Effects of replacing fat with Perilla seed on the characteristics of meatballs

Characterization of flavor profiles of water-boiled pork meatballs at different ultrasonic powers using solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with electronic nose

The objective of this study was to evaluate the flavor profiles of water-boiled pork meatballs at different ultrasonic powers (0, 150, 300, 450, 600, and 750 W) using solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC-MS) combined with electronic nose (E-nose). A total of 36 volatile compounds were determined by SPME-GC-MS, including alcohols, aromatic hydrocarbons, aldehydes, terpenes, alkanes, phenols, ketones, and other. With the appropriate ultrasound treatment, the type and relative content of volatile compounds were significantly increased (P < 0.05), and the ultrasound treatment at 450 W had the better effect on the flavor characteristics of pork meatballs. E-nose analysis also showed that the 450 W ultrasound treatment had the highest response values of W1S, W6S, and W2S sensors (sensitive to hydrocarbons, alcohols, aldehydes, and ketones) to volatile compounds of pork meatballs. The characteristic flavor compounds of pork meatballs, including m-cresol, limonene, nonanal, and linalool, were further confirmed by comparing the content, partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), and odor activity value (OAV). Overall, appropriate ultrasound-assisted cooking (especially at 450 W) could be a promising approach to enhance the flavor profiles of pork meatballs.

Genetic variations in FAD3 and its influence on agronomic traits and fatty acid composition in perilla germplasm

In this study, we explored the relationship between agronomic characteristics and fatty acid composition in perilla germplasm and examined the potential effects of genetic variations in the FAD3 gene on these traits. Our analysis involved correlation, principal component analysis (PCA), hierarchical clustering, and path analysis. We discovered the days to flowering (DTF), days to maturing (DTM) number of branches (NB), and stearic acid (SA) content were positively correlated with each other. Conversely, oleic acid (OA), linoleic acid (LA), and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) showed negative correlations among themselves. We observed significant differences in agronomic traits and fatty acid composition based on the color of the perilla seed hull, indicating the influence of genetic factors on these traits. A single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variation at the 182 bp position in the FAD3 gene, characterized by a homozygous G base, was significantly associated with a decrease in LA proportion. This is in line with the known biochemical role of FAD3 in fatty acid desaturation. Interestingly, this SNP was also correlated with an increase in NB, suggesting that FAD3 may have pleiotropic effects on both agronomic traits and fatty acid composition. However, SNPs at the 596 bp and 599 bp positions in the FAD3 gene did not show clear patterns, suggesting potential influences from other genetic or environmental factors. These findings offer valuable insights into the genetic and phenotypic interactions in perilla, highlighting the importance of FAD3 variation. This knowledge can aid in the development of targeted breeding and selection strategies for perilla cultivars, optimizing both agronomic performance and nutritional quality. Further research is required to clarify the precise mechanisms of FAD3 and its impact on perilla traits.

Effect of fat replacement by flaxseed flour on the quality parameters of pork meatballs

To improve the edible qualities of meatballs, various percentages of pork fat in meatballs were replaced by brown flaxseed flour (BFF) to decrease the fat contents and further optimize the fatty acid compositions. Five different meatball formulations that used 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% of flaxseed flour additions were used in which the corresponding amounts pork fat were replaced. The proximate compositions, water activity, pH levels, colors, textures, cooking losses, fatty acid compositions, sensory properties, flavors, and oxidation stabilities of these meatballs were analyzed. Increasing the BFF addition amounts improved the protein and dietary fiber contents, pH levels, fatty acid profiles and oxidation stabilities, but decreased the fat contents, moisture levels, cooking losses, n6/n3 ratios, hardness, and lightness. The volatile flavors of meatballs with different BFF replacement levels were significantly different. According to the sensory evaluation, the use of 5% BFF increased the odor of meatballs without significantly affecting the other sensory scores. This work demonstrated that BFF may be a healthier alternative as pork fat replacer for preparing meatballs.

From Waste to Consumption: Tomato Peel Flour in Hamburger Patty Production

Tomato is a widely cultivated crop and its processing produces large quantities of wastes, such as pulp, seed, and peel. In recent years, the valorization of these wastes in the production of high-value-added food products has gained popularity in achieving environmental sustainability and zero waste. From this viewpoint, dried tomato peel (DTP-1%, 2%, 3%, 4%) flour was included in hamburger formulations. In patty samples, ash, carbohydrate, and dietary fiber amounts were increased due to the high fiber content of DTP flour, while moisture and fat percentages decreased with increasing amounts of DTP flour (p < 0.05). The inclusion of DTP flour retarded lipid oxidation during cooking (p < 0.05). The significantly highest cooking yield was calculated in samples including 4% DTP flour. In parallel, water-holding capacity, moisture, and fat retention values increased with increasing levels of DTP flour (p < 0.05). The enrichment of patties with DTP flour resulted in hard texture, less gumminess, and a darker, more reddish and yellowish color (p < 0.05). Hamburger samples containing 1% or 2% DTP flour were graded with closer scores in the sensory panel as compared to the control (0% DTP). Overall, our findings demonstrated that DTP flour up to 2% could be used to improve the nutritional and technological properties of patty samples.

A comprehensive review on nutritional, nutraceutical, and industrial perspectives of perilla (Perilla frutscens L.) seeds - An orphan oilseed crop

There is a growing need to mainstream orphan or underutilized crops to enhance nutritional security and sustainable agriculture. Among these, Perilla frutescens L. is an important crop due to its rich nutritional and phytochemical content which makes it significant in nutrition, medicine, and industrial sector. Perilla seeds are mainly rich in ω-3 fatty acids, dietary fiber, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals, high α-linolenic acid, which contributes to their health benefits. This review explores the nutritional profile of perilla seeds and highlights its unique composition compared to other oilseed crops. It also analyzes the phytochemical components of perilla seeds and their various biological activities, including antioxidant, antidiabetic, antiobesity, cardioprotective, anticancer, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory effects. These activities demonstrate the potential of perilla seeds in both pharmaceutical and food sectors. The review also covers recent advancements in genomics and transgenic research discussing potential areas for crop improvement. Additionally, it explores the use of perilla seeds in functional foods, blending perilla oil with other oils, and their applications in enhancing product formulations. This review offers valuable insights for researchers, students, policymakers, environmentalists, and industry professionals by detailing the potential of perilla seeds across various sectors. The findings support sustainable agriculture, crop diversification, and innovative product development, thus contributing to the integration of perilla into mainstream agriculture.

Perilla seed oil high internal phase emulsion improve the gel properties of myofibrillar protein

The effects of perilla seed oil high internal phase emulsions stabilized by pea protein (PP-PSO HIPEs) on the gel properties and conformation of myofibrillar protein (MP) gels were investigated. The results showed that the PP-PSO HIPEs with 4.0 % (w/v) PP formed stable HIPEs with low droplet size and good viscoelasticity. The addition of PP-PSO HIPEs (5.0 % - 15.0 %) could significantly improve the MP gel properties (P < 0.05), while the addition of 10.0 % PP-PSO HIPEs showed the highest gel strength and water holding capacity. Otherwise, the MP gels with 10.0 % PP-PSO HIPEs showed higher proportions of immobile water (PT22) and lower proportion of free water (PT23), and the Raman spectra suggested that the content of α-helix decreased, while the content of β-sheet increased (P < 0.05), thus facilitating the formation of better gel properties. Therefore, the addition of PP-PSO HIPEs is a potential alternative for developing fat-reduced meat products.

Effects of ultrasound-assisted cooking on the physicochemical properties and microstructure of pork meatballs

This research aims to investigate the effect of different ultrasonic powers cooking on the quality of pork meatballs. Pork meatballs treated with ultrasound-assisted cooking at 450 W had the most uniform and smooth structures displayed by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, with increasing ultrasonic powers, the water retention capacity of pork meatballs first increased and then decreased, compared with the non-ultrasound group, when the ultrasonic power was 450 W, the cooking yield of pork meatballs increased from 82.55% to 92.87%, and the centrifugal loss decreased from 25.35% to 11.52%. Additionally, ultrasound-assisted cooking had a positive effect on the moisture migration, tenderness, and sensory property of pork meatballs, and 450 W sample exhibited the highest overall acceptability score (P < 0.05). In conclusion, the physicochemical properties and microstructure of pork meatballs could be improved by appropriate ultrasonic power, and ultrasonic technology was considered as an effective processing method for improving the quality of meat products.

Enzymatic interesterification improves the lipid composition, physicochemical properties and rheological behavior of Cinnamomum camphora seed kernel oil, Pangasius bocourti stearin and perilla seed oil blends

The study aimed to investigate the effect of enzymatic interesterification on the lipid composition, physicochemical properties and rheological behavior of Cinnamomum camphora seed kernel oil (CCSKO), Pangasius bocourti stearin (PBST) and perilla seed oil (PSO) blends. The results showed that the interesterification process significantly changed the TAG profile of the blends. Lipid products from the enzymatic interesterification (EIE) had significantly lower slide melting point and solid fat content than the non-interesterification (NIE) lipid products. Interesterification process changed the crystal polymorphic forms from β > β' of NIE to β < β' of EIE. The crystal morphology of EIE was smaller and more diffuse compared to the NIE. Moreover, EIE showed improved rheological behavior, which was more suitable for food margarine preparation. The findings have provided a theoretical basis for the potential application of Lipozyme TL IM modified lipid products in the food industry.

Essential Components from Plant Source Oils: A Review on Extraction, Detection, Identification, and Quantification

Oils derived from plant sources, mainly fixed oils from seeds and essential oil from other parts of the plant, are gaining interest as they are the rich source of beneficial compounds that possess potential applications in different industries due to their preventive and therapeutic actions. The essential oils are used in food, medicine, cosmetics, and agriculture industries as they possess antimicrobial, anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Plant based oils contain polyphenols, phytochemicals, and bioactive compounds which show high antioxidant activity. The extractions of these oils are a crucial step in terms of the yield and quality attributes of plant oils. This review paper outlines the different modern extraction techniques used for the extraction of different seed oils, including microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), pressurized liquid extraction (PLE), cold-pressed extraction (CPE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE), enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE), and pulsed electric field-assisted extraction (PEF). For the identification and quantification of essential and bioactive compounds present in seed oils, different modern techniques-such as high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography-infrared spectroscopy (GC-IR), atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS), and electron microscopy (EM)-are highlighted in this review along with the beneficial effects of these essential components in different in vivo and in vitro studies and in different applications. The primary goal of this research article is to pique the attention of researchers towards the different sources, potential uses and applications of oils in different industries.

Physicochemical and sensory characteristics of traditional Kırklareli meatballs with added cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) flour

The effects of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) flour on some physical, chemical, textural and sensory properties of Kırklareli meatballs were investigated. For this purpose, cowpea flour was added to the traditional Kırklareli meatball formulation in four different proportions (2, 4, 6 and 8%). As a result of the analysis on cowpea flour; pH, water activity (aw), moisture, protein, fat, ash, carbohydrate, acidity, starch, total dietary fiber, total monounsaturated fatty acids, total polyunsaturated fatty acids, total unsaturated fatty acids and total saturated fatty acids were found as 6.25, 0.52, 10.20, 20.35, 0.53, 2.94, 65.43%, 0.06, 45.09, 20.90, 5.86, 59.88, 65.74 and 34.26%, respectively. Depending on the increase in incorporation rate of cowpea flour, changes in L* (43,40-53,88), b* (13,92-18,11), pH (5,83-5,94), aw (0,96-0,98), moisture (44,03-50,63%), protein (17,70-21,89%), fat (19,49-22,97%), carbohydrate (6,77-12,11%), salt (1,28-1,74%), total dietary fiber (2,81-5,08%) values of the raw samples and a* (5,64-9,44), b* (9,77-18,06), moisture (39,27-45,24%), protein (19,92-23,45%), fat (23,08-26,19%), carbohydrate (5,92-11,30%), total dietary fiber (3,28-5,40%) values of the cooked Kırklareli meatball samples were statistically significant (P < 0.05), while the changes in weight loss, ash, free fatty acidity, texture and sensory results were found insignificant (P > 0.05). Total saturated, total unsaturated and trans fatty acid contents of cowpea flour added meatball samples were significantly (P < 0.05) different from the control samples. In the sensory analysis, meatball samples with 4% cowpea flour received the highest general acceptability score. According to the obtained data, cowpea flour can be added up to 4% on basic meat values without changing the textural and sensory properties of Kırklareli meatballs. Cowpea flour could be added as a functional ingredient in meatballs.

Graphical Abstract

Perilla frutescens seed meal as a fat substitute mitigates heterocyclic amine formation and protein oxidation and improves fatty acid profile of pan-fried chicken patties

Fatty acid profile, protein and fatty acid oxidation and flavor profile of pan-fried chicken patties formulated with various levels of Perilla frutescens seed meal (PSM) as a fat substitute was investigated in this study. The formation of heterocyclic amines (HCAs) in the chicken patties was also evaluated. The results showed that pan-fried patties formulated with 20% PSM (PSM4) had the highest ranges of oleic acid and ΣMUFA content and ΣPUFA/ΣSFA ratio. Low to medium levels of PSM (PSM1, 2, and 3 corresponding to 5, 10, and 15% of PSM, respectively) reduced the content of lipid peroxidation products, while high level (PSM4) increased it. All levels of PSM were also found to be effective against elevation in carbonyl content relative to the control. Moreover, the PSM effectively inhibited HCA formation in the chicken patties. The total contents of HCAs in PSM1, PSM2, PSM3, and PSM4 samples were significantly (P < 0.05) lower than that of the control sample, corresponding to 31.9, 46.1, 57.2, and 44.8% inhibition, respectively. PSM4, however, had no or very little effect on the formation of PhIP, 4,8-DiMeIQx and AαC, despite a strong inhibitory effect on MeIQx formation. These findings not only support the promising potential of PSM for application as a fat substitute to improve the fatty acid profile and reduce the content of harmful by-products in heat-processed chicken, but also highlight that appropriate addition level is a critical factor in optimizing the functional capacity of this natural agent.

Effects of alfalfa meal on quality and function of pork meatballs

Alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is abundant in dietary fiber, alfalfa saponins, and other active ingredients. However, the application of alfalfa is scarce in food. Meatball is one of the most popular meat products in daily life, but eating too many meatballs could result in obesity, hyperlipidemia, and other diseases. With increasing attention to healthy diet, how to keep the original color, aroma, taste, and shape of food with low fat and nutrition has become an urgent problem to be solved. In this study, different amounts of alfalfa meal or extruded alfalfa meal were added to pork meatballs to explore the optimal adding ratio of two kinds of alfalfa meal in pork meatballs. Further animal experiments were conducted for two weeks to prove the efficacy of two kinds of alfalfa balls in lowering blood lipid and body weight. The results showed that 0.5% alfalfa meal and 1% extruded alfalfa meal could improve the quality of prepared pork meatballs. Animal experiments demonstrated that two kinds of alfalfa meal pork meatballs had a good effect of reducing blood lipid, and the alfalfa meal pork meatballs had a better effect on reducing serum cholesterol and average daily weight gain of mice. This study provided a theoretical basis for making healthy and nutritious pork meatballs, which could provide more delicious food for people, especially people who are obese and the elderly.

Effect of Partial Substitution of Flour with Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) Powder on Dough and Biscuit Properties

Mealworm (Tenebrio molitor L.) is a type of edible insect rich in protein that has become popular as a protein-alternative ingredient in flour-based products to improve the nutritional properties of baking products. The mealworm powder substitution affected the pasting, farinograph, extensograph properties of wheat flour and the texture, nutritional, and sensory properties of the resulting soda biscuit. The pasting parameters (peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown viscosity, final viscosity, and setback viscosity) and the water absorption decreased with the increased mealworm powder substitution level, which was ascribed to the dilution effect of mealworm powder. The farinograph parameters remained similar up to 15% substitution level. The extensograph results showed that mealworm powder substitution decreased the elastic properties of wheat dough as indicated by the consistently decreased extensibility, stretching energy, and stretching resistance, resulting in a significantly decreased baking expansion ratio of the soda biscuit. The protein, lipid, and dietary fiber content of the biscuits increased accordingly with the increased mealworm powder substitution level. The protein content of the soda biscuit was gradually increased from 9.13/100 g for the control (M0) to 16.0/100 g for that supplemented with 20% mealworm powder (M20), accompanied with the significantly increased essential amino acid content. Meanwhile, the fat and dietary fiber content of M20 exhibited 20.5 and 21.7% increase compared to those of M0. The score of the sensory attributes showed no significant difference up to 15% substitution level. The results demonstrated the 15% mealworm powder substitution level would not significantly affect the farinograph property, microstructure of wheat dough, and sensory acceptability.

An overview of factors affecting the quality of beef meatballs: Processing and preservation

Beef meatball (BM) is a traditional delicious snack with rich nutrition and unique flavor, making it a preferred choice for most consumers. However, the quality of BM is easily affected by many factors, such as the processing, storage, and preservation, which limit the competitive positioning with respect to its market. Therefore, it is essential to pay attention to each step during the processing of BMs. Based on previous studies, this systematic review focuses on the effect of key processing factors (including raw materials and ingredients, beating, cooking methods, storage, and preservation) on the quality of BMs. Additionally, this study assessed the effect of each process factor on the physicochemical, sensory, nutritional, and safety attributes of BMs. Finally, the existing review will be beneficial in examining/describing the factors impacting the quality of BMs during processing, which would provide theoretical reference and scientific basis for the standardization and industrialization of BMs.

Replacing animal fat with edible mushrooms: a strategy to produce high-quality and low-fat buffalo meatballs

The present work investigated the effects of replacing the fat in meatballs with enoki, brown beech, shiitake, white oyster, brown, or king oyster mushrooms on the physicochemical and sensorial characteristics of the reduced-fat meatballs. The water holding capacity of the reduced-fat meatballs increased significantly (14.4 - 36.5%) in parallel to a significant increase in the moisture (3.3 - 5.6%) and protein (4.1 - 7.5%) contents, with a decrease in fat (16.3 - 86.3%) content as compared to the control. No differences were found for the cooking yield and texture properties of the samples, except for the king oyster mushroom which reduced the hardness of the reduced-fat meatballs. The redness of the reduced-fat meatballs was comparable with the control, but reduced in yellowness and lightness. Most of the reduced-fat meatballs had better sensory characteristics as compared to the control, in particular, the meatballs with shiitake mushroom. In conclusion, all the mushrooms tested have the potential to be used as a full fat replacer in meatballs, except for king oyster mushroom which reduced the texture quality of the reduced-fat meatballs.

Influence of Underutilized Unripe Banana (Cavendish) Flour in the Formulation of Healthier Chorizo

The purpose of this work was to obtain chorizos by partially fat replacing with banana flour (whole or peeled). These chorizos were formulated with 3% pork fat and 24% whole banana flour (BC) or banana peel flour (BPC). A third formulation of chorizo with 15% pork fat and 12% wheat flour (WC) was also produced for comparison. Cooking loss was 12.5% for the WC, while for the BC and BPC chorizos it was 7.2% and 6.9%, respectively. All three products had similar water, protein, and ash contents, whereas carbohydrate and fiber contents were the main changes in composition. The color of the three different formulations did not change markedly, but an increase in yellowness and chromaticity was observed in the BC chorizo, as well as a slight decrease in lightness and in the whiteness index in the BPC one. Textural properties declined from day 0; from day 3 onwards, they remained constant in all chorizos and properties, except for BC lot in cohesiveness. Mesophilic aerobic bacteria, as well as mold and yeast counts, were predominantly high in the WC during chilled storage. Moreover, the sensory analysis indicated high acceptability of the formulated with wheat or whole banana flour, although those with banana peel flour scored slightly lower. This study shows that incorporating banana flours into the formulation successfully reduced the incorporation of pork back-fat, resulting in excellent quality sensorial characteristics due to the technological parameters and sensory acceptance.

Effect of Eggplant Powder on the Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics of Reduced-Fat Pork Sausages

In this study, we investigated the effects of soybean oil, water, and 1, 2, and 3% eggplant powder (EP) as substitutes for pork back fat (a decrease from 30% to 15%) on the proximate composition, water- and fat-binding properties, colour, water distribution, texture, and sensory properties of pork sausages. The replacement of fat with soybean oil in sausages decreased the fat and cholesterol proportions and increased the moisture content, but the water- and fat-binding properties, texture properties, and sensory properties became worse. By adding EP, sausages displayed remarkably better water- and fat-binding properties, texture properties, and sensory properties. Moreover, EP addition significantly accelerated T₂ relaxation time, increased the immobilised water content, and decreased the free water content of sausages. Sausages with 2% EP had the highest flavour, mouthfeel, and overall acceptability. This work provides theoretical and data support for the preparation of sausages with EP rich in unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs) and dietary fibre.

Modification of NaCl structure as a sodium reduction strategy in meat products: An overview

Sodium chloride (NaCl) is an indispensable ingredient in meat products, but the consumption of high doses of sodium contained in their formulations may bring about negative health implications. The replacement of NaCl by other salts in meat products has been a technological challenge. Accordingly, this review highlights the importance of NaCl over other sodium and non‑sodium salts in the saltiness perception and proposes the use of reduced-size and shapes of NaCl to maximize saltiness perception, while using less NaCl dosages in meat products. However, the effect of matrix components (water, proteins and fats) on the final salty taste is of special consideration. To counteract the effect of the matrix components, two main routes of incorporation of different NaCl types in meat products are discussed: encapsulation and protection of NaCl by the hydrophobic component of the meat product. Given the limited number of publications using this potential strategy, more studies on the application of these technological strategies are required.