An Inflection Point in Cancer Protein Biomarkers: What Was and What's Next

Unlocking the Gateway: The Spatio-Temporal Dynamics of the p53 Family Driven by the Nuclear Pores and Its Implication for the Therapeutic Approach in Cancer

The p53 family remains a captivating focus of an extensive number of current studies. Accumulating evidence indicates that p53 abnormalities rank among the most prevalent in cancer. Given the numerous existing studies, which mostly focus on the mutations, expression profiles, and functional perturbations exhibited by members of the p53 family across diverse malignancies, this review will concentrate more on less explored facets regarding p53 activation and stabilization by the nuclear pore complex (NPC) in cancer, drawing on several studies. p53 integrates a broad spectrum of signals and is subject to diverse regulatory mechanisms to enact the necessary cellular response. It is widely acknowledged that each stage of p53 regulation, from synthesis to degradation, significantly influences its functionality in executing specific tasks. Over recent decades, a large body of data has established that mechanisms of regulation, closely linked with protein activation and stabilization, involve intricate interactions with various cellular components. These often transcend canonical regulatory pathways. This new knowledge has expanded from the regulation of genes themselves to epigenomics and proteomics, whereby interaction partners increase in number and complexity compared with earlier paradigms. Specifically, studies have recently shown the involvement of the NPC protein in such complex interactions, underscoring the further complexity of p53 regulation. Furthermore, we also discuss therapeutic strategies based on recent developments in this field in combination with established targeted therapies.

Exploring novel protein-based biomarkers for advancing breast cancer diagnosis: A review

This review provides a contemporary examination of the evolving landscape of breast cancer (BC) diagnosis, focusing on the pivotal role of novel protein-based biomarkers. The overview begins by elucidating the multifaceted nature of BC, exploring its prevalence, subtypes, and clinical complexities. A critical emphasis is placed on the transformative impact of proteomics, dissecting the proteome to unravel the molecular intricacies of BC. Navigating through various sources of samples crucial for biomarker investigations, the review underscores the significance of robust sample processing methods and their validation in ensuring reliable outcomes. The central theme of the review revolves around the identification and evaluation of novel protein-based biomarkers. Cutting-edge discoveries are summarised, shedding light on emerging biomarkers poised for clinical application. Nevertheless, the review candidly addresses the challenges inherent in biomarker discovery, including issues of standardisation, reproducibility, and the complex heterogeneity of BC. The future direction section envisions innovative strategies and technologies to overcome existing challenges. In conclusion, the review summarises the current state of BC biomarker research, offering insights into the intricacies of proteomic investigations. As precision medicine gains momentum, the integration of novel protein-based biomarkers emerges as a promising avenue for enhancing the accuracy and efficacy of BC diagnosis. This review serves as a compass for researchers and clinicians navigating the evolving landscape of BC biomarker discovery, guiding them toward transformative advancements in diagnostic precision and personalised patient care.

Liquid biopsy for early detection of lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Early cancer detection plays an important role in improving treatment success and patient prognosis. In the past decade, liquid biopsy became an important tool for cancer diagnosis, as well as for treatment selection and response monitoring. Liquid biopsy is a broad term that defines a non-invasive test done on a sample of blood or other body fluid to look for cancer cells or other analytes that can include DNA, RNA, or other molecules released by tumor cells. Liquid biopsies mainly include circulating tumor DNA, circulating RNA, microRNA, proteins, circulating tumor cells, exosomes, and tumor-educated platelets. This review summarizes the progress and clinical application potential of liquid biopsy for early detection of lung cancer.