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Activation of Focal Adhesion Kinase Restores Simulated Microgravity-Induced Inhibition of Osteoblast Differentiation via Wnt/Β-Catenin Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23105593. [PMID: 35628403 PMCID: PMC9146119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Simulated microgravity (SMG) inhibits osteoblast differentiation (OBD) and induces bone loss via the inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. However, the mechanism by which SMG alters the Wnt/β-catenin pathway is unknown. We previously demonstrated that SMG altered the focal adhesion kinase (FAK)-regulated mTORC1, AMPK and ERK1/2 pathways, leading to the inhibition of tumor cell proliferation/metastasis and promoting cell apoptosis. To examine whether FAK similarly mediates SMG-dependent changes to Wnt/β-catenin in osteoblasts, we characterized mouse MC3T3-E1 cells cultured under clinostat-modeled SMG (µg) conditions. Compared to cells cultured under ground (1 g) conditions, SMG reduces focal adhesions, alters cytoskeleton structures, and down-regulates FAK, Wnt/β-catenin and Wnt/β-catenin-regulated molecules. Consequently, protein-2 (BMP2), type-1 collagen (COL1), alkaline-phosphatase activity and matrix mineralization are all inhibited. In the mouse hindlimb unloading (HU) model, SMG-affected tibial trabecular bone loss is significantly reduced, according to histological and micro-computed tomography analyses. Interestingly, the FAK activator, cytotoxic necrotizing factor-1 (CNF1), significantly suppresses all of the SMG-induced alterations in MC3T3-E1 cells and the HU model. Therefore, our data demonstrate the critical role of FAK in the SMG-induced inhibition of OBD and bone loss via the Wnt/β-catenin pathway, offering FAK signaling as a new therapeutic target not only for astronauts at risk of OBD inhibition and bone loss, but also osteoporotic patients.
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Benca E, Amini M, Pahr DH. Effect of CT imaging on the accuracy of the finite element modelling in bone. Eur Radiol Exp 2020; 4:51. [PMID: 32869123 PMCID: PMC7458968 DOI: 10.1186/s41747-020-00180-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The finite element (FE) analysis is a highly promising tool to simulate the behaviour of bone. Skeletal FE models in clinical routine rely on the information about the geometry and bone mineral density distribution from quantitative computed tomography (CT) imaging systems. Several parameters in CT imaging have been reported to affect the accuracy of FE models. FE models of bone are exclusively developed in vitro under scanning conditions deviating from the clinical setting, resulting in variability of FE results (< 10%). Slice thickness and field of view had little effect on FE predicted bone behaviour (≤ 4%), while the reconstruction kernels showed to have a larger effect (≤ 20%). Due to large interscanner variations (≤ 20%), the translation from an experimental model into clinical reality is a critical step. Those variations are assumed to be mostly caused by different “black box” reconstruction kernels and the varying frequency of higher density voxels, representing cortical bone. Considering the low number of studies together with the significant effect of CT imaging on the finite element model outcome leading to high variability in the predicted behaviour, we propose further systematic research and validation studies, ideally preceding multicentre and longitudinal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emir Benca
- Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Morteza Amini
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria.,Division Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500, Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Dieter H Pahr
- Institute of Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, TU Wien, Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria.,Division Biomechanics, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, 3500, Krems an der Donau, Austria
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Cesar R, Bravo-Castillero J, Ramos RR, Pereira CAM, Zanin H, Rollo JMDA. Relating mechanical properties of vertebral trabecular bones to osteoporosis. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2019; 23:54-68. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2019.1699542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Cesar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - J. Bravo-Castillero
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Matemáticas Aplicadas y en Sistemas (IIMAS), Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM), Mexico City, México
- IIMAS UNAM Mérida, Unidad Académica de Yucatán, Parque Científico Tecnológico de Yucatán, Mérida, México
| | - R. R. Ramos
- Facultad de Matemática y Computación, Universidad de La Habana, Havana, Cuba
| | - C. A. M. Pereira
- Orthopedics and Traumatology Institute at the Clinical Hospital, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - H. Zanin
- Carbon Sci-Tech labs, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - J. M. D. A. Rollo
- Department of Materials Engineering, São Carlos School of Engineering, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, Brazil
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Guglielmi G, Balzano RF, Cheng X. What is changed in the diagnosis of osteoporosis: the role of radiologists. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2018. [PMID: 29541617 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2018.02.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Guglielmi
- Department of Radiology, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Viale Luigi Pinto, Foggia, Puglia, Italy.,Department of Radiology, Ospedale Casa Sollievo della Sofferenza, Viale cappuccini, San Giovanni Rotondo, Italy
| | - Rosario Francesco Balzano
- Department of Radiology, Università degli Studi di Foggia, Scuole di Specializzazione di Area Medica, Viale Luigi Pinto, Foggia, Puglia, Italy
| | - Xiaoguang Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, Beijing 100035, China
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Taghizadeh E, Chandran V, Reyes M, Zysset P, Büchler P. Statistical analysis of the inter-individual variations of the bone shape, volume fraction and fabric and their correlations in the proximal femur. Bone 2017; 103:252-261. [PMID: 28732775 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Including structural information of trabecular bone improves the prediction of bone strength and fracture risk. However, this information is available in clinical CT scans, only for peripheral bones. We hypothesized that a correlation exists between the shape of the bone, its volume fraction (BV/TV) and fabric, which could be characterized using statistical modeling. High-resolution peripheral computed tomography (HR-pQCT) images of 73 proximal femurs were used to build a combined statistical model of shape, BV/TV and fabric. The model was based on correspondence established by image registration and by morphing of a finite element mesh describing the spatial distribution of the bone properties. Results showed no correlation between the distribution of bone shape, BV/TV and fabric. Only the first mode of variation associated with density and orientation showed a strong relationship (R2>0.8). In addition, the model showed that the anisotropic information of the proximal femur does not vary significantly in a population of healthy, osteoporotic and osteopenic samples. In our dataset, the average anisotropy of the population was able to provide a close approximation of the patient-specific anisotropy. These results were confirmed by homogenized finite element (hFE) analyses, which showed that the biomechanical behavior of the proximal femur was not significantly different when the average anisotropic information of the population was used instead of patient-specific fabric extracted from HR-pQCT. Based on these findings, it can be assumed that the fabric information of the proximal femur follows a similar structure in an elderly population of healthy, osteopenic and osteoporotic proximal femurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Taghizadeh
- Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics (ISTB), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Vimal Chandran
- Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics (ISTB), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mauricio Reyes
- Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics (ISTB), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Zysset
- Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics (ISTB), University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Büchler
- Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics (ISTB), University of Bern, Switzerland.
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Nazemi SM, Kalajahi SMH, Cooper DML, Kontulainen SA, Holdsworth DW, Masri BA, Wilson DR, Johnston JD. Accounting for spatial variation of trabecular anisotropy with subject-specific finite element modeling moderately improves predictions of local subchondral bone stiffness at the proximal tibia. J Biomech 2017; 59:101-108. [PMID: 28601243 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2017.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previously, a finite element (FE) model of the proximal tibia was developed and validated against experimentally measured local subchondral stiffness. This model indicated modest predictions of stiffness (R2=0.77, normalized root mean squared error (RMSE%)=16.6%). Trabecular bone though was modeled with isotropic material properties despite its orthotropic anisotropy. The objective of this study was to identify the anisotropic FE modeling approach which best predicted (with largest explained variance and least amount of error) local subchondral bone stiffness at the proximal tibia. METHODS Local stiffness was measured at the subchondral surface of 13 medial/lateral tibial compartments using in situ macro indentation testing. An FE model of each specimen was generated assuming uniform anisotropy with 14 different combinations of cortical- and tibial-specific density-modulus relationships taken from the literature. Two FE models of each specimen were also generated which accounted for the spatial variation of trabecular bone anisotropy directly from clinical CT images using grey-level structure tensor and Cowin's fabric-elasticity equations. Stiffness was calculated using FE and compared to measured stiffness in terms of R2 and RMSE%. RESULTS The uniform anisotropic FE model explained 53-74% of the measured stiffness variance, with RMSE% ranging from 12.4 to 245.3%. The models which accounted for spatial variation of trabecular bone anisotropy predicted 76-79% of the variance in stiffness with RMSE% being 11.2-11.5%. CONCLUSIONS Of the 16 evaluated finite element models in this study, the combination of Synder and Schneider (for cortical bone) and Cowin's fabric-elasticity equations (for trabecular bone) best predicted local subchondral bone stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Majid Nazemi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
| | | | - David M L Cooper
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | | | | | - Bassam A Masri
- Department of Orthopedics and Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - David R Wilson
- Department of Orthopedics and Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - James D Johnston
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
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Hosseini HS, Maquer G, Zysset PK. μCT-based trabecular anisotropy can be reproducibly computed from HR-pQCT scans using the triangulated bone surface. Bone 2017; 97:114-120. [PMID: 28109918 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The trabecular structure can be assessed at the wrist or tibia via high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography (HR-pQCT). Yet on this modality, the performance of the existing methods, evaluating trabecular anisotropy is usually overlooked, especially in terms of reproducibility. We thus proposed to compare the TRI routine used by SCANCO Medical AG (Brüttisellen, Switzerland), the classical mean intercept length (MIL), and the grey-level structure tensor (GST) to the mean surface length (MSL), a new method for evaluating a second-order fabric tensor based on the triangulation of the bone surface. The distal radius of 24 fresh-frozen human forearms was scanned three times via HR-pQCT protocols (61μm, 82μm nominal voxel size), dissected, and imaged via micro computed tomography (μCT) at 16μm nominal voxel size. After registering the scans, we compared for each resolution the fabric tensors, determined by the mentioned techniques for 182 trabecular regions of interest. We then evaluated the reproducibility of the fabric information measured by HR-pQCT via precision errors. On μCT, TRI and GST were respectively the best and worst surrogates for MILμCT (MIL computed on μCT) in terms of eigenvalues and main direction of anisotropy. On HR-pQCT, however, MSL provided the best approximation of MILμCT. Surprisingly, surface-based approaches (TRI, MSL) also proved to be more precise than both MIL and GST. Our findings confirm that MSL can reproducibly estimate MILμCT, the current gold standard. MSL thus enables the direct mapping of the fabric-dependent material properties required in homogenised HR-pQCT-based finite element models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi S Hosseini
- Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Stauffacherstr. 78, CH-3014 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Ghislain Maquer
- Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Stauffacherstr. 78, CH-3014 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Philippe K Zysset
- Institute for Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Stauffacherstr. 78, CH-3014 Bern, Switzerland
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Nazemi SM, Amini M, Kontulainen SA, Milner JS, Holdsworth DW, Masri BA, Wilson DR, Johnston JD. Optimizing finite element predictions of local subchondral bone structural stiffness using neural network-derived density-modulus relationships for proximal tibial subchondral cortical and trabecular bone. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2017; 41:1-8. [PMID: 27842233 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Quantitative computed tomography based subject-specific finite element modeling has potential to clarify the role of subchondral bone alterations in knee osteoarthritis initiation, progression, and pain. However, it is unclear what density-modulus equation(s) should be applied with subchondral cortical and subchondral trabecular bone when constructing finite element models of the tibia. Using a novel approach applying neural networks, optimization, and back-calculation against in situ experimental testing results, the objective of this study was to identify subchondral-specific equations that optimized finite element predictions of local structural stiffness at the proximal tibial subchondral surface. METHODS Thirteen proximal tibial compartments were imaged via quantitative computed tomography. Imaged bone mineral density was converted to elastic moduli using multiple density-modulus equations (93 total variations) then mapped to corresponding finite element models. For each variation, root mean squared error was calculated between finite element prediction and in situ measured stiffness at 47 indentation sites. Resulting errors were used to train an artificial neural network, which provided an unlimited number of model variations, with corresponding error, for predicting stiffness at the subchondral bone surface. Nelder-Mead optimization was used to identify optimum density-modulus equations for predicting stiffness. FINDINGS Finite element modeling predicted 81% of experimental stiffness variance (with 10.5% error) using optimized equations for subchondral cortical and trabecular bone differentiated with a 0.5g/cm3 density. INTERPRETATION In comparison with published density-modulus relationships, optimized equations offered improved predictions of local subchondral structural stiffness. Further research is needed with anisotropy inclusion, a smaller voxel size and de-blurring algorithms to improve predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Majid Nazemi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
| | - Morteza Amini
- Institute for Lightweight Design and Structural Biomechanics, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Jaques S Milner
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Canada
| | | | - Bassam A Masri
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David R Wilson
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of British Columbia, Centre for Hip Health and Mobility, Vancouver, Canada
| | - James D Johnston
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.
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Latypova A, Pioletti D, Terrier A. Importance of trabecular anisotropy in finite element predictions of patellar strain after Total Knee Arthroplasty. Med Eng Phys 2017; 39:102-105. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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