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Gutierrez AH, Mazariegos MS, Alemany S, Nevzorova YA, Cubero FJ, Sanz-García C. Tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2): A Cot-plicated progression from inflammation to chronic liver disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2023; 1869:166660. [PMID: 36764206 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2023.166660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The cytoplasmic protein tumor progression locus 2 (TPL2), also known as cancer Osaka thyroid (Cot), or MAP3K8, is thought to have a significant role in a variety of cancers and illnesses and it is a key component in the activation pathway for the expression of inflammatory mediators. Despite the tight connection between inflammation and TPL2, its function has not been extensively studied in chronic liver disease (CLD), a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Here, we analyze more in detail the significance of TPL2 in CLD to shed light on the pathological and molecular transduction pattern of TPL2 during the progression of CLD. This might result in important advancements and enable progress in the diagnosis and treatment of CLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro H Gutierrez
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Marina S Mazariegos
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Alemany
- Department of Metabolism and Cell Signaling, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas Alberto Sols, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain; Biomedicine Unit (Unidad Asociada al CSIC), Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35001 Las Palmas, Spain
| | - Yulia A Nevzorova
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Cubero
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD), 28029 Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), 28007 Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Sanz-García
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Complutense University School of Medicine, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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Abstract
Liver diseases, including viral hepatitis, fatty liver, metabolic-associated fatty liver disease, liver cirrhosis, alcoholic liver disease, and liver neoplasms, are major global health challenges. Despite the continued development of new drugs and technologies, the prognosis of end-stage liver diseases, including advanced liver cirrhosis and liver neoplasms, remains poor. Follistatin-like protein 1 (FSTL1), an extracellular glycoprotein, is secreted by various cell types. It is a glycoprotein that belongs to the family of secreted proteins acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC). It is also known as transforming growth factor-beta inducible TSC-36 and follistatin-related protein (FRP). FSTL1 plays a key role in cell survival, proliferation, differentiation, and migration, as well as the regulation of inflammation and immunity. Studies have demonstrated that FSTL1 significantly affects the occurrence and development of liver diseases. This article reviews the role and mechanism of FSLT1 in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuansha Gu
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor
Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical
University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Hua Xue
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang
Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, China
| | - Xiaoli Yang
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor
Microenvironment and Immunotherapy, School of Laboratory Medicine, Xinxiang Medical
University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Yu Nie
- School of Basic Medicine, Xinxiang Medical
University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Xinlai Qian
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang
Medical University, Xinxiang 453000, China
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Role of Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation in the Pathophysiology of NAFLD. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11112217. [PMID: 36358589 PMCID: PMC9686676 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11112217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is characterised by an excess of hepatic fat that can progress to steatohepatitis, fibrosis, cirrhosis and hepatocarcinoma. The imbalance between lipid uptake/lipogenesis and lipid oxidation/secretion in the liver is a major feature of NAFLD. Given the lack of a non-invasive and reliable methods for the diagnosis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), it is important to find serum markers that are capable of discriminating or defining patients with this stage of NASH. Blood samples were obtained from 152 Caucasian subjects with biopsy-proven NAFLD due to persistently elevated liver enzyme levels. Metabolites representative of oxidative stress were assessed. The findings derived from this work revealed that NAFLD patients with a NASH score of ≥ 4 showed significantly higher levels of lipid peroxidation (LPO). Indeed, LPO levels above the optimal operating point (OOP) of 315.39 μM are an independent risk factor for presenting a NASH score of ≥ 4 (OR: 4.71; 95% CI: 1.68−13.19; p = 0.003). The area under the curve (AUC = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.73−0.89, p < 0.001) shows a good discrimination ability of the model. Therefore, understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the basal inflammation present in these patients is postulated as a possible source of biomarkers and therapeutic targets in NASH.
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Natural polysaccharides as potential anti-fibrotic agents: A review of their progress. Life Sci 2022; 308:120953. [PMID: 36103957 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosis, as a common disease which could be found in nearly all organs, is normally initiated by organic injury and eventually ended in cellular dysfunction and organ failure. Currently, effective and safe therapeutic strategies targeting fibrogenesis still in highly demand. Natural polysaccharides derived from natural resources possess promising anti-fibrosis potential, with no deleterious side effects. Based on the etiology and pathogenesis of fibrosis, this review summarizes the intervention effects and mechanisms of natural polysaccharides in the prevention and treatment of fibrosis. Natural polysaccharides are able to regulate each phase of the fibrogenic response, including primary injury to organs, activation of effector cells, the elaboration of extracellular matrix (ECM) and dynamic deposition. In addition, polysaccharides significantly reduce fibrosis levels in multiple organs including heart, lung, liver and kidney. The investigation of the pathogenesis of fibrosis indicates that mechanisms including the inhibition of TGF-β/Smad, NF-κB, HMGB1/TLR4, cAMP/PKA signaling pathways, MMPs/TIMPs system as well as microRNAs are promising therapeutic targets. Natural polysaccharides can target these mediators or pathways to alleviate fibrosis. The information reviewed here offer new insights into the understanding the protective role of natural polysaccharides against fibrosis, help design further experimental studies related to polysaccharides and fibrotic responses, and shed light on a potential treatment for fibrosis.
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Yu Y, Li L, Yu W, Guan Z. Fluoride Exposure Suppresses Proliferation and Enhances Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress and Apoptosis Pathways in Hepatocytes by Downregulating Sirtuin-1. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:7380324. [PMID: 36046439 PMCID: PMC9420589 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7380324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective To explore the function and mechanism of Sirt-1 in fluorine-induced liver injury. Method Fluorosis rats were first established. The fluorine content, pathological structure, collagen fibers, and fibrosis in liver tissues were tested through the fluoride ion selective electrode method, H&E, Masson, and Sirius red staining; alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), interleukin 18 (IL-18), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in rat serum were also analyzed using ELISA kits. Then, the fluorosis cell model was built, which was also alleviated with NaF, Sirt-1 siRNAs, or endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) alleviator (4-PBA). CCK-8 also assessed cell proliferation; RT-qPCR or Western blots detect sirtuin-1 (Sirt-1), protein kinase R- (PKR-) like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and apoptosis-related protein levels in liver tissue. Results Our results uncovered that fluorine exposure could aggravate the pathological damage and fibrosis of rat liver tissues and increase indicators related to liver injury. And fluoride exposure also could downregulate Sirt-1 and upregulate ERS-related proteins (PERK, 78-kD glucose-regulated protein (GRP-78), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6)) and apoptosis-related protein (caspase-3 and C/EBP-homologous protein (CHOP)) in rat liver tissues. Besides, we proved that fluoride exposure could suppress proliferation and enhances ERS and apoptotic pathways in AML12 cells by downregulating Sirt-1. Moreover, we revealed that ERS alleviator (4-PBA) could induce proliferation and prevent ERS and apoptosis in fluorine-exposed AML12 cells. Conclusions We suggested that fluorine exposure can induce hepatocyte ERS and apoptosis through downregulation of Sirt-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanlong Yu
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Wenfeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Zhizhong Guan
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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Zhang C, Zhang C. Analysis of current status of quantitative detection of biomarkers for liver fibrosis in Clinical labs in China. J Clin Lab Anal 2022; 36:e24490. [PMID: 35587485 PMCID: PMC9279982 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.24490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim To explore the quality control and implementation of the quantitative detection of liver fibrosis biomarkers, laminin (LN), collagen IV (Col Ⅳ), procollagen III amino‐terminal propeptide (PⅢNP), hyaluronic acid (HA), and cholyglycine (CG), in China. Methods Two quality control products were measured in different laboratories using different measurement methods and reagents, and the acquired results were subjected to analysis. The quantitative detection technique was based on the conventional assessment criteria, with a target value ±30% being employed. Results Hundred labs were involved in the External Quality Assessment with 88 laboratories completing the assessment, and the pass rates were 84%, 80.2%, 67.5%, 77.3%, and 58.3% for HA, LN, PⅢNP, Col Ⅳ, and CG, respectively. Chemiluminescence immunoassay was used most for HA (90.1%), LN (90.1%), PⅢNP (87.9%), and Col Ⅳ (82.9%) determination, whereas the chemiluminescence immunoassay (31.6%), latex‐enhanced immunoturbidimetry (36.7%), and homogeneous enzyme immunoassay (26.7%) were used for CG determination. The coefficients of variation for HA, LN, PⅢNP, Col Ⅳ, and CG in different laboratories were 3.3%–19.49%, 1.74%–38.81%, 1.97%–41.29%, 2.85%–41.69%, and 2.71%–41.8%, respectively. Conclusion The clinical quantitative detection of liver fibrosis biomarkers is highly performed in China. The existing problems are that there are many manufacturers producing reagents and instruments, the quality of reagents is uneven, the specificity and sensitivity of reagents are greatly different, the comparability of results of various systems is poor, and the accuracy and consistency between different systems are lacking. All above underscores the critical importance of EQA in improving and monitoring the identification of biomarkers for liver fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Chuanbao Zhang
- National Center for Clinical Laboratories, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Beijing Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
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Wu Z, Wang J, Feng J, Ying L. MicroRNA-122-5p prevents proliferation and promotes apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells by suppressing the cellular-Abelsongene/histone deacetylases 2 pathway. Hum Exp Toxicol 2022; 41:9603271221084672. [PMID: 35303413 DOI: 10.1177/09603271221084672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a wound-healing response and the activation of the hepatic stellate cell (HSC) is the core of hepatic fibrosis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) participate in the development of fibrosis. It is reported that histone deacetylases (HDAC2) tyrosine phosphorylation by cellular-Abelsongene (c-Abl) induces malignant growth of cells. Here, we investigated the effect of miR-122-5p on the proliferation and apoptosis of HSCs. Normal human HSC line LX-2 and LX-2 cells stimulated by transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 for 24 h were cultured and assigned into the blank group and the TGF-β1 group. The miR-122-5p inhibitor and its negative control were transfected into LX-2 cells and miR-122-5p mimic and its negative control were transfected into LX-2 cells stimulated by TGF-β1. The result showed that miR-122-5p expression was decreased in TGF-β1-stimulated LX-2 cells. miR-122-5p overexpression reduced the mRNA and protein levels of collagen I and α-smooth muscle actin, inhibited cell proliferation, and accelerated cell apoptosis. miR-122-5p targeted c-Abl. Meanwhile, miR-122-5p overexpression inhibited HSC activation by suppressing the c-Abl/HDAC2 pathway. In summary, miR-122-5p overexpression exerted anti-fibrosis effect and inhibited HSC activation by suppressing the c-Abl/HDAC2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- ZongYang Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, 11797The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - JinBo Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, 11797The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - JiYe Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, 11797The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - LiPing Ying
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, 11797The Affiliated People's Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
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Suarez-Quintero CY, Patarroyo Henao O, Muñoz-Velandia O. Concordance between hepatic biopsy and the APRI index (Ast to Platelet Ratio Index) for the diagnosis of cirrhosis in patients with autoimmune liver disease. GASTROENTEROLOGIA Y HEPATOLOGIA 2021; 44:465-471. [PMID: 33608136 DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES It has been proposed that non-invasive methods may replace liver biopsy for the diagnosis of tissue damage in patients with autoimmune liver disease (ALD). The aim of this study was to determine diagnostic performance and degree of concordance between the APRI index and liver biopsy for diagnosing cirrhosis in these patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS In a cohort of patients with ALD, the value of the APRI index and liver biopsy results were determined according to the METAVIR score. The AUC and the degree of concordance between an APRI value >2 and a METAVIR score of F4 were evaluated as markers of liver cirrhosis, through a kappa statistic. RESULTS In total, 70 patients (age 51 ± 13 years) were included. The most common autoimmune liver diseases were primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) (40%), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) (24.3%) and AIH-PBC overlap syndrome (32.9%). Cirrhosis was confirmed by biopsy in 16 patients (22.9%). 15 patients (21.4%) had an APRI index >2 (Cirrhosis) and only six met both criteria. The AUC of the APRI was 0.77 (95% CI 0.65-0.88). The degree of concordance between the tests was low for an APRI cut-off point >2 (kappa 0.213; 95% CI 0.094-0.332), as well as for cut-off points >1.5, >1 and >0.5 (kappa 0.213, 0.255, 0.257, respectively) CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that there is little concordance between APRI and liver biopsy for the diagnosis of cirrhosis in patients with ALD. It should therefore not be used as a single diagnostic method to determine cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Yanette Suarez-Quintero
- Unidad de Gastroenterología y Endoscopia Digestiva, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia; Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Oscar Patarroyo Henao
- Unidad de Gastroenterología y Endoscopia Digestiva, Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Oscar Muñoz-Velandia
- Departamento de Medicina Interna, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia; Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia.
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Hao XJ, Xu CZ, Wang JT, Li XJ, Wang MM, Gu YH, Liang ZG. miR-21 promotes proliferation and inhibits apoptosis of hepatic stellate cells through targeting PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2019; 38:455-461. [PMID: 31038023 DOI: 10.1080/10799893.2019.1585452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the effect of microRNA 21 (miR-21) on hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) proliferation and apoptosis, and further to study its potential mechanisms. LX-2 cells were divided into miR-21 mimic group (Mimic), miR-21 mimic negative control group (NM), miR-21 inhibitor group (Inhibitor), miR-21 inhibitor negative control group (NC), and blank control group (Control). The cell proliferation was detected by CCK-8 assay and the cell migration and invasion were detected by scratch and transwell assay. Cell cycle and apoptosis were detected by flow cytometry. The levels of interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Proliferation, apoptosis, and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN)/phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (AKT) signaling pathway related genes and proteins were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blot, respectively. The cells proliferation, migration, and invasion were promoted in Mimic group. The levels of IL-6, TNF-α, and TGF-β1 were increased after miR-21 administration. The expression of α-smooth muscle actin (SMA) and collagen 1 (Colla1) were increased, while Bax/B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 ratio and programed cell death 4 (PDCD4) were reduced after miR‑21 treatment. Meanwhile, the mRNA and protein expression of PTEN were reduced and PI3K/AKT pathway been promoted. Our study demonstrated that miR-21 could promote proliferation and inhibit apoptosis of HSCs, and its mechanism may be related to PTEN/PI3K/AKT pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Jie Hao
- a Hepatic Department , No. 6 Qingdao People's Hospital , Qingdao , China
| | - Cheng-Zhen Xu
- a Hepatic Department , No. 6 Qingdao People's Hospital , Qingdao , China
| | - Jin-Tai Wang
- b Orthopedics Department , No. 8 Qingdao People's Hospital , Qingdao , China
| | - Xiao-Jie Li
- a Hepatic Department , No. 6 Qingdao People's Hospital , Qingdao , China
| | - Ming-Min Wang
- a Hepatic Department , No. 6 Qingdao People's Hospital , Qingdao , China
| | - Yi-Hai Gu
- c Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine , No. 6 Qingdao People's Hospital , Qingdao , China
| | - Zhi-Gang Liang
- d Department of Neurology , Affiliated Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital of Qingdao University , Yantai , China
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Hong Y, Li S, Wang J, Li Y. In vitro inhibition of hepatic stellate cell activation by the autophagy-related lipid droplet protein ATG2A. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9232. [PMID: 29915313 PMCID: PMC6006255 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27686-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical studies have found that moderate intake of retinol or oleic acid can enlarge the lipid droplets of hepatic stellate cells and suppress their activation. However, the link between lipid droplets and cell activation is unknown. This study compared the dynamics of lipid droplet-associated protein expression between activated and reverted stellate cells. Reversion of the activated human stellate cell line LX-2 and inhibition of primary mouse stellate cell activation were induced by retinol or oleic acid, which resulted in larger lipid droplets and the downregulation of cell activation markers. Quantitative proteomics and immunoblotting were performed to compare lipid-droplet protein profiles between activated and reverted LX-2 cells. Compared to expression in activated cells, 50 lipid-droplet proteins were upregulated, whereas 28 were downregulated upon reversion. ATG2A was significantly enriched in lipid droplets of retinol/oleic acid-treated LX-2 cells and quiescent primary stellate cells. Reduced expression of α-SMA, increased expression of perilipin-3, enlarged lipid droplets, and suppression of autophagic flux were observed in ATG2A-deficient LX2 cells. Lipid-droplet protein profile changes during the reversion of activated stellate cells might provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms linking lipid droplets to liver fibrosis. ATG2A could represent a potential new drug target for hepatic fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hong
- First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - Sirui Li
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jifeng Wang
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Youming Li
- First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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