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D’Ambrosio A, Itaj F, Cacace F, Piemonte V. Mathematical Modeling of the Gastrointestinal System for Preliminary Drug Absorption Assessment. Bioengineering (Basel) 2024; 11:813. [PMID: 39199771 PMCID: PMC11352181 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering11080813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2024] [Revised: 07/31/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study is to demonstrate the potential of a multicompartmental mathematical model to simulate the activity of the gastrointestinal system after the intake of drugs, with a limited number of parameters. The gastrointestinal system is divided into five compartments, modeled as both continuous systems with discrete events (stomach and duodenum) and systems with delay (jejunum, ileum, and colon). The dissolution of the drug tablet occurs in the stomach and is described through the Noyes-Whitney equation, with pH dependence expressed through the Henderson-Hasselbach relationship. The boluses resulting from duodenal activity enter the jejunum, ileum, and colon compartments, where drug absorption takes place as blood flows countercurrent. The model includes only three parameters with assigned physiological meanings. It was tested and validated using data from in vivo experiments. Specifically, the model was tested with the concentration profiles of nine different drugs and validated using data from two drugs with varying initial concentrations. Overall, the outputs of the model are in good agreement with experimental data, particularly with regard to the time of peak concentration. The primary sources of discrepancy were identified in the concentration decay. The model's main strength is its relatively low computational cost, making it a potentially excellent tool for in silico assessment and prediction of drug adsorption in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio D’Ambrosio
- Unit of Chemical-Physics Fundamentals in Chemical Engineering, Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (V.P.)
| | - Fatjon Itaj
- Unit of Chemical-Physics Fundamentals in Chemical Engineering, Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (V.P.)
| | - Filippo Cacace
- Research Unit of Computer Systems and Bioinformatics, Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy;
| | - Vincenzo Piemonte
- Unit of Chemical-Physics Fundamentals in Chemical Engineering, Department of Science and Technology for Sustainable Development and One Health, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; (F.I.); (V.P.)
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Olivença DV, Davis JD, Kumbale CM, Zhao CY, Brown SP, McCarty NA, Voit EO. Mathematical models of cystic fibrosis as a systemic disease. WIREs Mech Dis 2023; 15:e1625. [PMID: 37544654 PMCID: PMC10843793 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is widely known as a disease of the lung, even though it is in truth a systemic disease, whose symptoms typically manifest in gastrointestinal dysfunction first. CF ultimately impairs not only the pancreas and intestine but also the lungs, gonads, liver, kidneys, bones, and the cardiovascular system. It is caused by one of several mutations in the gene of the epithelial ion channel protein CFTR. Intense research and improved antimicrobial treatments during the past eight decades have steadily increased the predicted life expectancy of a person with CF (pwCF) from a few weeks to over 50 years. Moreover, several drugs ameliorating the sequelae of the disease have become available in recent years, and notable treatments of the root cause of the disease have recently generated substantial improvements in health for some but not all pwCF. Yet, numerous fundamental questions remain unanswered. Complicating CF, for instance in the lung, is the fact that the associated insufficient chloride secretion typically perturbs the electrochemical balance across epithelia and, in the airways, leads to the accumulation of thick, viscous mucus and mucus plaques that cannot be cleared effectively and provide a rich breeding ground for a spectrum of bacterial and fungal communities. The subsequent infections often become chronic and respond poorly to antibiotic treatments, with outcomes sometimes only weakly correlated with the drug susceptibility of the target pathogen. Furthermore, in contrast to rapidly resolved acute infections with a single target pathogen, chronic infections commonly involve multi-species bacterial communities, called "infection microbiomes," that develop their own ecological and evolutionary dynamics. It is presently impossible to devise mathematical models of CF in its entirety, but it is feasible to design models for many of the distinct drivers of the disease. Building upon these growing yet isolated modeling efforts, we discuss in the following the feasibility of a multi-scale modeling framework, known as template-and-anchor modeling, that allows the gradual integration of refined sub-models with different granularity. The article first reviews the most important biomedical aspects of CF and subsequently describes mathematical modeling approaches that already exist or have the potential to deepen our understanding of the multitude aspects of the disease and their interrelationships. The conceptual ideas behind the approaches proposed here do not only pertain to CF but are translatable to other systemic diseases. This article is categorized under: Congenital Diseases > Computational Models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel V. Olivença
- Center for Engineering Innovation, The University of Texas at Dallas, 800 W. Campbell Road, Richardson, Texas 75080, USA
| | - Jacob D. Davis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Carla M. Kumbale
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Conan Y. Zhao
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Samuel P. Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Georgia Tech and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Nael A. McCarty
- Department of Pediatrics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Eberhard O. Voit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Tech and Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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Cacace F, Menci M, Papi M, Piemonte V. In-Silico Prediction of Oral Drug Bioavailability: A multi-boluses approach. Med Eng Phys 2021; 98:140-150. [PMID: 34848033 DOI: 10.1016/j.medengphy.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
This work focuses on a new mathematical model able to describe in a simple manner the intestinal physiology, in order to better study drug absorption and bioavailability. The aim of our model is to overcome the limitations of physiological pharmacokinetics models of the literature, introducing a different modelling approach. The core of the new proposed model is a Discrete-Continuous Approach (DCA): a sequence of boluses travels in the investigated portion of the intestine, in counter-current with blood that flows in continuous mode. No empirical equations are implemented in this model. Simulation results show an excellent correlation between the predicted and experimental concentration profile used to validate our model. Our new approach provides a simple tool, with a good reliability, to analyze a very complex phenomenon, using only few parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marta Menci
- Istituto per le Applicazioni del Calcolo, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Rome, Italy.
| | - Marco Papi
- Universitá Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Rome, Italy.
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Wang R, Mohammadi M, Mahboubi A, Taherzadeh MJ. In-vitro digestion models: a critical review for human and fish and a protocol for in-vitro digestion in fish. Bioengineered 2021; 12:3040-3064. [PMID: 34187302 PMCID: PMC8806420 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1940769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Digestive systems in human, animals, and fish are biological reactors and membranes to digest food and extract nutrients. Therefore, static and dynamic models of in-vitro digestion systems are developed to study e.g. novel food and feed before in-vivo studies. Such models are well developed for human, but not to the same extent for animals and fish. On the other hand, recent advances in aquaculture nutrition have created several potential fish meal replacements, and the assessment of their nutrient digestibility is critical in the application as a fish meal replacement. Using an in-vitro method, the assessment of an ingredient digestibility could be faster and less expensive compared to using an in-vivo experiment. An in-vitro method has been widely used to assess food nutrient digestibility for humans; however, its application for fish is still in the early stages. Both the human and fish as monogastric vertebrates share similar gastrointestinal systems; thus, the concept from the application for humans could be applied for fish. This review aims to improve the in-vitro digestion protocol for fish by adapting the concept from then study for humans, summarizing the current available in-vitro digestion model developed for human and fish in-vitro digestion study, identifying challenges specifically for fish required to be tackled and suggesting an engineering approach to adapt the human in-vitro gastrointestinal model to fish. Protocols to conduct in-vitro digestion study for fish are then proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricky Wang
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås. Sweden
| | - Mahtab Mohammadi
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås. Sweden
| | - Amir Mahboubi
- Swedish Centre for Resource Recovery, University of Borås, Borås. Sweden
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Melia Rodrigo M, Esteso MA, Ribeiro AC, Valente A, Cabral AM, Verissimo LM, Musilova L, Mracek A, Leaist DG. Coupled mutual diffusion in aqueous paracetamol + sodium hydroxide solutions. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Palombo G, Merone M, Altomare A, Gori M, Terradura C, Bacco L, Del Chierico F, Putignani L, Cicala M, Guarino MPL, Piemonte V. The impact of the intestinal microbiota and the mucosal permeability on three different antibiotic drugs. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 164:105869. [PMID: 34020000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BackgroundThe totality of bacteria, protozoa, viruses and fungi that lives in the human body is called microbiota. Human microbiota specifically colonizes the skin, the respiratory and urinary tract, the urogenital tract and the gastrointestinal system. This study focuses on the intestinal microbiota to explore the drug-microbiota relationship and, therefore, how the drug bioavailability changes in relation to the microbiota biodiversity to identify more personalized therapies, with the minimum risk of side effects. MethodsTo achieve this goal, we developed a new mathematical model with two compartments, the intestine and the blood, which takes into account the colonic mucosal permeability variation - measured by Ussing chamber system on human colonic mucosal biopsies - and the fecal microbiota composition, determined through microbiota 16S rRNA sequencing analysis. Both of the clinical parameters were evaluated in a group of Irritable Bowel Syndrome patients compared to a group of healthy controls. Key ResultsThe results show that plasma drug concentration increases as bacterial concentration decreases, while it decreases as intestinal length decreases too. ConclusionsThe study provides interesting data since in literature there are not yet mathematical models with these features, in which the importance of intestinal microbiota, the "forgotten organ", is considered both for the subject health state and in the nutrients and drugs metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Palombo
- Istituto di Analisi dei Sistemi ed Informatica "A. Ruberti", IASI-CNR (National Research Council of Italy), Rome, Italy; SYSBIO/ISBE.IT, Centre of System Biology, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Merone
- Computer Systems and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Italy.
| | | | - Manuele Gori
- Unit of Gastroenterology Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy; Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology (IBBC) - National Research Council (CNR), Monterotondo Scalo, Rome, Italy
| | - Carlotta Terradura
- Unit of Chemical-physics Fundamentals in Chemical Engineering, Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Bacco
- Computer Systems and Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Italy; Istituto di Linguistica Computazionale "Antonio Zampolli" (IL-CNR), ItaliaNLP Lab, Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Del Chierico
- Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesú Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenza Putignani
- Department of Diagnostic and Laboratory Medicine, Unit of Parasitology and Multimodal Laboratory Medicine Research Area, Unit of Human Microbiome, Bambino Gesú Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Michele Cicala
- Unit of Gastroenterology Campus Bio-Medico University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Piemonte
- Unit of Chemical-physics Fundamentals in Chemical Engineering, Department of Engineering, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Italy
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