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Liautard M, Magny R, Houzé P, Deguette C, Alcaraz E, Douaouria S, Gorgiard C, Labat L, Dufayet L. Pro-active drug-facilitated crimes (DFC): a study in the Department of Forensic Medicine of Paris, France. Int J Legal Med 2024; 138:415-430. [PMID: 37768350 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-023-03090-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proactive drug facilitated crime (DFC) is the administration of psychoactive substances (PAS) for criminal purposes without the victim's knowledge or by force. In Paris, France, patients who report suspected proactive DFC to the police are examined at the Department of Forensic Medicine (DFM) of the Hôtel-Dieu Hospital. Preventively blood and urine samples are collected but not systematically analyzed by the judicial authority. We aimed to assess the proportion of probable proactive DFC in patients examined at the Hôtel-Dieu DFM following a police report for suspected proactive DFC. METHOD Blood and urine samples were collected from 100 patients. Toxicological analyses were performed by the toxicology laboratory of the Lariboisière Hospital. The results were correlated with the clinical data collected at the initial and follow-up consultations. RESULTS At least one PAS was detected in 86% of the cases (voluntary or involuntary intake). After correlation with clinical data, 32% of the cases were classified as probable proactive DFC. In these cases, 49% of the substances identified were illicit substances (amphetamines, MDMA, etc.); 16% were benzodiazepines and related substances; 16% were antihistamines and sedatives; 14% were opioids; and 5% were antidepressants and anti-epileptics. In 90% of the cases, patients reported a voluntary ethanol consumption in the hours prior to the suspected proactive DFC. CONCLUSION Toxicological analyses revealed a high proportion of both probable proactive DFC and probable opportunistic DFC. Our results indicate the need to perform systematical toxicological analysis in cases of suspected DFC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Liautard
- Department of Forensic Medicine, APHP Hôtel-Dieu, 1 Parvis Notre-Dame - Pl. Jean-Paul II, 75004, Paris, France.
- Forensic Institute of Paris, 2 Voie Mazas, 75012, Paris, France.
| | - Romain Magny
- Biological Toxicology Laboratory, Toxicology Federation Fetox, APHP Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75010, Paris, France
- UMRS 1144, INSERM, Pharmacy Faculty, 4 Av. de L'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, 85 Boulevard Saint-Germain, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Pascal Houzé
- Biological Toxicology Laboratory, Toxicology Federation Fetox, APHP Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75010, Paris, France
- UMRS 1144, INSERM, Pharmacy Faculty, 4 Av. de L'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, 85 Boulevard Saint-Germain, 75006, Paris, France
| | - Céline Deguette
- Department of Forensic Medicine, APHP Hôtel-Dieu, 1 Parvis Notre-Dame - Pl. Jean-Paul II, 75004, Paris, France
- Forensic Institute of Paris, 2 Voie Mazas, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Elizabeth Alcaraz
- Department of Forensic Medicine, APHP Hôtel-Dieu, 1 Parvis Notre-Dame - Pl. Jean-Paul II, 75004, Paris, France
| | - Sophia Douaouria
- National Office for the Indemnification of Medical Accidents, Iatrogeneous and Nosocomial Infections (ONIAM), Tour Altaïs - 1 Place Aimé Césaire, 93100, Montreuil, France
| | - Charlotte Gorgiard
- Department of Forensic Medicine, APHP Hôtel-Dieu, 1 Parvis Notre-Dame - Pl. Jean-Paul II, 75004, Paris, France
- Forensic Institute of Paris, 2 Voie Mazas, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Laurence Labat
- Biological Toxicology Laboratory, Toxicology Federation Fetox, APHP Lariboisière-Fernand-Widal, 2 Rue Ambroise Paré, 75010, Paris, France
- UMRS 1144, INSERM, Pharmacy Faculty, 4 Av. de L'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, 85 Boulevard Saint-Germain, 75006, Paris, France
| | - L Dufayet
- Department of Forensic Medicine, APHP Hôtel-Dieu, 1 Parvis Notre-Dame - Pl. Jean-Paul II, 75004, Paris, France
- UMRS 1144, INSERM, Pharmacy Faculty, 4 Av. de L'Observatoire, 75006, Paris, France
- Paris Cité University, 85 Boulevard Saint-Germain, 75006, Paris, France
- Paris Poison Control Center, Toxicology Federation Fetox, APHP Lariboisière-Fernand Widal, 200 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis, 75010, Paris, France
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Vega-Vega C, Navarro-Escayola E, Bañón-González R. [Characteristics of 702 cases of sexual assault in Alicante (Spain) during the years 2016-2020]. Med Clin (Barc) 2023; 160:275-276. [PMID: 36481118 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2022.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clara Vega-Vega
- Sección de Policlínica y Especialidades, Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses de Alicante, Alicante, España.
| | - Esperanza Navarro-Escayola
- Sección de Laboratorio de Toxicología, Instituto de Medicina Legal y Ciencias Forenses de Alicante, Alicante, España
| | - Rafael Bañón-González
- Dirección General para el Servicio Público de Justicia, Ministerio de Justicia, Madrid, España
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Navarro Escayola E, Vega Vega C, Hernando Torrecilla C. Bufotenina como droga facilitadora de agresión sexual. Med Clin (Barc) 2022; 159:e66-e67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Prego-Meleiro P, García-Ruiz C, Sanz-Pareja M, Recalde Esnoz I, Quintanilla MG, Montalvo G. Forensic intelligence-led prevention of drug-facilitated sexual assaults. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 337:111373. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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An approximation to the identification of contexts, experiences, and profiles of victims of drug-facilitated sexual assaults. J Forensic Leg Med 2022; 90:102376. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2022.102376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Almofti N, Ballesteros-Gómez A, Rubio S, Girela-López E. Analysis of conventional and nonconventional forensic specimens in drug-facilitated sexual assault by liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Talanta 2022; 250:123713. [PMID: 35779361 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) has dramatically increased in the last decades. Forensic analytical scientists continuously seek new methods and specimens to prove the incidence of intoxication for the judiciary system. Factors influencing sample selection include the ease of obtaining the samples and the window of detection of the drugs, among others. Both conventional (blood, urine) and non-conventional specimens (hair, nails, fluids) have been proposed as suitable in DFSA cases. Reported sample treatments include a variety of liquid-liquid and solid-phase extraction as well as dilute-and-shoot procedures and microextraction techniques. Regarding analysis, liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has emerged as the preferred confirmatory technique, due to its sensitivity, selectivity, and wide-scope applicability. In this review, we critically discuss the most common specimens and sample treatments/analysis procedures (related to LC-MS/MS) that have been reported during the last ten years. As a final goal, we intend to provide a critical overview and suggest analytical recommendations for the establishment of suitable analytical strategies in DFSA cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Almofti
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Annex Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain; Section of Forensic and Legal Medicine, Department of Morphological and Sociosanitary Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - A Ballesteros-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Annex Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - S Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Fine Chemistry and Nanochemistry, Marie Curie Annex Building, Campus of Rabanales, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - E Girela-López
- Section of Forensic and Legal Medicine, Department of Morphological and Sociosanitary Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Nursing, University of Córdoba, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
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Williams CM. Evidentiary discrepancies in sexual assault casework within the US. Forensic Sci Res 2021; 6:189-194. [PMID: 34868710 PMCID: PMC8635549 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2021.1960465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, a significant number of investigations have discovered up to 200 000 unsubmitted sexual assault kits (SAKs) in the US. While the public outcry was largely directed towards DNA analysis, the SAKs also contained biological specimens specifically designated for toxicological analysis. Due to the sensitivity of analytes in potential drug facilitated sexual assaults, the preservation and maintenance of the specimens is crucial in providing accurate toxicological measurements. The investigations into the unsubmitted SAKs have identified subjective law enforcement officer (LEO) rationale for the unsubmitted kits, however the impact on toxicological specimens has not been examined. This brief review of policies and guidelines with respect to forensic specimens has identified potential sources of evidentiary degradation, despite the use of chemical preservatives. With respect to temperature-controlled environments, the variation in SAK submission policies established throughout the US are potentially detrimental to the preservation of toxicological evidence. Degradation as a result of time-delayed collection and poorly maintained storage temperatures plays a crucial role for/in the interpretation of qualitative and quantitative toxicological results. This review finds these delays can be addressed through modernisation of facilities; electronic tracking of unsubmitted SAKs; mandated transfer of biological evidence within 72 h; and documentation of temperature within the chain of custody or other records. Without identifying the range of temperatures in which the evidence was exposed, forensic toxicologists may unintentionally provide erroneous interpretations of toxicological analyses – potentially casting doubt on the survivor’s recall of events and negatively impacting future sexual assault investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinyere M Williams
- Department of Chemistry and Forensics, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK
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García MG, Pérez-Cárceles MD, Osuna E, Legaz I. Drug-facilitated sexual assault and other crimes: A systematic review by countries. J Forensic Leg Med 2021; 79:102151. [PMID: 33773270 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2021.102151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) and drug-facilitated crime (DFC) constitute a mode of violence that is generally unknown to the population and may go unnoticed by health professionals. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze the victims of DFC, compiling their sociodemographic characteristics, the toxic substances used and their biological matrices and modes of action, in order to identify the substances that are commonly put to criminal use. The aim would be to establish political and health strategies that inform and warn people about possible criminal social behaviors consequent danger to health. This systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA guidelines. Alcohol, benzodiazepines and cocaine were among the most commonly detected substances. In most of the hospitals, immunoassays, liquid chromatography (LC-MS), or gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses were used to identify the substances, while the most frequently used biological matrices were blood and urine. From a judicial point of view, the instrumental protocols and techniques followed for the detection of toxics in different biological matrices must guarantee the reliability and validity of the results for use in a court of law. The recommendations of international organizations should be followed and must be called upon to strengthen their respective national laws against this chemical submission (CS) phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G García
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M D Pérez-Cárceles
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - E Osuna
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - I Legaz
- Department of Legal and Forensic Medicine, Biomedical Research Institute (IMIB), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.
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Prego-Meleiro P, Montalvo G, Quintela-Jorge Ó, García-Ruiz C. An ecological working framework as a new model for understanding and preventing the victimization of women by drug-facilitated sexual assault. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 315:110438. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Increasing awareness of the severity of female victimization by opportunistic drug-facilitated sexual assault: A new viewpoint. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 315:110460. [PMID: 32858463 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The victimization of women by opportunistic drug-facilitated sexual assault in leisure contexts was studied in this work by applying a novel approximation. A multifocal analytical strategy based on an intersectional gender-sensitive approach was used to analyse the evidence coming from both forensic case studies and contextual studies about sexual interrelation and drug use. The process of victimization comprises social changes affecting consumption patterns and sexual interaction, intersecting in the hegemonic recreational nightlife model. However, victims experience a range of situations that make it difficult for them to self-acknowledge themselves as such. Widespread myths about the victimization process add to the social questioning faced by victims, stemming from gender-based double standards which condition the expected female behaviors regarding the use of drugs and sexual interaction. The victims usually experience amnesia, lack of injuries and emotional harm, which make difficult the self-acknowledgement as a victim of sexual assault and the reporting of the episode suffered. Consequently, it is an urgent public health need to implement a new viewpoint about the victimization of women by opportunistic drug-facilitated sexual assault in leisure contexts, able to increase awareness of the severity of this form of sexual violence. Society must recognize the existence of this problem within itself to help victims to acknowledge themselves as such, lodge a complaint and seek adequate help. The lack of this social support feeds the perpetuation of the victimization process, which exacerbates the risk of locking victims into spirals of cyclical re-victimization and favors both the underreporting as well as inadequate coping strategies. In addition to focusing on the need to increase awareness of the severity of female victimization by opportunistic drug-facilitated sexual assault in leisure contexts, other recommendations include the use of the term "take advantage", the development of specific criminal approaches, and the in-depth knowledge of the phenomenon via victimization surveys. These steps are necessary for developing well-targeted and evidence-based preventive measures consistent-with-reality.
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Torre-Laso JDL. ¿Por qué se Cometen Agresiones Sexuales en Grupo? Una Revisión de las Investigaciones y Propuestas Teóricas. ANUARIO DE PSICOLOGÍA JURÍDICA 2020. [DOI: 10.5093/apj2019a18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Inciarte A, Leal L, Masfarre L, Gonzalez E, Diaz-Brito V, Lucero C, Garcia-Pindado J, León A, García F. Post-exposure prophylaxis for HIV infection in sexual assault victims. HIV Med 2019; 21:43-52. [PMID: 31603619 PMCID: PMC6916272 DOI: 10.1111/hiv.12797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Sexual assault (SA) is recognized as a public health problem of epidemic proportions. Guidelines recommend the administration of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) after an SA. However, few data are available about the feasibility of this strategy, and this study was conducted to assess this. METHODS We conducted a retrospective, longitudinal, observational study in SA victims attending the Hospital Clinic in Barcelona from 2006 to 2015. A total of 1695 SA victims attended the emergency room (ER), of whom 883 met the PEP criteria. Five follow-up visits were scheduled at days 1, 10, 28, 90 and 180 in the out-patient clinic. The primary endpoint was PEP completion rate at day 28. Secondary endpoints were loss to follow-up, treatment discontinuation, occurrence of adverse events (AEs) and rate of seroconversion. RESULTS The median age of participants was 25 years [interquartile range (IQR) 21-33 years] and 93% were female. The median interval between exposure and presentation at the ER was 13 h (IQR 6-24 h). The level of risk was appreciable in 47% (n = 466) of individuals. Of 883 patients receiving PEP, 631 lived in Catalonia. In this group, the PEP completion rate at day 28 was 29% (n = 183). The follow-up rate was 63% (n = 400) and 38% (n = 241) at days 1 and 28, respectively. Treatment discontinuation was present in 58 (15%) of 400 patients who attended at least the day 1 visit, the main reason being AEs (n = 35; 60%). AEs were reported in 226 (56%) patients, and were mainly gastrointestinal (n = 196; 49%). Only 211 (33%) patients returned for HIV testing at day 90. A single seroconversion was observed in a men who have sex with men (MSM) patient at day 120. CONCLUSIONS Follow-up and compliance rates in SA victims were poor. In addition, > 50% of the patients experienced AEs, which were the main reason for PEP interruption. Strategies to increase follow-up testing and new better tolerated drug regimens must be investigated to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Inciarte
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Investigation August Pi and Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Leal
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Investigation August Pi and Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - L Masfarre
- University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Gonzalez
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Diaz-Brito
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Hospital Sant Joan De DEU, Santa Boi, Spain
| | - C Lucero
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - A León
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Investigation August Pi and Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F García
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,Institute of Biomedical Investigation August Pi and Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain
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Toxicological findings in 1000 cases of suspected drug facilitated sexual assault in the United States. J Forensic Leg Med 2019; 61:56-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Gomila Muñiz I, Puiguriguer Ferrando J, Quesada Redondo L. [Drug facilitated crime using burundanga: First analytical confirmation in Spain]. Med Clin (Barc) 2016; 147:421. [PMID: 27567338 DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2016.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Gomila Muñiz
- Unidad de Toxicología Clínica, Servicio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, España; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, España
| | - Jordi Puiguriguer Ferrando
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, España; Unidad de Toxicología Clínica, Servicio de Urgencias Médicas, Hospital Universitario Son Espases, Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, España
| | - Loreto Quesada Redondo
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Palma (IdISPa), Palma de Mallorca, Baleares, España.
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Becerra-García JA. Epidemiología de la sumisión química con fines sexuales. Med Clin (Barc) 2015; 144:401-2. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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