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de Melo Tavares R, Sereno MJ, Nunes da Cruz Encide Sampaio A, Pereira JG, Bersot LDS, Yamatogi RS, Call DR, Nero LA. Characterization of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli from different cattle production systems in Brazil. Food Microbiol 2024; 121:104508. [PMID: 38637072 DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2024.104508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Diarrheagenic E. coli (DEC) can cause severe diarrhea and is a public health concern worldwide. Cattle are an important reservoir for this group of pathogens, and once introduced into the abattoir environment, these microorganisms can contaminate consumer products. This study aimed to characterize the distribution of DEC [Shiga toxin-producing E. coli (STEC), enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), and enteroaggregative E. coli (EAEC)] from extensive and intensive cattle production systems in Brazil. Samples (n = 919) were collected from animal feces (n = 200), carcasses (n = 600), meat cuts (n = 90), employee feces (n = 9), and slaughterhouse water (n = 20). Virulence genes were detected by PCR in 10% of animal samples (94/919), with STEC (n = 81) as the higher prevalence, followed by EIEC (n = 8), and lastly EPEC (n = 5). Animals raised in an extensive system had a higher prevalence of STEC (average 48%, sd = 2.04) when compared to animals raised in an intensive system (23%, sd = 1.95) (Chi-square test, P < 0.001). From these animals, most STEC isolates only harbored stx2 (58%), and 7% were STEC LEE-positive isolates that were further identified as O157:H7. This study provides further evidence that cattle are potential sources of DEC, especially STEC, and that potentially pathogenic E. coli isolates are widely distributed in feces and carcasses during the slaughter process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela de Melo Tavares
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal (InsPOA), Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Mallu Jagnow Sereno
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal (InsPOA), Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Aryele Nunes da Cruz Encide Sampaio
- Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP), Botucatu Campus, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Distrito de Rubião Jr, SN, 18618-970, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Juliano Gonçalves Pereira
- Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP), Botucatu Campus, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Distrito de Rubião Jr, SN, 18618-970, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Luciano Dos Santos Bersot
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Palotina Campus, Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Rua Pioneiro, 2153, Jardim Dallas, 85950-000, Palotina, PR, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Seiti Yamatogi
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal (InsPOA), Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Douglas Ruben Call
- Paul G. Allen School for Global Health, Washington State University, 240 SE Ott Road, PO Box 647090, 99164-7090, Pullman, WA, USA
| | - Luís Augusto Nero
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Departamento de Veterinária, Laboratório de Inspeção de Produtos de Origem Animal (InsPOA), Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, 36570-900, Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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Zhang H, Luo X, Aspridou Z, Misiou O, Dong P, Zhang Y. The Prevalence and Antibiotic-Resistant of Listeria monocytogenes in Livestock and Poultry Meat in China and the EU from 2001 to 2022: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Foods 2023; 12:foods12040769. [PMID: 36832844 PMCID: PMC9957035 DOI: 10.3390/foods12040769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
To compare the prevalence and antibiotic resistance rate of Listeria monocytogenes in livestock and poultry (beef, pork and chicken) meat between China and the European Union (EU), a meta-analysis was conducted. Ninety-one out of 2156 articles in Chinese and English published between January 2001 and February 2022 were selected from four databases. The prevalence of L. monocytogenes in livestock and poultry (beef, pork and chicken) meat in China and Europe was 7.1% (3152/56,511, 95% CI: 5.8-8.6%) and 8.3% (2264/889,309, 95% CI: 5.9-11.0%), respectively. Moreover, a decreasing trend was observed in both regions over time. Regarding antibiotic resistance, for the resistance to 15 antibiotics, the pooled prevalence was 5.8% (95% CI: 3.1-9.1%). In both regions, the highest prevalence was found in oxacillin, ceftriaxone and tetracycline, and a large difference was reported between China and the EU in ceftriaxone (52.6% vs. 17.3%) and cefotaxime (7.0% vs. 0.0%). Based on the above, it remains a significant challenge to enforce good control measures against the meat-sourced L. monocytogenes both in China and in the EU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqi Zhang
- Laboratory of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Xin Luo
- Laboratory of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Zafeiro Aspridou
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ourania Misiou
- Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Hygiene, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Environment, School of Agriculture, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pengcheng Dong
- Laboratory of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai’an 271018, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Laboratory of Beef Processing and Quality Control, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, China
- National R&D Center for Beef Processing Technology, Tai’an 271018, China
- Correspondence:
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Roobab U, Madni GM, Ranjha MMAN, Khan AW, Selim S, Almuhayawi MS, Samy M, Zeng XA, Aadil RM. Applications of water activated by ozone, electrolysis, or gas plasma for microbial decontamination of raw and processed meat. FRONTIERS IN SUSTAINABLE FOOD SYSTEMS 2023. [DOI: 10.3389/fsufs.2023.1007967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A raw or processed meat product can be a breeding ground for spoilage bacteria (Enterobacteriaceae, Lactobacillus spp., Pseudomonas spp., etc.). Failure of decontamination results in food quality loss and foodborne illnesses caused by pathogens such as Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Listeria monocytogenes. Often, meat processors decontaminate the carcass using cheap chemicals or artificial antimicrobial agents not listed on the ingredient list, which is discouraged by health-conscious consumers. Foods with clean labels became more popular during the COVID-19 pandemic, which led consumers to choose healthier ingredients. Novel methods of controlling or improving meat safety are constantly being discovered. This review focuses on novel means of electrochemically activate water that is being investigated as a sanitizing agent for carcasses and processing area decontamination during production or at the end. Water can be activated by using non-thermal techniques such as ozonation, electrolysis, and cold plasma technologies. Recent studies showed that these activated liquids are powerful tools for reducing microbial activity in raw and processed meat. For instance, plasma-activated water can be used to enhance microbiological safety and avoid the negative effects of direct gaseous plasma on the organoleptic aspects of food products. In addition, electrolyzed water technology offers hurdle enhancement by combining with non-thermal strategies that have great potential. Ozonation is another way of activating water which provides a very convenient way to control microbiological safety and finds several recent applications as aqueous ozone for meat decontamination. These solutions are highly reactive and convenient for non-conventional applications in the meat industry related to food safety because of their antimicrobial or antiviral impact. The present review highlights the efficacy of activated-water decontamination of raw and processed meat via non-thermal solutions.
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The Effect of High-Pressure Processing on the Survival of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Steak Tartare: The Good- or Best-Case Scenario? Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11020377. [PMID: 36838342 PMCID: PMC9964116 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11020377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Samples of steak tartare were artificially contaminated with a cocktail of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) O91, O146, O153, and O156 to the level of 3 log and 6 log CFU/g. Immediately after vacuum packing, high-pressure processing (HPP) was performed at 400 or 600 MPa/5 min. Some of the samples not treated with HPP were cooked under conditions of 55 °C for 1, 3, or 6 h. HPP of 400 MPa/5 min resulted in a 1-2 log reduction in the STEC count. In contrast, HPP of 600 MPa/5 min led to the elimination of STEC even when inoculated to 6 log CFU/g. Nevertheless, sub-lethally damaged cells were resuscitated after enrichment, and STEC was observed in all samples regardless of the pressure used. STEC was not detected in the samples cooked in a 55 °C water bath for 6 h, even after enrichment. Unfortunately, the temperature of 55 °C negatively affected the texture of the steak tartare. Further experiments are necessary to find an optimal treatment for steak tartare to assure its food safety while preserving the character and quality of this attractive product.
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Leigh RJ, Corrigan A, Murphy RA, Walsh F. Effect of Mannan-rich fraction supplementation on commercial broiler intestinum tenue and cecum microbiota. Anim Microbiome 2022; 4:66. [PMID: 36536475 PMCID: PMC9762088 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-022-00208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The broiler gastrointestinal microbiome is a potent flock performance modulator yet may also serve as a reservoir for pathogen entry into the food chain. The goal of this project was to characterise the effect of mannan rich fraction (MRF) supplementation on microbiome diversity and composition of the intestinum tenue and cecum of commercial broilers. This study also aimed to address some of the intrinsic biases that exist in microbiome studies which arise due to the extensive disparity in 16S rRNA gene copy numbers between bacterial species and due to large intersample variation. RESULTS We observed a divergent yet rich microbiome structure between different anatomical sites and observed the explicit effect MRF supplementation had on community structure, diversity, and pathogen modulation. Birds supplemented with MRF displayed significantly higher species richness in the cecum and significantly different bacterial community composition in each gastrointestinal (GI) tract section. Supplemented birds had lower levels of the zoonotic pathogens Escherichia coli and Clostridioides difficile across all three intestinum tenue sites highlighting the potential of MRF supplementation in maintaining food chain integrity. Higher levels of probiotic genera (eg. Lactobacillus and Blautia) were also noted in the MRF supplemented birds. Following MRF supplementation, the cecum displayed higher relative abundances of both short chain fatty acid (SFCA) synthesising bacteria and SCFA concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Mannan rich fraction addition has been observed to reduce the bioburden of pathogens in broilers and to promote greater intestinal tract microbial biodiversity. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to investigate the effect of mannan-rich fraction supplementation on the microbiome associated with different GI tract anatomical geographies. In addition to this novelty, this study also exploited machine learning and biostatistical techniques to correct the intrinsic biases associated with microbiome community studies to enable a more robust understanding of community structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Leigh
- grid.95004.380000 0000 9331 9029Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbiome Research Group, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Aoife Corrigan
- grid.496915.6Alltech Inc. (Alltech European Bioscience Centre), Summerhill Road, Sarney, Dunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Richard A. Murphy
- grid.496915.6Alltech Inc. (Alltech European Bioscience Centre), Summerhill Road, Sarney, Dunboyne, Co. Meath, Ireland
| | - Fiona Walsh
- grid.95004.380000 0000 9331 9029Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbiome Research Group, Department of Biology, Maynooth University, Co. Kildare, Ireland
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Barbosa AD, Alexandre B, Tondo EC, Malheiros PDS. Microbial survival in gourmet hamburger thermally processed by different degrees of doneness. Int J Gastron Food Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijgfs.2022.100501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Giannattasio-Ferraz S, Ene A, Gomes VJ, Queiroz CO, Maskeri L, Oliveira AP, Putonti C, Barbosa-Stancioli EF. Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolated From Urine of Healthy Bovine Have Potential as Emerging Human and Bovine Pathogens. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:764760. [PMID: 35330764 PMCID: PMC8940275 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.764760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The study of livestock microbiota has immediate benefits for animal health as well as mitigating food contamination and emerging pathogens. While prior research has indicated the gastrointestinal tract of cattle as the source for many zoonoses, including Shiga-toxin producing Escherichia coli and antibiotic resistant bacteria, the bovine urinary tract microbiota has yet to be thoroughly investigated. Here, we describe 5 E. coli and 4 Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains isolated from urine of dairy Gyr cattle. While both species are typically associated with urinary tract infections and mastitis, all of the animals sampled were healthy. The bovine urinary strains were compared to E. coli and P. aeruginosa isolates from other bovine samples as well as human urinary samples. While the bovine urinary E. coli isolates had genomic similarity to isolates from the gastrointestinal tract of cattle and other agricultural animals, the bovine urinary P. aeruginosa strains were most similar to human isolates suggesting niche adaptation rather than host adaptation. Examination of prophages harbored by these bovine isolates revealed similarity with prophages within distantly related E. coli and P. aeruginosa isolates from the human urinary tract. This suggests that related urinary phages may persist and/or be shared between mammals. Future studies of the bovine urinary microbiota are needed to ascertain if E. coli and P. aeruginosa are resident members of this niche and/or possible sources for emerging pathogens in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Giannattasio-Ferraz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Adriana Ene
- Bioinformatics Program, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Vitor Júnio Gomes
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Cid Oliveira Queiroz
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Laura Maskeri
- Bioinformatics Program, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | | | - Catherine Putonti
- Bioinformatics Program, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Biology, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stritch School of Medicine, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, United States
| | - Edel F. Barbosa-Stancioli
- Departamento de Microbiologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
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Bier D, Oliveira CED, Brugeff EDCL, Areco MS, Ramos INDA, Brunetta AAP, Andrade DP. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella spp and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from beef sold in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. CIÊNCIA ANIMAL BRASILEIRA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1809-6891v23e-72603e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Hygiene failures in meat can be identified based on the evaluation of pathogenic microorganisms, which compromise the microbiological quality of food and can transmit food-borne diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hygienic quality of beef sold at supermarkets, butcher shops and public markets in the city of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, through the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Salmonella spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) as well as the investigation and quantification of Staphylococcus aureus. Seventy-one samples of beef from 17 commercial establishments were evaluated. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the disk diffusion method recommended by the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute. Salmonella was found in 7.04% of the samples and 70.0% of the isolates were sensitive to the antimicrobials tested. A total of 25.35% of the samples were positive for Staphylococcus aureus, with counts ranging from 1.0 x 102 to 4.3 x 104 CFU/g; these isolates exhibited resistance to penicillin (87.5%), tetracycline (18.75%) and chloramphenicol (6.25%). None of the samples was positive for STEC. The detection of these pathogens in food poses a danger to public health, mainly due to the presence of antimicrobial-resistant isolates. These findings underscore the need for good hygiene and manufacturing practices at retail establishments.
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Goudoulas TB, Vanderhaeghen S, Germann N. Micro-dispersed essential oils loaded gelatin hydrogels with antibacterial activity. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Babolhavaeji K, Shokoohizadeh L, Yavari M, Moradi A, Alikhani MY. Prevalence of Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli O157 and Non-O157 Serogroups Isolated from Fresh Raw Beef Meat Samples in an Industrial Slaughterhouse. Int J Microbiol 2021; 2021:1978952. [PMID: 34956368 PMCID: PMC8695030 DOI: 10.1155/2021/1978952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aims of the current study are the identification of O157 and non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli (STEC) serogroups isolated from fresh raw beef meat samples in an industrial slaughterhouse, determination of antimicrobial resistance patterns, and genetic linkage of STEC isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 110 beef samples were collected from the depth of the rump of cattle slaughtered at Hamadan industrial slaughterhouse. After detection of E. coli isolates, STEC strains were identified according to PCR for stx1, stx2, eaeA, and hlyA virulence genes, and STEC serogroups (O157 and non-O157) were identified by PCR. The genetic linkage of STEC isolates was analyzed by the ERIC- (Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus-) PCR method. The antimicrobial susceptibility of STEC isolates was detected by the disk diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines. RESULTS Among 110 collected beef samples, 77 (70%) were positive for E. coli. The prevalence of STEC in E. coli isolates was 8 (10.4%). The overall prevalence of O157 and non-O157 STEC isolates was 12.5% (one isolate) and 87.5% (7 isolates), respectively. The hemolysin gene was detected in 25% (2 isolates) of STEC strains. Evaluation of antibiotic resistance indicated that 100% of STEC isolates were resistant to ampicillin, ampicillin-sulbactam, amoxicillin-clavulanic acid, and cefazolin. Resistance to tetracycline and ciprofloxacin was detected in 62.5% and 12.5% of isolates, respectively. The analysis of the ERIC-PCR results showed five different ERIC types among the STEC isolates. CONCLUSION The isolation of different clones STECs from beef and the presence of antibiotic-resistant isolates indicate that more attention should be paid to the hygiene of slaughterhouses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiandokht Babolhavaeji
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Leili Shokoohizadeh
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Morteza Yavari
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Abbas Moradi
- Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Yousef Alikhani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
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Pan Y, Hu B, Bai X, Yang X, Cao L, Liu Q, Sun H, Li J, Zhang J, Jin D, Xiong Y. Antimicrobial Resistance of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Humans and Domestic Animals. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10010074. [PMID: 33466678 PMCID: PMC7828786 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10010074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) is an important pathogen that can cause zoonotic diseases. To investigate the antimicrobial resistance of STEC in China, non-O157 STEC isolates, recovered from domestic animals and humans from 12 provinces, were analyzed using antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole genome characterization. Out of the 298 isolates tested, 115 strains showed resistance to at least one antimicrobial and 85 strains showed multidrug resistance. The highest resistance rate was to tetracycline (32.6%), followed by nalidixic acid (25.2%) and chloramphenicol and azithromycin (both 18.8%). However, imipenem and meropenem were effective against all isolates. Antimicrobial resistance patterns varied among strains from different sources. Strains from pig, sheep, humans, and cattle showed resistance rates of 100.0%, 46.9%, 30.3%, and 6.3% to one or more antimicrobials, respectively. Forty-three genes related to 11 antimicrobial classes were identified among these strains. The colistin-resistance gene mcr was only carried by strains from pigs. A new fosfomycin-resistant gene, fosA7, was detected in strains from humans, cattle, and sheep. Whole genome phylogenetic analysis showed that strains from the four sources were genetically diverse and scattered throughout the phylogenetic tree; however, some strains from the same source had a tendency to cluster closely. These results provide a reference to monitor the emergence and spread of multidrug resistant STEC strains among animals and humans. Furthermore, with a better understanding of antimicrobial genotypes and phenotypes among the diverse STEC strains obtained, this study could guide the administration of antimicrobial drugs in STEC infections when necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.P.); (X.B.); (X.Y.); (L.C.); (Q.L.); (H.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Bin Hu
- Shandong Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan 250014, China;
| | - Xiangning Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.P.); (X.B.); (X.Y.); (L.C.); (Q.L.); (H.S.); (J.L.)
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, 14186 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.P.); (X.B.); (X.Y.); (L.C.); (Q.L.); (H.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Lijiao Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.P.); (X.B.); (X.Y.); (L.C.); (Q.L.); (H.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.P.); (X.B.); (X.Y.); (L.C.); (Q.L.); (H.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.P.); (X.B.); (X.Y.); (L.C.); (Q.L.); (H.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.P.); (X.B.); (X.Y.); (L.C.); (Q.L.); (H.S.); (J.L.)
| | - Ji Zhang
- mEpiLab, New Zealand Food Safety Science & Research Center, Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, 4442 Palmerston North, New Zealand;
| | - Dong Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.P.); (X.B.); (X.Y.); (L.C.); (Q.L.); (H.S.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.J.); (Y.X.)
| | - Yanwen Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China; (Y.P.); (X.B.); (X.Y.); (L.C.); (Q.L.); (H.S.); (J.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.J.); (Y.X.)
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