejuni exposure, was associated with increased reporting of GBS-like symptoms.
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Love DC, Davis MF, Bassett A, Gunther A, Nachman KE. Dose imprecision and resistance: free-choice medicated feeds in industrial food animal production in the United States. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:279-283. [PMID: 21030337 PMCID: PMC3059987 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 10/27/2010] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Industrial food animal production employs many of the same antibiotics or classes of antibiotics that are used in human medicine. These drugs can be administered to food animals in the form of free-choice medicated feeds (FCMF), where animals choose how much feed to consume. Routine administration of these drugs to livestock selects for microorganisms that are resistant to medications critical to the treatment of clinical infections in humans. OBJECTIVES In this commentary, we discuss the history of medicated feeds, the nature of FCMF use with regard to dose delivery, and U.S. policies that address antimicrobial drug use in food animals. DISCUSSION FCMF makes delivering a predictable, accurate, and intended dose difficult. Overdosing can lead to animal toxicity; underdosing or inconsistent dosing can result in a failure to resolve animal diseases and in the development of antimicrobial-resistant microorganisms. CONCLUSIONS The delivery of antibiotics to food animals for reasons other than the treatment of clinically diagnosed disease, especially via free-choice feeding methods, should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Love
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21211, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunal J. Rambhia
- Science for Policymakers is a journal column aimed at informing key decision makers about scientific advancements that affect biosecurity and biodefense. The articles describe a novel type of research that is currently underway or recently developed, or an issue in the field of biosecurity, and engage readers in thinking about what impact the research has on biosecurity. Kunal J. Rambhia is an Analyst and Gigi Kwik Gronvall, PhD, is a Senior Associate, both at the Center for Biosecurity of the University
| | - Gigi Kwik Gronvall
- Science for Policymakers is a journal column aimed at informing key decision makers about scientific advancements that affect biosecurity and biodefense. The articles describe a novel type of research that is currently underway or recently developed, or an issue in the field of biosecurity, and engage readers in thinking about what impact the research has on biosecurity. Kunal J. Rambhia is an Analyst and Gigi Kwik Gronvall, PhD, is a Senior Associate, both at the Center for Biosecurity of the University
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