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Vallejo-Perez M, Ternon C, Spinelli N, Morisot F, Theodorou C, Jayakumar G, Hellström PE, Mouis M, Rapenne L, Mescot X, Salem B, Stambouli V. Optimization of GOPS-Based Functionalization Process and Impact of Aptamer Grafting on the Si Nanonet FET Electrical Properties as First Steps towards Thrombin Electrical Detection. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10091842. [PMID: 32942692 PMCID: PMC7559082 DOI: 10.3390/nano10091842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Field effect transistors (FETs) based on networks of randomly oriented Si nanowires (Si nanonets or Si NNs) were biomodified using Thrombin Binding Aptamer (TBA-15) probe with the final objective to sense thrombin by electrical detection. In this work, the impact of the biomodification on the electrical properties of the Si NN-FETs was studied. First, the results that were obtained for the optimization of the (3-Glycidyloxypropyl)trimethoxysilane (GOPS)-based biofunctionalization process by using UV radiation are reported. The biofunctionalized devices were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM), proving that TBA-15 probes were properly grafted on the surface of the devices, and by means of epifluorescence microscopy it was possible to demonstrate that the UV-assisted GOPS-based functionalization notably improves the homogeneity of the surface DNA distribution. Later, the electrical characteristics of 80 devices were analyzed before and after the biofunctionalization process, indicating that the results are highly dependent on the experimental protocol. We found that the TBA-15 hybridization capacity with its complementary strand is time dependent and that the transfer characteristics of the Si NN-FETs obtained after the TBA-15 probe grafting are also time dependent. These results help to elucidate and define the experimental precautions that must be taken into account to fabricate reproducible devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Vallejo-Perez
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (M.V.-P.); (F.M.); (L.R.)
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR 5250, F-38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Céline Ternon
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (M.V.-P.); (F.M.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (V.S.)
| | - Nicolas Spinelli
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, DCM UMR 5250, F-38000 Grenoble, France;
| | - Fanny Morisot
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (M.V.-P.); (F.M.); (L.R.)
- University Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IMEP-LAHC, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (C.T.); (M.M.); (X.M.)
| | - Christoforos Theodorou
- University Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IMEP-LAHC, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (C.T.); (M.M.); (X.M.)
| | - Ganesh Jayakumar
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Electrum 229, SE-164 40 Kista, Sweden; (G.J.); (P.-E.H.)
| | - Per-Erik Hellström
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Electronics, School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Electrum 229, SE-164 40 Kista, Sweden; (G.J.); (P.-E.H.)
| | - Mireille Mouis
- University Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IMEP-LAHC, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (C.T.); (M.M.); (X.M.)
| | - Laetitia Rapenne
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (M.V.-P.); (F.M.); (L.R.)
| | - Xavier Mescot
- University Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IMEP-LAHC, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (C.T.); (M.M.); (X.M.)
| | - Bassem Salem
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA/LETI Minatec, Grenoble INP, LTM, F-38054 Grenoble, France;
| | - Valérie Stambouli
- University Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LMGP, F-38000 Grenoble, France; (M.V.-P.); (F.M.); (L.R.)
- Correspondence: (C.T.); (V.S.)
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Walter SR, Young KL, Holland JG, Gieseck RL, Mirkin CA, Geiger FM. Counting the number of magnesium ions bound to the surface-immobilized thymine oligonucleotides that comprise spherical nucleic acids. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:17339-48. [PMID: 24156735 DOI: 10.1021/ja406551k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Label-free studies carried out under aqueous phase conditions quantify the number of Mg(2+) ions binding to surface-immobilized T40 sequences, the subsequent reordering of DNA on the surface, and the consequences of Mg(2+) binding for DNA-DNA interactions. Second harmonic generation measurements indicate that, within error, 18-20 Mg(2+) ions are bound to the T40 strand at saturation and that the metal-DNA interaction is associated with a near 30% length contraction of the strand. Structural reordering, evaluated using vibrational sum frequency generation, atomic force microscopy, and dynamic light scattering, is attributed to increased charge screening as the Mg(2+) ions bind to the negatively charged DNA, reducing repulsive Coulomb forces between nucleotides and allowing the DNA single strands to collapse or coil upon themselves. The impact of Mg(2+) binding on DNA hybridization and duplex stability is assessed with spherical nucleic acid (SNA) gold nanoparticle conjugates in order to determine an optimal working range of Mg(2+) concentrations for DNA-DNA interactions in the absence of NaCl. The findings are consistent with a charge titration effect in which, in the absence of NaCl, (1) hybridization does not occur at room temperature if an average of 17.5 or less Mg(2+) ions are bound per T40 strand, which is not reached until the bulk Mg(2+) concentration approaches 0.5 mM; (2) hybridization proceeds, albeit with low duplex stability having an average Tm of 31(3)°C, if an average of 17.5-18.0 Mg(2+) ions are bound; and (3) highly stable duplexes having a Tm of 64(2)°C form if 18.5-19.0 Mg(2+) ions are bound, corresponding to saturation of the T40 strand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie R Walter
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University , Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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