Actualisation de l’épidémiologie des méningites bactériennes aiguës chez l’adulte en France

Risk Factors in Children Older Than 5 Years With Pneumococcal Meningitis: Data From a National Network

BACKGROUND

The occurrence of meningitis in children >5 years old may be associated with specific predisposing factors that can be anatomic, such as cerebrospinal fluid fistula or breach, or related to genetic susceptibility or N inborn or acquired immunologic defect. This study aimed to assess the anatomical and immunologic risk factors in children >5 years old with pneumococcal meningitis and prospectively enrolled in the French national meningitis network.

METHODS

We analyzed all data for children who were 5-15 years old with a diagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis between 2001 and 2013. We describe the frequency and typology of the anatomic or immunologic risk factors, the clinical features and the pneumococcal serotypes.

RESULTS

Among the 316 patients with pneumococcal meningitis, the mortality rate was 9.5% and 23.1% of cases presented complications (abscess, coma, hemodynamic failure, thrombophlebitis cerebral or deafness). In total, 108 children (34%) showed risk factors, the most frequent being anatomic: 70 cases (22.8%) were related to a cerebrospinal fluid breach or fistula and 55 (17.9%) to immunodeficiency, primary or acquired. Serotype data were available for 207 pneumococcal isolates (65.5%). The most frequent serotypes were as follows: 3, 18C, 19A and 19F between 2001 and 2009 and 19F, 3, 19A, 12F, 22F, 17F and 24F after 2009.

CONCLUSIONS

We describe the largest cohort of children >5 years old with pneumococcal meningitis. One third of the children had risk factors justifying a complete immunologic and radiologic work-up.

[Bacterial meningitis: factors related to the delay before appropriate antibiotic administration in the emergency department]

OBJECTIVES

We had for aim to check the appropriateness of our practices according to French guidelines (17th consensus conference, SPILF 2008) and to identify variables associated with the delay before appropriate measures were implemented.

METHODS

Our retrospective observational study (2009-2011) focused on acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) in adults. Data was collected on a standardized questionnaire from medical charts and nurse reports.

RESULTS

We included 31 adults presenting with ABM; 29 (93.5%) received ceftriaxone or cefotaxime in the emergency department. Indications for corticosteroids and brain imaging complied with guidelines in respectively 71.0% and 83.9% of cases. The median delays (IQR) were: admission/lumbar puncture (LP), 2h43 [1h09-5h57]; admission/antimicrobials, 3h21 [1h34-5h11]. The indication of suspected ABM in the admission letter was associated with earlier LP (P=0.01), and was almost significantly associated also with faster initiation of adequate antibiotic therapy (P=0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Suspicion of ABM mentioned in the admission letter was associated to a better management in the emergency department.

Cost-effectiveness of vaccinating adults with the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) in Germany

The introduction of routine infant vaccination against pneumococcal disease has resulted in a decreased overall invasive pneumococcal disease incidence in adults but also a change in invasive pneumococcal disease serotypes. This study aimed to assess the cost-effectiveness of 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) in Germany in this context. A population-based Markov model was developed. A cohort of adults currently eligible for vaccination was followed until death. Adult vaccination with PPV23 was associated with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of €17,065/quality-adjusted life years gained from the third-party payer's perspective. Univariate sensitivity analyses showed that the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was below €50,000/quality-adjusted life years gained in most test scenarios. The model suggests that adult PPV23 vaccination is cost effective in Germany, due to its broad serotype coverage. This is despite epidemiological changes in Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes caused by wider use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines during childhood.

A public health and budget impact analysis of vaccinating at-risk adults and the elderly against pneumococcal diseases in Germany

To assess the comparative public health and budget impact over 5 years of several pneumococcal vaccination strategies (23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine [PPV23] and/or 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine [PCV13]) in Germany, within the context of changing invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) incidence over time. A multi-cohort, population-based Markov model was developed. Uncertainty around vaccine effectiveness, costs and IPD incidence change was handled through scenario analyses. Between 2012 and 2016, the introduction of PCV13 in adults, compared with the use of PPV23, would be associated with a net estimated budget increase of €59.7 million (+6.7%) to €151.6 million (+13.7%). Impact on IPD incidence ranged from -113 cases (-0.8%) to +298 cases (+2.8%). Introducing PCV13 in adults is expected to significantly affect healthcare budgets. Adult vaccination with PPV23 remains the optimal vaccination strategy from public health and budget perspectives.