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Rouhi S, Ghasemi H, Alizadeh M, Movahedpour A, Vahedi F, Fattahi M, Aiiashi S, Khatami SH. miRNA-based electrochemical biosensors for ovarian cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2025; 564:119946. [PMID: 39214394 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.119946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 08/22/2024] [Accepted: 08/25/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer, a prevalent and deadly cancer among women, presents a significant challenge for early detection due to its heterogeneous nature. MicroRNAs, short non-coding regulatory RNA fragments, play a role in various cellular processes. Aberrant expression of these microRNAs has been observed in the carcinogenesis-related processes of many cancer types. Numerous studies highlight the critical role of microRNAs in the initiation and progression of ovarian cancer. Given their clinical importance and predictive value, there has been considerable interest in developing simple, prompt, and sensitive miRNA biosensor strategies. Among these, electrochemical sensors have demonstrated advantageous characteristics such as simplicity, sensitivity, low cost, and scalability. These microRNA-based electrochemical biosensors are valuable tools for early detection and point-of-care applications. This article discusses the potential role of microRNAs in ovarian cancer and recent advances in the development of electrochemical biosensors for miRNA detection in ovarian cancer samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saber Rouhi
- Resident of Large Animal Internal Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Shiraz University, Iran
| | | | - Mehdi Alizadeh
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Movahedpour
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Yasuj University of Medical Sciences, Yasuj, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Vahedi
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Research Center, Health Research Institute, Babol University of Medical Sciences, Babol, Iran
| | - Mehdi Fattahi
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; School of Engineering & Technology, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam
| | - Saleh Aiiashi
- Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.
| | - Seyyed Hossein Khatami
- Student Research Committee, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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2
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Lapitan LD, Felisilda BMB, Tiangco CE, Rosin Jose A. Advances in Bioreceptor Layer Engineering in Nanomaterial-based Sensing of Pseudomonas Aeruginosa and its Metabolites. Chem Asian J 2024:e202400090. [PMID: 38781439 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202400090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a pathogen that infects wounds and burns and causes severe infections in immunocompromised humans. The high virulence, the rise of antibiotic-resistant strains, and the easy transmissibility of P. aeruginosa necessitate its fast detection and control. The gold standard for detecting P. aeruginosa, the plate culture method, though reliable, takes several days to complete. Therefore, developing accurate, rapid, and easy-to-use diagnostic tools for P. aeruginosa is highly desirable. Nanomaterial-based biosensors are at the forefront of detecting P. aeruginosa and its secondary metabolites. This review summarises the biorecognition elements, biomarkers, immobilisation strategies, and current state-of-the-art biosensors for P. aeruginosa. The review highlights the underlying principles of bioreceptor layer engineering and the design of optical, electrochemical, mass-based, and thermal biosensors based on nanomaterials. The advantages and disadvantages of these biosensors and their future point-of-care applications are also discussed. This review outlines significant advancements in biosensors and sensors for detecting P. aeruginosa and its metabolites. Research efforts have identified biorecognition elements specific and selective towards P. aeruginosa. The stability, ease of preparation, cost-effectiveness, and integration of these biorecognition elements onto transducers are pivotal for their application in biosensors and sensors. At the same time, when developing sensors for clinically significant analytes such as P. aeruginosa, virulence factors need to be addressed, such as the sensor's sensitivity, reliability, and response time in samples obtained from patients. The point-of-care applicability of the developed sensor may be an added advantage since it enables onsite determination. In this context, optical methods developed for P. aeruginosa offer promising potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorico Ds Lapitan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Manila, Philippines, Center for Advanced Materials and Technologies-CEZAMAT, Warsaw University of Technology, 02-822, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bren Mark B Felisilda
- Department of Electrode Processes, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224, Warsaw, Poland, Department of Chemistry, College of Arts & Sciences, Xavier University-Ateneo de Cagayan, Corrales Street, Cagayan de Oro, Philippines
| | - Cristina E Tiangco
- Research Center for the Natural and Applied Sciences and, Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Santo Tomas, España Boulevard, Manila, Philippines
| | - Ammu Rosin Jose
- Department of Chemistry, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Pandit Karuppan Rd, Thevara, Ernakulam, Kerala, India
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Hu Y, Liu G, Sun C, Wu S. Volatile Organic Compounds Produced by a Deep-Sea Bacterium Efficiently Inhibit the Growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Mar Drugs 2024; 22:233. [PMID: 38786624 PMCID: PMC11122958 DOI: 10.3390/md22050233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The deep-sea bacterium Spongiibacter nanhainus CSC3.9 has significant inhibitory effects on agricultural pathogenic fungi and human pathogenic bacteria, especially Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the notorious multidrug-resistant pathogen affecting human public health. We demonstrate that the corresponding antibacterial agents against P. aeruginosa PAO1 are volatile organic compounds (VOCs, namely VOC-3.9). Our findings show that VOC-3.9 leads to the abnormal cell division of P. aeruginosa PAO1 by disordering the expression of several essential division proteins associated with septal peptidoglycan synthesis. VOC-3.9 hinders the biofilm formation process and promotes the biofilm dispersion process of P. aeruginosa PAO1 by affecting its quorum sensing systems. VOC-3.9 also weakens the iron uptake capability of P. aeruginosa PAO1, leading to reduced enzymatic activity associated with key metabolic processes, such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging. Overall, our study paves the way to developing antimicrobial compounds against drug-resistant bacteria by using volatile organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Hu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China;
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266071, China
- Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ge Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266071, China
- Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Chaomin Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology & Center of Deep Sea Research, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China;
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao Marine Science and Technology Center, Qingdao 266071, China
- Center of Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
- College of Earth Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Shimei Wu
- College of Life Sciences, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China;
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Yuan Y, Li Y, Liu S, Gong P, Lin J, Zhang X. An overview of aptamer: Design strategy, prominent applications, and potential challenge in plants. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 296:154235. [PMID: 38531181 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2024.154235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Aptamers, serving as highly efficient molecular recognition and biotechnology tools, have garnered increasing interest in the realm of plant science in recent years. Aptamers are synthetic single-stranded short nucleotides or peptides, that bind targets with high specificity and affinity, triggering precise biological responses. As an alternative to antibodies, aptamers present promising avenues for advancement in biological researches. Aptamers function in a range of fields, encompassing cell signaling, drug development, biosensor technology, as well as botany, agricultural and forestry sciences. In this review, we introduce classifications and screening methods of aptamers, as well as aptamer-based technologies, highlighting their significant contributions to recent advancements. With their powerful functionality and ability to bind targets with high specificity and affinity, aptamers offer promising opportunities for breakthroughs in plant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Siying Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Pichang Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diversity and Specialty Crops, Institute of Botany, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100093, China
| | - Jinxing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Tree Genetics and Breeding, State Key Laboratory of Efficient Production of Forest Resources, National Engineering Research Center of Tree Breeding and Ecological Restoration, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China; Institute of Tree Development and Genome Editing, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China.
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Yang H, Liu A, Ma F, Gao X, Wang K, Wang Y. Establishment of portable Pseudomonas aeruginosa detection platform based on one-tube CRISPR/Cas12a combined with recombinase polymerase amplification technology. Clin Chim Acta 2024; 554:117760. [PMID: 38176521 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2024.117760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/01/2024] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a common Gram-negative bacterium, is associated with diverse diseases. Its increasing resistance to antibiotics presents challenges in clinical treatment. The predominant diagnostic approach involves conventional biochemical cultures, known for their time and labor intensiveness. Despite progress in isothermal amplification studies, limitations persist, including reliance on specialized equipment, intricate primer design, and aerosol contamination. Therefore, there is a demand for enhanced clinical assays. This study successfully combined RPA and CRISPR/Cas12a techniques. Through a series of experiments involving the design and screening of lasB crRNA, the creation of lasB RPA primers, and the establishment of a streamlined RPA-CRISPR/Cas12a assay, the study developed a one-tube detection method targeting P. aeruginosa's lasB gene. The assay demonstrated inclusive behavior across standard and 21 isolates, while specifically discerning P. aeruginosa from diverse strains. Sensitivity reached 15.9 CFU/reaction. Clinical validation revealed a 97.62% concordance with traditional methods. The one-tube assay's protocol mitigated aerosol contamination. Offering precision, specificity, and sensitivity, this method shows promise for field applications in resource-scarce regions, enabling early detection and improved management of P. aeruginosa infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Yang
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang 222000, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Pharmaceutical Compound Screening, College of Pharmacy, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, China
| | - Aibo Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory for Human Disease Gene Study, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Fenfen Ma
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang 222000, China
| | - Xuzhu Gao
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang 222000, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang 222000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Medicine Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang Affiliated to Kangda College of Nanjing Medical University, The Second People's Hospital of Lianyungang City, Lianyungang 222000, China.
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Hu J, Liang L, He M, Lu Y. Sensitive and Direct Analysis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa through Self-Primer-Assisted Chain Extension and CRISPR-Cas12a-Based Color Reaction. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:34852-34858. [PMID: 37779973 PMCID: PMC10536833 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c04180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a common opportunistic Gram-negative pathogen that may cause infections to immunocompromised patients. However, sensitive and reliable analysis of P. aeruginosa remains a huge challenge. In this method, target recognition assists the formation of a self-primer and initiates single-stranded chain production. The produced single-stranded DNA chain is identified by CRISPR-Cas12a, and consequently, the trans-cleavage activity of the Cas12a enzyme is activated to parallelly digest Ag+ aptamer sequences that are chelated with silver ions (Ag+). The released Ag+ reacted with 3,3',5,5'-tetramethylbenzidine (TMB) for coloring. Compared with the traditional color developing strategies, which mainly rely on the DNA hybridization, the color developing strategy in this approach exhibits a higher efficiency due to the robust trans-cleavage activity of the Cas12a enzyme. Consequently, the method shows a low limit of detection of a wide detection of 5 orders of magnitudes and a low limit of detection of 21 cfu/mL, holding a promising prospect in early diagnosis of infections. Herein, we develop a sensitive and reliable method for direct and colorimetric detection of P. aeruginosa by integrating self-primer-assisted chain production and CRISPR-Cas12a-based color reaction and believe that the established approach will facilitate the development of bacteria-analyzing sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangchun Hu
- Science
and Technology Innovation Center, Guangyuan
Central Hospital, Guangyuan
City 628000, Sichuan
Province, China
| | - Ling Liang
- Science
and Technology Innovation Center, Guangyuan
Central Hospital, Guangyuan
City 628000, Sichuan
Province, China
| | - Mingfang He
- Science
and Technology Innovation Center, Guangyuan
Central Hospital, Guangyuan
City 628000, Sichuan
Province, China
| | - Yongping Lu
- Science
and Technology Innovation Center, Guangyuan
Central Hospital, Guangyuan
City 628000, Sichuan
Province, China
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Yang S, Zhao Z, Wang B, Feng L, Luo J, Deng R, Sheng J, Gao X, Xie S, Chen M, Chang K. Modular Engineering of a DNA Tetrahedron-Based Nanomachine for Ultrasensitive Detection of Intracellular Bioactive Small Molecules. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:23662-23670. [PMID: 37140536 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c02614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Bioactive small molecules serve as invaluable biomarkers for recognizing modulated organismal metabolism in correlation with numerous diseases. Therefore, sensitive and specific molecular biosensing and imaging in vitro and in vivo are particularly critical for the diagnosis and treatment of a large group of diseases. Herein, a modular DNA tetrahedron-based nanomachine was engineered for the ultrasensitive detection of intracellular small molecules. The nanomachine was composed of three self-assembled modules: an aptamer for target recognition, an entropy-driven unit for signal reporting, and a tetrahedral oligonucleotide for the transportation of the cargo (e.g., the nanomachine and fluorescent markers). Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was used as the molecular model. Once the target ATP bonded with the aptamer module, an initiator was released from the aptamer module to activate the entropy-driven module, ultimately activating the ATP-responsive signal output and subsequent signal amplification. The performance of the nanomachine was validated by delivering it to living cells with the aid of the tetrahedral module to demonstrate the possibility of executing intracellular ATP imaging. This innovative nanomachine displays a linear response to ATP in the 1 pM to 10 nM concentration range and demonstrates high sensitivity with a low detection limit of 0.40 pM. Remarkably, our nanomachine successfully executes endogenous ATP imaging and is able to distinguish tumor cells from normal ones based on the ATP level. Overall, the proposed strategy opens up a promising avenue for bioactive small molecule-based detection/diagnostic assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Yang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zhuyang Zhao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Binpan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Liu Feng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ruijia Deng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Jing Sheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Xueping Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Shuang Xie
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
- College of Pharmacy and Laboratory Medicine, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
- State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Kai Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), 30 Gaotanyan, Shapingba District, Chongqing 400038, China
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Xu X, Wang J, He Y, Wu X. Low-speed centrifugation based isolation and Personal Glucose Meter assisted synchronous quantification of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in nursing home-acquired pneumonia. Anal Biochem 2023; 665:115051. [PMID: 36681139 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Home-acquired pneumonia is a common infection and the incidence has increased in recent years as the population ages. Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is common in nursing home residents and in hospital infections, providing a huge threat to human health. Therefore, it is essential to develop a novel and portable P. aeruginosa analysis method for the early diagnosis of home-acquired pneumonia. Few of the established approaches enable isolation and synchronous quantification of P. aeruginosa. Herein, we propose a novel platform by integrating aptamer recognition-based aggregation of target bacteria and personal glucose meters (PGMs) based readout of results. Based on this, the method enables low-speed centrifugation (4193 g) based isolation and personal glucose meter assisted synchronous quantification of P. aeruginosa. In addition, the chain displacement process is included for signal amplification that endows the method with a wide detection range of six orders of magnitudes and a low limit of detection of 36 cfu/mL. Besides the excellent sensitivity, the approach also shows a good selectivity to P. aeruginosa detection, making it a promising tool to report P. aeruginosa based home-acquired pneumonia and guiding the early-nursing of P. aeruginosa infections at the emergency department.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xu
- Sichuan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mianyang City, Sichuan province, 621000, China
| | - Jinyu Wang
- Sichuan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mianyang City, Sichuan province, 621000, China
| | - Yan He
- Sichuan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mianyang City, Sichuan province, 621000, China
| | - Xuehua Wu
- Sichuan College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Mianyang City, Sichuan province, 621000, China.
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