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Torres-Baix E, Gou P, Bover-Cid S, Fulladosa E. Reduction of salt content variability of dry-cured ham production using non-invasive technologies in an industrial environment. Meat Sci 2024; 215:109539. [PMID: 38761532 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Salt content variability of dry-cured ham production is a challenge for the industry since many factors can influence salt uptake during the salting procedure. The aim of this work was to define and evaluate different modifications of the salting procedure to reduce the salt content variability of an industrial dry-cured ham production. Results showed that magnetic induction (MI) is a valid technology for industrial purposes as it can predict in-line the fat and salt contents of hams with a percentage error of 1.75% and 0.38%, respectively. Modifications of the salting process defined according to raw material characteristics obtained in-line reduced the salt content variability (SD) of the global production from 0.337% to 0.283%. Moreover, a 25% reduction of the salt content variability in hams of similar weight and fat content could be achieved when using a reclassification of the defined categories with MI technology after 6 days of salting. Because of the complexity of the salting process, new tools combined with strategies need to be investigated and developed to overcome the variability coming from other sources than weight and the fat content of hams.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Torres-Baix
- IRTA, Food Quality and Technology Program, Finca Camps i Armet s/n, 17121 Monells, Girona, Spain; Esteban Espuña, S. A., C/Mestre Turina, 39 - 41, 17800 Olot, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - P Gou
- IRTA, Food Quality and Technology Program, Finca Camps i Armet s/n, 17121 Monells, Girona, Spain
| | - S Bover-Cid
- IRTA, Food Safety and Functionality Program, Finca Camps i Armet s/n, 17121 Monells, Girona, Spain
| | - E Fulladosa
- IRTA, Food Quality and Technology Program, Finca Camps i Armet s/n, 17121 Monells, Girona, Spain.
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2
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Torres-Baix E, Illana A, Gou P, Olmos A, Arnau J, Fulladosa E. Modelling of salt uptake for salt content standardization in dry-cured ham. Meat Sci 2024; 214:109523. [PMID: 38692013 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2024.109523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Salt content standardization in dry-cured ham production is complex as there are many factors that influence salt uptake. The aim of this work was to study and model salt uptake as a function of salting time and the characteristics of green ham in two different ham types using a large amount of data obtained from an inline non-invasive characterization technology. The usefulness of these models to standardize the salt content of the industrial production was also evaluated. Magnetic induction technology was used to characterize lean and fatty hams in order to further model the salt uptake using different statistical methods. Salt content increased with the salting time showing an asymptotic behaviour which was lower in fatty hams. The best models were those that considered the salting time, weight, and fat content of hams as model independent variables. These models are helpful for salt content standardization within the industry and can be used to simulate process modifications and avoid the time-consuming and costly trial and error tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Torres-Baix
- IRTA, Food Quality and Technology Program, Finca Camps i Armet s/n, 17121 Monells, Girona, Spain; Esteban Espuña, S. A., C/ Mestre Turina, 39 - 41, 17800 Olot, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - A Illana
- Monte Nevado, C/ San Ignacio, 6, Carbonero el Mayor 40270, Segovia, Spain
| | - P Gou
- IRTA, Food Quality and Technology Program, Finca Camps i Armet s/n, 17121 Monells, Girona, Spain
| | - A Olmos
- Monte Nevado, C/ San Ignacio, 6, Carbonero el Mayor 40270, Segovia, Spain
| | - J Arnau
- IRTA, Food Quality and Technology Program, Finca Camps i Armet s/n, 17121 Monells, Girona, Spain
| | - E Fulladosa
- IRTA, Food Quality and Technology Program, Finca Camps i Armet s/n, 17121 Monells, Girona, Spain.
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Fariñas MD, Sanchez-Jimenez V, Benedito J, Garcia-Perez JV. Monitoring physicochemical modifications in beef steaks during dry salting using contact and non-contact ultrasonic techniques. Meat Sci 2023; 204:109275. [PMID: 37422983 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2023.109275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
In conventional ultrasonic techniques, the necessary contact between the sensor and the product has constrained the implementation of ultrasound for quality control purposes in the meat industry. The use of novel air-coupled ultrasonic technologies provides multiple advantages linked to contactless inspection. Therefore, this study aims to compare the feasibility of contact (C; 1 MHz) and non-contact (NC; 0.3 MHz) ultrasonic techniques for monitoring the physicochemical modifications undergone by beef steaks during dry salting after different times (0, 1, 4, 8 and 24 hours). Experimental results showed that the ultrasonic velocity increased during salting, which was linked to the reduction in Time-of-Flight ratio (RTOF) and sample shrinkage (velocity C: R2 = 0.99; velocity NC: R2 = 0.93 and RTOF C: R2 = 0.98; RTOF NC: R2 = 0.95). In terms of the compositional changes provoked by salting, the velocity variation (△V) increased linearly (C: R2 = 0.97; NC: R2 = 0.95) with the salt content. As for textural parameters, hardness (C: R2 = 0.99; NC: R2 = 0.97) and relaxation capacity (C: R2 = 0.96; NC: R2 = 0.94) were well correlated with the △V through power equations. Experimental results reflected that the performance of the non-contact ultrasonic technique was similar to that of the contact technique as regards the monitoring of the physicochemical changes undergone by beef steaks during dry salting.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Dolores Fariñas
- Department of Ultrasonic and Sensors Technologies, Physical and Information Technologies Institute (ITEFI), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Serrano, 144, 28006, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Virginia Sanchez-Jimenez
- Department of Food Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera, s/n, E46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose Benedito
- Department of Food Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera, s/n, E46022, Valencia, Spain
| | - Jose V Garcia-Perez
- Department of Food Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camí de Vera, s/n, E46022, Valencia, Spain
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Deng S, Bai X, Li Y, Wang B, Kong B, Liu Q, Xia X. Changes in moisture, colour, residual nitrites and N-nitrosamine accumulation of bacon induced by nitrite levels and dry-frying temperatures. Meat Sci 2021; 181:108604. [PMID: 34144342 DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2021.108604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The effects of different nitrite levels (50, 100, and 150 mg/kg meat) and dry-frying temperatures (100, 150, 200 and 250 °C) on the moisture movement, colour, sensory variables and residual nitrite and N-nitrosamine levels in smoked bacon were investigated. Increasing the dry-frying temperatures significantly increased the cooking loss and decreased the moisture content (P < 0.05). The bacon L*-values showed an increasing trend at first and then decreased, with the highest value of the bacon with 150 mg/kg nitrite was obtained at 100 °C and 150 °C. In addition, a*-values were significantly affected by the nitrite level and dry-frying temperature (P < 0.05), with the highest value of the bacon samples with 100 and 150 mg/kg nitrite observed at 250 °C. The residual nitrite content level initially increased (from unheated control to 150 °C) and then decreased (from 150 to 250 °C) sharply with increasing dry-frying temperatures in the bacon samples with the same sodium nitrite levels. N-methyl-N-nitrosoaniline (NMPhA) and N-nitrosomorpholine (NMOR) were measured in a number of smoked bacon samples, and a significant positive correlation (R2 = 0.772) was found for N-nitrosamines (NA) contents and nitrite levels (P < 0.05). The maximum levels of NMPhA and NMOR were detected when the bacon with 150 mg/kg sodium nitrite was pan-fried at 200 °C and 150 °C, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyang Deng
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Xue Bai
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Ying Li
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Bo Wang
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Baohua Kong
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Qian Liu
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China
| | - Xiufang Xia
- College of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, China.
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Pinna A, Saccani G, Schivazappa C, Simoncini N, Virgili R. Revision of the cold processing phases to obtain a targeted salt reduction in typical Italian dry-cured ham. Meat Sci 2020; 161:107994. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2019.107994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Gómez J, Sanjuán N, Arnau J, Bon J, Clemente G. Diffusion of nitrate and water in pork meat: Effect of the direction of the meat fiber. J FOOD ENG 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2017.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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7
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The effects of different processing conditions on biogenic amine formation and some qualitative properties in pastırma. Journal of Food Science and Technology 2017; 54:3892-3898. [PMID: 29085131 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2845-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Pastırma, a Turkish dry-cured meat product, was cured at two different temperatures (4 or 10 °C) with two different curing agents (150 mg/kg NaNO2 or 300 mg/kg KNO3). The aim of this research was to determine the effects of these factors on biogenic amine content and other qualitative properties (pH, aw, color, residual nitrite, TBARS, NPN-M, microbiological properties). Residual nitrite was below 10 mg/kg in all samples. Both the curing agent and temperature were found to have a very significant effect on the TBARS value, and the curing agent had a significant effect on the NPN-M content. Curing at 10 °C increased the L* value; the use of nitrate increased the a* value. The use of nitrite had a negative effect on the growth of lactic acid bacteria. Micrococcus/Staphylococcus showed good growth in the presence of nitrate. In all samples, Enterobacteriaceae counts were below detectable levels. Neither temperature nor curing agent had significant effects on the amounts of tryptamine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, or spermine. There were very significant effects of temperature on the amount of putrescine and of the curing agent on the amount of spermidine.
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de Prados M, Garcia-Perez JV, Benedito J. Non-invasive ultrasonic technology for continuous monitoring of pork loin and ham dry salting. Meat Sci 2017; 128:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2017.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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9
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Volatile compounds and odor traits of dry-cured ham (Prosciutto crudo) irradiated by electron beam and gamma rays. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2016.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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Survival of Streptococcus suis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Trueperella pyogenes in dry-cured Iberian pork shoulders and loins. Food Microbiol 2016; 61:66-71. [PMID: 27697171 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2016] [Revised: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Dry-cured hams, shoulders and loins of Iberian pigs are highly appreciated in national and international markets. Salting, additive addition and dehydration are the main strategies to produce these ready-to-eat products. Although the dry curing process is known to reduce the load of well-known food borne pathogens, studies evaluating the viability of other microorganisms in contaminated pork have not been performed. In this work, the efficacy of the dry curing process to eliminate three swine pathogens associated with pork carcass condemnation, Streptococcus suis, Streptococcus dysgalactiae and Trueperella pyogenes, was evaluated. Results of this study highlight that the dry curing process is a suitable method to obtain safe ready-to-eat products free of these microorganisms. Although salting of dry-cured shoulders had a moderate bactericidal effect, results of this study suggest that drying and ripening were the most important stages to obtain dry-cured products free of these microorganisms.
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Bajd F, Gradišek A, Apih T, Serša I. Dry-cured ham tissue characterization by fast field cycling NMR relaxometry and quantitative magnetization transfer. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2016; 54:827-834. [PMID: 27242097 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Revised: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fast field cycling (FFC) and quantitative magnetization transfer (qMT) NMR methods are two powerful tools in NMR analysis of biological tissues. The qMT method is well established in biomedical NMR applications, while the FFC method is often used in investigations of molecular dynamics on which longitudinal NMR relaxation times of the investigated material critically depend. Despite their proven analytical potential, these two methods were rarely used in NMR studies of food, especially when combined together. In our study, we demonstrate the feasibility of a combined FFC/qMT-NMR approach for the fast and nondestructive characterization of dry-curing ham tissues differing by protein content. The characterization is based on quantifying the pure quadrupolar peak area (area under the quadrupolar contribution of dispersion curve obtained by FFC-NMR) and the restricted magnetization pool size (obtained by qMT-NMR). Both quantities correlate well with concentration of partially immobilized, nitrogen-containing and proton magnetization exchanging muscle proteins. Therefore, these two quantities could serve as potential markers for dry-curing process monitoring. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franci Bajd
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Anton Gradišek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Apih
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Igor Serša
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Jadranska 19, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
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12
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De Prados M, Garcia-Perez J, Benedito J. Ultrasonic characterization and online monitoring of pork meat dry salting process. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Škrlep M, Čandek-Potokar M, Lukač NB, Povše MP, Pugliese C, Labussière E, Flores M. Comparison of entire male and immunocastrated pigs for dry-cured ham production under two salting regimes. Meat Sci 2016; 111:27-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Manufacture of dry-cured ham: A review. Part 2. Drying kinetics, modeling and equipment. Eur Food Res Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-015-2485-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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15
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Garrido-Novell C, Garrido-Varo A, Pérez-Marín D, Guerrero-Ginel J, Kim M. Quantification and spatial characterization of moisture and NaCl content of Iberian dry-cured ham slices using NIR hyperspectral imaging. J FOOD ENG 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2014.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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X-ray absorptiometry for non-destructive monitoring of the salt uptake in bone-in raw hams during salting. Food Control 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2014.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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