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Comparison of Nutritional Profiles of Super Worm (Zophobas morio) and Yellow Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor) as Alternative Feeds Used in Animal Husbandry: Is Super Worm Superior? Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101277. [PMID: 35625124 PMCID: PMC9137835 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Edible insects are acknowledged as a valuable nutritional source and promising alternative to traditional feed ingredients, while the optimization of rearing conditions is required for their wider utilization in the animal feed industry. The main goal of this study was to compare and optimize the rearing conditions of the two species’ larvae and identify the most favorable nutritive composition of the full-fat larval meal. For that purpose, Tenebrio molitor (TM) and Zophobas morio (ZM) were reared on three different substrates and harvested after three time periods. An artificial neural network (ANN) with multi-objective optimization (MOO) was used to investigate the influence between the observed parameters as well as to optimize and determine rearing conditions. The optimization of the larval rearing conditions showed that the best nutritive composition of full-fat larval meal was obtained for ZM larvae reared on a mixture of cabbage, carrot and flaxseed and harvested after 104 days. The best nutritive composition contained 39.52% protein, 32% crude fat, 44.01% essential amino acids, 65.21 mg/100 g Ca and 651.15 mg/100 g P with a favorable ratio of 1.5 of n6/n3 fatty acids. Additionally, the incorporation of flaxseed in the larval diet resulted in an increase in C18:3n3 content in all samples.
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Borjan D, Šeregelj V, Andrejč DC, Pezo L, Šaponjac VT, Knez Ž, Vulić J, Marevci MK. Green Techniques for Preparation of Red Beetroot Extracts with Enhanced Biological Potential. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11050805. [PMID: 35624669 PMCID: PMC9138100 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11050805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Red beetroot is well known for its high proportion of betalains, with great potential as functional food ingredients due to their health-promoting properties. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of processing techniques such as Soxhlet, cold, ultrasound and supercritical fluid extraction on the betalains content and its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antihyperglycemic activities. Whilst Soxhlet extraction with water has provided the highest yield, the highest content of total phenolics was found in an extract prepared using Soxhlet extraction with 50% ethanol. Amongst eight phenolic compounds detected in the extracts, protocatechuic acid was the most abundant. The concentrations of total phenolics ranged from 12.09 mg/g (ultrasound extraction with 30% methanol) to 18.60 mg/g (Soxhlet extraction with 50% ethanol). The highest anti-inflammatory activity was observed for cold extraction with 50% methanol extract. The high radical scavenging activity of supercritical fluid extracts could be a consequence of nonphenolic compounds. The chemometrics approach was further used to analyse the results to find the “greenest” method for further possible application in the processing of beetroot in the food and/or pharmaceutical industry. According to the standard score, the best extraction method was determined to be Soxhlet extraction with 50% ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Borjan
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (D.B.); (D.C.A.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Vanja Šeregelj
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.Š.); (V.T.Š.); (J.V.)
| | - Darija Cör Andrejč
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (D.B.); (D.C.A.); (Ž.K.)
| | - Lato Pezo
- Institute of General and Physical Chemistry, Studentski trg 12-16, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia;
| | - Vesna Tumbas Šaponjac
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.Š.); (V.T.Š.); (J.V.)
| | - Željko Knez
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (D.B.); (D.C.A.); (Ž.K.)
- Laboratory for Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Maribor, Taborska Ulica 8, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia
| | - Jelena Vulić
- Faculty of Technology Novi Sad, University of Novi Sad, Bulevar cara Lazara 1, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia; (V.Š.); (V.T.Š.); (J.V.)
| | - Maša Knez Marevci
- Laboratory for Separation Processes and Product Design, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Maribor, Smetanova Ulica 17, 2000 Maribor, Slovenia; (D.B.); (D.C.A.); (Ž.K.)
- Correspondence:
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Supercritical Fluid Extraction Kinetics of Cherry Seed Oil: Kinetics Modeling and ANN Optimization. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071513. [PMID: 34209239 PMCID: PMC8307763 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was primarily focused on the supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of cherry seed oil and the optimization of the process using sequential extraction kinetics modeling and artificial neural networks (ANN). The SFE study was organized according to Box-Behnken design of experiment, with additional runs. Pressure, temperature and flow rate were chosen as independent variables. Five well known empirical kinetic models and three mass-transfer kinetics models based on the Sovová’s solution of SFE equations were successfully applied for kinetics modeling. The developed mass-transfer models exhibited better fit of experimental data, according to the calculated statistical tests (R2, SSE and AARD). The initial slope of the SFE curve was evaluated as an output variable in the ANN optimization. The obtained results suggested that it is advisable to lead SFE process at an increased pressure and CO2 flow rate with lower temperature and particle size values to reach a maximal initial slope.
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Pavlić B, Pezo L, Marić B, Tukuljac LP, Zeković Z, Solarov MB, Teslić N. Supercritical fluid extraction of raspberry seed oil: Experiments and modelling. J Supercrit Fluids 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.supflu.2019.104687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Rana SS, Pradhan RC, Mishra S. Image analysis to quantify the browning in fresh cut tender jackfruit slices. Food Chem 2018; 278:185-189. [PMID: 30583360 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.11.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Revised: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Changes in physicochemical properties of fresh cut tender jackfruit during storage is depend on its colour. Colorimeter measurements are best for the samples with homogeneous colour. However, for samples with non-homogenous colors or large sizes (like fruits and vegetables), the colorimeters are inappropriate and inaccurate. The aim for this study is to quantify the amount of browning in fresh cut tender jackfruit slices by using image analysis technique and justify the results by comparing them with existing techniques like sensory examination, enzyme activity, and colorimeter. It can be concluded from the results that browning in fresh cut tender jackfruit slices increase rapidly in control and normally packed samples. Correlation coefficient as high as 0.963, represent that image analysis system is an accurate and highly consistent method to quantify the colour of fruits and vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Singh Rana
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Sundergarh, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Rama Chandra Pradhan
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Sundergarh, 769008, Odisha, India.
| | - Sabyasachi Mishra
- Department of Food Process Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Sundergarh, 769008, Odisha, India
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Valous NA, Lahrmann B, Halama N, Bergmann F, Jäger D, Grabe N. Spatial intratumoral heterogeneity of proliferation in immunohistochemical images of solid tumors. Med Phys 2017; 43:2936-2947. [PMID: 27277043 DOI: 10.1118/1.4949003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The interactions of neoplastic cells with each other and the microenvironment are complex. To understand intratumoral heterogeneity, subtle differences should be quantified. Main factors contributing to heterogeneity include the gradient ischemic level within neoplasms, action of microenvironment, mechanisms of intercellular transfer of genetic information, and differential mechanisms of modifications of genetic material/proteins. This may reflect on the expression of biomarkers in the context of prognosis/stratification. Hence, a rigorous approach for assessing the spatial intratumoral heterogeneity of histological biomarker expression with accuracy and reproducibility is required, since patterns in immunohistochemical images can be challenging to identify and describe. METHODS A quantitative method that is useful for characterizing complex irregular structures is lacunarity; it is a multiscale technique that exhaustively samples the image, while the decay of its index as a function of window size follows characteristic patterns for different spatial arrangements. In histological images, lacunarity provides a useful measure for the spatial organization of a biomarker when a sampling scheme is employed and relevant features are computed. The proposed approach quantifies the segmented proliferative cells and not the textural content of the histological slide, thus providing a more realistic measure of heterogeneity within the sample space of the tumor region. The aim is to investigate in whole sections of primary pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (pNENs), using whole-slide imaging and image analysis, the spatial intratumoral heterogeneity of Ki-67 immunostains. Unsupervised learning is employed to verify that the approach can partition the tissue sections according to distributional heterogeneity. RESULTS The architectural complexity of histological images has shown that single measurements are often insufficient. Inhomogeneity of distribution depends not only on percentage content of proliferation phase but also on how the phase fills the space. Lacunarity curves demonstrate variations in the sampled image sections. Since the spatial distribution of proliferation in each case is different, the width of the curves changes too. Image sections that have smaller numerical variations in the computed features correspond to neoplasms with spatially homogeneous proliferation, while larger variations correspond to cases where proliferation shows various degrees of clumping. Grade 1 (uniform/nonuniform: 74%/26%) and grade 3 (uniform: 100%) pNENs demonstrate a more homogeneous proliferation with grade 1 neoplasms being more variant, while grade 2 tumor regions render a more diverse landscape (50%/50%). Hence, some cases show an increased degree of spatial heterogeneity comparing to others with similar grade. Whether this is a sign of different tumor biology and an association with a more benign/malignant clinical course needs to be investigated further. The extent and range of spatial heterogeneity has the potential to be evaluated as a prognostic marker. CONCLUSIONS The association with tumor grade as well as the rationale that the methodology reflects true tumor architecture supports the technical soundness of the method. This reflects a general approach which is relevant to other solid tumors and biomarkers. Drawing upon the merits of computational biomedicine, the approach uncovers salient features for use in future studies of clinical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nektarios A Valous
- Applied Tumor Immunity Clinical Cooperation Unit, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Bernd Lahrmann
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Niels Halama
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Frank Bergmann
- Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg 69120, Germany and National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
| | - Niels Grabe
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg 69120, Germany
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Rahimi J, Ngadi MO. Structure and irregularities of surface of fried batters studied by fractal dimension and lacunarity analysis. FOOD STRUCTURE-NETHERLANDS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foostr.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Cho JS, Lee HJ, Park JH, Sung JH, Choi JY, Moon KD. Image analysis to evaluate the browning degree of banana (Musa spp.) peel. Food Chem 2016; 194:1028-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.08.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Ren J, Zhou Y, Zhou Y, Zhou C, Li Z, Lin Q, Huang H. A Piezoelectric Microelectrode Arrays System for Real-Time Monitoring of Bacterial Contamination in Fresh Milk. FOOD BIOPROCESS TECH 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11947-014-1394-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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McEvoy FJ, Amigo JM. Using machine learning to classify image features from canine pelvic radiographs: evaluation of partial least squares discriminant analysis and artificial neural network models. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2012; 54:122-6. [PMID: 23228122 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
As the number of images per study increases in the field of veterinary radiology, there is a growing need for computer-assisted diagnosis techniques. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two machine learning statistical models for automatically identifying image regions that contain the canine hip joint on ventrodorsal pelvis radiographs. A training set of images (120 of the hip and 80 from other regions) was used to train a linear partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) model and a nonlinear artificial neural network (ANN) model to classify hip images. Performance of the models was assessed using a separate test image set (36 containing hips and 20 from other areas). Partial least squares discriminant analysis model achieved a classification error, sensitivity, and specificity of 6.7%, 100%, and 89%, respectively. The corresponding values for the ANN model were 8.9%, 86%, and 100%. Findings indicated that statistical classification of veterinary images is feasible and has the potential for grouping and classifying images or image features, especially when a large number of well-classified images are available for model training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fintan J McEvoy
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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