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Hongchao D, Ma L, Xu Z, Soteyome T, Yuan L, Yang Z, Jiao XA. Invited review: Role of Bacillus licheniformis in the dairy industry- friends or foes? J Dairy Sci 2024:S0022-0302(24)00904-4. [PMID: 38851582 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2024-24826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis is one of the major spore-forming bacteria with great genotypic diversity in raw milk, dairy ingredients, final dairy products, and is found throughout the dairy processing continuum. Though being widely used as a probiotic strain, this species also serves as a potential risk in the dairy industry based on its roles in foodborne illness and dairy spoilage. Biofilm formation of B. licheniformis in combined with the heat resistance of its spores, make it impossible to prevent the presence of B. licheniformis in final dairy products by traditional cleaning and disinfection procedures. Despite the extensive efforts on the identification of B. licheniformis from various dairy samples, no reviews have been reported on both hazard and benefits of this spore-former. This review discusses the prevalence of B. licheniformis from raw milk to commercial dairy products, biofilm formation and spoilage potential of B. licheniformis, and its potential prevention methods. In addition, the potential benefits of B. licheniformis in the dairy industry were also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dai Hongchao
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127 China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009 China
| | - Lili Ma
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127 China
| | - Zhenbo Xu
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory for Green Processing of Natural Products and Product Safety, Engineering Research Center of Starch and Vegetable Protein Processing Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, United States; Home Economics Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Thanapop Soteyome
- Home Economics Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Phra Nakhon, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Lei Yuan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127 China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009 China.
| | - Zhenquan Yang
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225127 China
| | - Xin-An Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, 225009 China
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Lee G, Heo S, Kim T, Na HE, Park J, Lee E, Lee JH, Jeong DW. Discrimination of Bacillus subtilis from Other Bacillus Species Using Specific Oligonucleotide Primers for the Pyruvate Carboxylase and Shikimate Dehydrogenase Genes. J Microbiol Biotechnol 2022; 32:1011-1016. [PMID: 35879295 PMCID: PMC9628935 DOI: 10.4014/jmb.2205.05014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a useful bacterium in the food industry with applications as a starter strain for fermented food and as a probiotic. However, it is difficult to discriminate B. subtilis from other Bacillus species because of high phenotypic and genetic similarity. In this study, we employed five previously constructed multilocus sequence typing (MLST) methods for the discrimination of B. subtilis from other Bacillus species and all five MLST assays clearly distinguished B. subtilis. Additionally, the 17 housekeeping genes used in the five MLST assays also clearly distinguished B. subtilis. The pyruvate carboxylase (pyrA) and shikimate dehydrogenase (aroE) genes were selected for the discrimination of B. subtilis because of their high number of polymorphic sites and the fact that they displayed the lowest homology among the 17 housekeeping genes. Specific primer sets for the pyrA and aroE genes were designed and PCR products were specifically amplified from B. subtilis, demonstrating the high specificity of the two housekeeping genes for B. subtilis. This species-specific PCR method provides a quick, simple, powerful, and reliable alternative to conventional methods in the detection and identification of B. subtilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gawon Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojeong Heo
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Tao Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Eun Na
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Park
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Eungyo Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Do-Won Jeong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Dongduk Women’s University, Seoul 02748, Republic of Korea,Corresponding author Phone: +82-2-940-4463 Fax: +82-2-940-4610 E-mail:
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Šurín Hudáková N, Kačírová J, Sondorová M, Šelianová S, Mucha R, Maďar M. Inhibitory Effect of Bacillus licheniformis Strains Isolated from Canine Oral Cavity. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12081238. [PMID: 36013417 PMCID: PMC9409769 DOI: 10.3390/life12081238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus licheniformis is used in a broad spectrum of areas, including some probiotic preparations for human and veterinary health. Moreover, B. licheniformis strains are known producers of various bioactive substances with antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects. In searching for new potentially beneficial bacteria for oral health, the inhibitory effect of B. licheniformis strains isolated from canine dental biofilm against pathogenic oral bacteria was evaluated. The antimicrobial effect of neutralized cell-free supernatants (nCFS) was assessed in vitro on polystyrene microtiter plates. Furthermore, molecular and morphological analyses were executed to evaluate the production of bioactive substances. To determine the nature of antimicrobial substance present in nCFS of B. licheniformis A-1-5B-AP, nCFS was exposed to the activity of various enzymes. The nCFS of B. licheniformis A-1-5B-AP significantly (p < 0.0001) reduced the growth of Porphyromonas gulae 3/H, Prevotella intermedia 1/P and Streptococcus mutans ATCC 35668. On the other hand, B. licheniformis A-2-11B-AP only significantly (p < 0.0001) inhibited the growth of P. intermedia 1/P and S. mutans ATCC 35668. However, enzyme-treated nCFS of B. licheniformis A-1-5B-AP did not lose its antimicrobial effect and significantly (p < 0.0001) inhibited the growth of Micrococcus luteus DSM 1790. Further studies are needed for the identification of antimicrobial substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Šurín Hudáková
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Jana Kačírová
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Miriam Sondorová
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Svetlana Šelianová
- Clinic of Stomatology and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pavol Jozef Safarik in Kosice, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Rastislav Mucha
- Institute of Neurobiology, Biomedical Research Center of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Soltesovej 4, 040 01 Kosice, Slovakia
| | - Marián Maďar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Veterinary Medicine and Pharmacy in Kosice, Komenskeho 73, 041 81 Kosice, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-9-4971-5632
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Bahuguna A, Joe AR, Kumar V, Lee JS, Kim SY, Moon JY, Cho SK, Cho H, Kim M. Study on the Identification Methods for Effective Microorganisms in Commercially Available Organic Agriculture Materials. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8101568. [PMID: 33053711 PMCID: PMC7599497 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8101568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of microorganisms in closely related groups is challenging. The present work focused on the different molecular methodology for the accurate microbial identification in the five commercially available organic agriculture materials enriched with effective microorganisms. From the tested five organic agricultural materials, a total of seven distinct bacterial colonies (A-1, B-1, C-1, D-1, E-1, E-2, and E-3) were isolated and processed for sequential identification utilizing HiCrome™ Bacillus agar, biochemical tests with API CHB50, 16S rRNA gene analysis, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and species-specific PCR analysis. All the isolated microorganisms were Gram-positive rods and spore former belonging to Bacillus group and appeared as a differential characteristic feature on HiCrome™ Bacillus agar. All isolates showed high-percentage similarities with the different members of Bacillus species in biochemical testing and 16S rRNA gene analysis. The collective identification results revealed isolates, A-1, B-1, and C-1, close to B. velezensis. Further RAPD-PCR and species-specific PCR discriminated and provided confirmatory evidence for D-1 as B. thuringiensis and E-1, E-2, and E-3 as B. licheniformis, respectively. In addition, presence of B. thuringiensis was also confirmed by toxin crystal protein staining. In conclusion, the species-specific primers could be used as a rapid and accurate identification tool to discriminate closely related Bacillus species such as B. subtilis, B. licheniformis, and B. thuringiensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Bahuguna
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38541, Korea; (A.B.); (A.-r.J.); (V.K.)
| | - Ah-ryeong Joe
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38541, Korea; (A.B.); (A.-r.J.); (V.K.)
| | - Vishal Kumar
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38541, Korea; (A.B.); (A.-r.J.); (V.K.)
| | - Jong Suk Lee
- Division of Food and Nutrition and Cook, Taegu Science University, Daegu 41453, Korea;
| | - Sung-Youn Kim
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (S.-Y.K.); (S.-K.C.); (H.C.)
| | - Ji-Young Moon
- Gyeonggi Provincial Office, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, Anyang 14035, Korea;
| | - Soon-Kil Cho
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (S.-Y.K.); (S.-K.C.); (H.C.)
| | - Hyunjeong Cho
- Experiment Research Institute, National Agricultural Products Quality Management Service, Gimcheon 39660, Korea; (S.-Y.K.); (S.-K.C.); (H.C.)
| | - Myunghee Kim
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongsangbuk-do 38541, Korea; (A.B.); (A.-r.J.); (V.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-53-810-2958
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Cho MS, Jin YJ, Kang BK, Park YK, Kim C, Park DS. Understanding the ontogeny and succession of Bacillus velezensis and B. subtilis subsp. subtilis by focusing on kimchi fermentation. Sci Rep 2018; 8:7045. [PMID: 29728638 PMCID: PMC5935750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25514-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis and B. velezensis are frequently isolated from various niches, including fermented foods, water, and soil. Within the Bacillus subtilis group, B. velezensis and B. subtilis subsp. subtilis have received significant attention as biological resources for biotechnology-associated industries. Nevertheless, radical solutions are urgently needed to identify microbes during their ecological succession to accurately confirm their action at the species or subspecies level in diverse environments, such as fermented materials. Thus, in this study, previously published genome data of the B. subtilis group were compared to exploit species- or subspecies-specific genes for use as improved qPCR targets to detect B. velezensis and B. subtilis subsp. subtilis in kimchi samples. In silico analyses of the selected genes and designed primer sequences, in conjunction with SYBR Green real-time PCR, confirmed the robustness of this newly developed assay. Consequently, this study will allow for new insights into the ontogeny and succession of B. velezensis and B. subtilis subsp. subtilis in various niches. Interestingly, in white kimchi without red pepper powder, neither B. subtilis subsp. subtilis nor B. velezensis was detected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Seok Cho
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Ju Jin
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Bo Kyoung Kang
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Kyoung Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - ChangKug Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Suk Park
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju, 54874, Republic of Korea.
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Zain SNM, Flint SH, Bennett R, Tay HS. Characterisation and biofilm screening of the predominant bacteria isolated from whey protein concentrate 80. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13594-015-0264-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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An effective microplate method (Biolog MT2) for screening native lignocellulosic-straw-degrading bacteria. ANN MICROBIOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13213-015-1044-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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Characterization of Bacillus spp. strains for use as probiotic additives in pig feed. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 98:1105-18. [PMID: 24201893 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5343-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2013] [Revised: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Bacillus spp. are commonly used as probiotic species in the feed industry, however, their benefits need to be confirmed. This study describes a high throughput screening combined with the detailed characterization of endospore-forming bacteria with the aim to identify new Bacillus spp. strains for use as probiotic additives in pig feed. A total of 245 bacterial isolates derived from African fermented food, feces and soil were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and screened for antimicrobial activity and growth in the presence of antibiotics, bile salts and at pH 4.0. Thirty-three Bacillus spp. isolates with the best characteristics were identified by gyrB and rpoB gene sequencing as B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. plantarum, B. amyloliquefaciens subsp. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis subsp. subtilis, B. licheniformis, B. mojavensis, B. pumilus and B. megaterium. These isolates were further investigated for their activity against the pathogenic bacteria, antibiotic susceptibility, sporulation rates, biofilm formation and production of glycosyl hydrolytic enzymes. Additionally, ten selected isolates were assessed for heat resistance of spores and the effect on porcine epithelial cells IPEC-J2. Isolates of B. amyloliquefaciens, B. subtilis and B. mojavensis, showed the best overall characteristics and, therefore, potential for usage as probiotic additives in feed. A large number of taxonomically diverse strains made it possible to reveal species and subspecies-specific trends, contributing to our understanding of the probiotic potential of Bacillus species.
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