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Frezzini S, Lonardi S. Spotlight on New Hallmarks of Drug-Resistance towards Personalized Care for Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Cells 2024; 13:611. [PMID: 38607050 PMCID: PMC11011744 DOI: 10.3390/cells13070611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the deadliest gynecological malignancy worldwide. Despite the latest advances, a major clinical issue in EOC is the disappointing prognosis related to chemoresistance in almost one-third of cases. Drug resistance relies on heterogeneous cancer stem cells (CSCs), endowed with tumor-initiating potential, leading to relapse. No biomarkers of chemoresistance have been validated yet. Recently, major signaling pathways, micro ribonucleic acids (miRNAs), and circulating tumor cells (CTCs) have been advocated as putative biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for drug resistance. However, further investigation is mandatory before their routine implementation. In accordance with the increasing rate of therapeutic efforts in EOC, the need for biomarker-driven personalized therapies is growing. This review aims to discuss the emerging hallmarks of drug resistance with an in-depth insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms lacking so far. Finally, a glimpse of novel therapeutic avenues and future challenges will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Frezzini
- Unit of Medical Oncology 3, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV—IRCCS, 35128 Padova, Italy;
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Roque R, Ribeiro IP, Figueiredo-Dias M, Gourley C, Carreira IM. Current Applications and Challenges of Next-Generation Sequencing in Plasma Circulating Tumour DNA of Ovarian Cancer. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:88. [PMID: 38392306 PMCID: PMC10886635 DOI: 10.3390/biology13020088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) facilitates longitudinal study of the tumour genome, which, unlike tumour tissue biopsies, globally reflects intratumor and intermetastatis heterogeneity. Despite its costs, next-generation sequencing (NGS) has revolutionised the study of ctDNA, ensuring a more comprehensive and multimodal approach, increasing data collection, and introducing new variables that can be correlated with clinical outcomes. Current NGS strategies can comprise a tumour-informed set of genes or the entire genome and detect a tumour fraction as low as 10-5. Despite some conflicting studies, there is evidence that ctDNA levels can predict the worse outcomes of ovarian cancer (OC) in both early and advanced disease. Changes in those levels can also be informative regarding treatment efficacy and tumour recurrence, capable of outperforming CA-125, currently the only universally utilised plasma biomarker in high-grade serous OC (HGSOC). Qualitative evaluation of sequencing shows that increasing copy number alterations and gene variants during treatment may correlate with a worse prognosis in HGSOC. However, following tumour clonality and emerging variants during treatment poses a more unique opportunity to define treatment response, select patients based on their emerging resistance mechanisms, like BRCA secondary mutations, and discover potential targetable variants. Sequencing of tumour biopsies and ctDNA is not always concordant, likely as a result of clonal heterogeneity, which is better captured in the plasma samples than it is in a large number of biopsies. These incoherences may reflect tumour clonality and reveal the acquired alterations that cause treatment resistance. Cell-free DNA methylation profiles can be used to distinguish OC from healthy individuals, and NGS methylation panels have been shown to have excellent diagnostic capabilities. Also, methylation signatures showed promise in explaining treatment responses, including BRCA dysfunction. ctDNA is evolving as a promising new biomarker to track tumour evolution and clonality through the treatment of early and advanced ovarian cancer, with potential applicability in prognostic prediction and treatment selection. While its role in HGSOC paves the way to clinical applicability, its potential interest in other histological subtypes of OC remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Roque
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Coimbra, 3000-075 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ilda Patrícia Ribeiro
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Margarida Figueiredo-Dias
- Faculty of Medicine, Gynecology Department, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Coimbra Academic and Clinical Centre, 3000-370 Coimbra, Portugal
- Gynecology Department, Hospital University Centre of Coimbra, 3004-561 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Charlie Gourley
- Nicola Murray Centre for Ovarian Cancer Research, Cancer Research UK Scotland Centre, Institute of Genetics and Cancer, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Isabel Marques Carreira
- Cytogenetics and Genomics Laboratory, Institute of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- Centre of Investigation on Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (CIMAGO), Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research (iCBR), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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Chauhan US, Kohale MG, Jaiswal N, Wankhade R. Emerging Applications of Liquid Biopsies in Ovarian Cancer. Cureus 2023; 15:e49880. [PMID: 38174205 PMCID: PMC10762500 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.49880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Liquid biopsy is a new diagnostic tool in precision oncology that can be used as a complementary or alternative method to surgical biopsies. It is a cutting-edge sampling technique that examines distinct cancer components, such as exosomes and circulating tumor cells discharged into the peripheral circulation, to identify tumor biomarkers through various methods, including polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Liquid biopsy has several benefits, including its non-invasiveness and practicality, which permit serial sampling and long-term monitoring of dynamic tumor changes. Ovarian cancer (OC), the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in the world, is typically diagnosed at stages II and III, which makes recovery and treatment extremely difficult. Relapsed OC and chemotherapy resistance of ovarian tumor cells are other clinical challenges. Although liquid biopsy is not a routinely used diagnostic test, it should be utilized in the diagnosis and prognosis of OC for early detection and treatment. It is less intrusive than conventional tissue biopsies, allowing for the continuous collection of serial blood samples to track cancer development in real time. Before therapeutic application, more investigation is required to pinpoint the particular release processes, the source tissue, and the biological significance of the bulk of liquid biopsy contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvi S Chauhan
- Pathology, Datta Meghe Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Wardha, IND
| | - Mangesh G Kohale
- Pathology, Datta Meghe Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Wardha, IND
| | - Neha Jaiswal
- Pathology, Datta Meghe Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Wardha, IND
| | - Rashmi Wankhade
- Pathology, Datta Meghe Medical College, Datta Meghe Institute of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University), Wardha, IND
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Karimi F, Azadbakht O, Veisi A, Sabaghan M, Owjfard M, Kharazinejad E, Dinarvand N. Liquid biopsy in ovarian cancer: advantages and limitations for prognosis and diagnosis. Med Oncol 2023; 40:265. [PMID: 37561363 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-023-02128-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is a highly fatal gynecologic malignancy, often diagnosed at an advanced stage which presents significant challenges for disease management. The clinical application of conventional tissue biopsy methods and serological biomarkers has limitations for the diagnosis and prognosis of OC patients. Liquid biopsy is a novel sampling method that involves analyzing distinctive tumor elements secreted into the peripheral blood. Growing evidence suggests that liquid biopsy methods such as circulating tumor cells, cell-free RNA, circulating tumor DNA, exosomes, and tumor-educated platelets may improve early prognosis and diagnosis of OC, leading to enhanced therapeutic management of the disease. This study reviewed the evidence demonstrating the utility of liquid biopsy components in OC prognosis and diagnosis, and evaluated the current advantages and limitations of these methods. Additionally, the existing obstacles and crucial topics for future studies utilizing liquid biopsy in OC patients were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzaneh Karimi
- Department of Physiology, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran.
| | - Omid Azadbakht
- Department of Radiology Technology, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Ali Veisi
- Department of Physiology, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sabaghan
- Department of Parasitology, Behbahan Faculty of Medical Sciences, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Maryam Owjfard
- Clinical Neurology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Shiraz University of Applied Science and Technology (UAST), Shiraz, Iran
| | | | - Negar Dinarvand
- Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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Filatova AA, Alekseeva LA, Savin IA, Sen'kova AV, Zenkova MA, Mironova NL. The Effect of Cell-Free DNA from Blood Serum of Mice with Metastatic Melanoma on Enhancement of Oncogenic Properties of Melanoma Cells. BIOCHEMISTRY. BIOKHIMIIA 2023; 88:995-1007. [PMID: 37751869 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297923070118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Currently, a significant increase in the levels of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in the blood of patients is considered as a generally recognized marker of the development of oncological diseases. Although the tumor-associated cfDNA has been well studied, its biological functions remain unclear. In this work, we investigated the effect of cfDNA isolated from the blood serum of the mice with B16-F10 metastatic melanoma on the properties of the B16-F10 melanoma cells in vitro. It was found that the profile of cfDNA isolated from the blood serum of mice with melanoma differs significantly from the cfDNA isolated from the blood serum of healthy mice, and is similar to the genomic DNA of B16 cells with regards to abundance of oncogenes and mobile genetic elements (MGE). It was shown that the cfDNA of mice with melanoma penetrated into B16 cells, resulting in the increase in abundance of oncogenes and MGE fragments, and caused 5-fold increase of the mRNA level of the secreted DNase Dnase1l3 and a slight increase of the mRNA level of the Jun, Fos, Ras, and Myc oncogenes. cfDNA of the healthy mice caused increase of the mRNA level of intracellular regulatory DNase EndoG and 4-fold increase of the mRNA level of Fos and Ras oncogenes, which are well-known triggers of a large number of signal cascades, from apoptosis inhibition to increased tumor cell proliferation. Thus, it is obvious that the circulating cfDNA of tumor origin is able to penetrate into the cells and, despite the fact that no changes were found in the level of viability and migration activity of the tumor cells, cfDNA, even with a single exposure, can cause changes at the cellular level that increase oncogenicity of the recipient cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina A Filatova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Ludmila A Alekseeva
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Innokenty A Savin
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Aleksandra V Sen'kova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Marina A Zenkova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
| | - Nadezhda L Mironova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.
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Malignancies in Patients with Celiac Disease: Diagnostic Challenges and Molecular Advances. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14020376. [PMID: 36833303 PMCID: PMC9956047 DOI: 10.3390/genes14020376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) is a multiorgan autoimmune disorder of the chronic intestinal disease group characterized by duodenal inflammation in genetically predisposed individuals, precipitated by gluten ingestion. The pathogenesis of celiac disease is now widely studied, overcoming the limits of the purely autoimmune concept and explaining its hereditability. The genomic profiling of this condition has led to the discovery of numerous genes involved in interleukin signaling and immune-related pathways. The spectrum of disease manifestations is not limited to the gastrointestinal tract, and a significant number of studies have considered the possible association between CD and neoplasms. Patients with CD are found to be at increased risk of developing malignancies, with a particular predisposition of certain types of intestinal cancer, lymphomas, and oropharyngeal cancers. This can be partially explained by common cancer hallmarks present in these patients. The study of gut microbiota, microRNAs, and DNA methylation is evolving to find the any possible missing links between CD and cancer incidence in these patients. However, the literature is extremely mixed and, therefore, our understanding of the biological interplay between CD and cancer remains limited, with significant implications in terms of clinical management and screening protocols. In this review article, we seek to provide a comprehensive overview of the genomics, epigenomics, and transcriptomics data on CD and its relation to the most frequent types of neoplasms that may occur in these patients.
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