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Lora-Tamayo J, Mancheño-Losa M, Meléndez-Carmona MÁ, Hernández-Jiménez P, Benito N, Murillo O. Appropriate Duration of Antimicrobial Treatment for Prosthetic Joint Infections: A Narrative Review. Antibiotics (Basel) 2024; 13:293. [PMID: 38666969 PMCID: PMC11047716 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics13040293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Prosthetic joint infections are considered difficult to treat they needing aggressive surgery and long antimicrobial treatments. However, the exact duration of these therapies has been established empirically. In the last years, several studies have explored the possibility of reducing the length of treatment in this setting, with conflicting results. In this narrative review, we critically appraise the published evidence, considering the different surgical approaches (implant retention [DAIR] and one-step and two-step exchange procedures) separately. In patients managed with DAIR, usually treated for at least 12 weeks, a large, randomized trial failed to show that 6 weeks were non-inferior. However, another randomized clinical trial supports the use of 8 weeks, as long as the surgical conditions are favorable and antibiotics with good antibiofilm activity can be administered. In patients managed with a two-step exchange procedure, usually treated during 6 weeks, a randomized clinical trial showed the efficacy of a 4-week course of antimicrobials. Also, the use of local antibiotics may allow the use of even shorter treatments. Finally, in the case of one-step exchange procedures, there is a trend towards reducing the length of therapy, and the largest randomized clinical trial supports the use of 6 weeks of therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Lora-Tamayo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica imas12 Hospital 12 de Octubre, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-L.); (P.H.-J.)
- Spanish Group for the Study of Bone and Joint Infections, Spanish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (GEIO-SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain; (N.B.); (O.M.)
- CIBERINFEC—CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mikel Mancheño-Losa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica imas12 Hospital 12 de Octubre, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-L.); (P.H.-J.)
- Spanish Group for the Study of Bone and Joint Infections, Spanish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (GEIO-SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain; (N.B.); (O.M.)
| | - María Ángeles Meléndez-Carmona
- Department of Microbiology, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica imas12 Hospital 12 de Octubre, 28041 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Pilar Hernández-Jiménez
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica imas12 Hospital 12 de Octubre, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28041 Madrid, Spain; (M.M.-L.); (P.H.-J.)
| | - Natividad Benito
- Spanish Group for the Study of Bone and Joint Infections, Spanish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (GEIO-SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain; (N.B.); (O.M.)
- CIBERINFEC—CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Institut d’Investigació Biomèdica Sant Pau (IIB SANT PAU), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research (UQCCR), The University of Queensland, Brisbane 4072, Australia
| | - Oscar Murillo
- Spanish Group for the Study of Bone and Joint Infections, Spanish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (GEIO-SEIMC), 28003 Madrid, Spain; (N.B.); (O.M.)
- CIBERINFEC—CIBER Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Universitario Bellvitge, IDIBELL (Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Bellvitge), 08908 L’Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
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Fan Y, McCanne M, Yuh J, Lekkala S, Leape CP, Hugard S, Thomson A, Collins JE, Muratoglu OK, Randolph M, Oral E. The efficacy of antibiotic-eluting material in a two-stage model of periprosthetic joint infection. J Orthop Res 2024; 42:460-473. [PMID: 37609941 DOI: 10.1002/jor.25681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Periprosthetic joint infections occur in about 2% of patients who undergo primary total joint arthroplasty, a procedure performed over 1 million times in the United States. The gold standard of treatment is a two-stage revision. This study aimed to establish a two-stage procedure in a preclinical small animal model (rat) to test and compare the efficacy of an antibiotic-eluting material in managing infection. Joint replacement was simulated by transchondylarly implanting a polyethylene (PE) plug into the distal femur and a titanium screw in the proximal tibia. Methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) 108 CFU/mL was injected into the tibial canal and the joint space before wound closure. The control groups were killed on postoperative day (POD) 18 (n = 12) and on POD 42 (n = 4) to assess both early and later-stage outcomes in the control group. The test group underwent revision surgery on POD 18 for treatment using gentamicin-eluting polyethylene (GPE, n = 4) and was observed until POD 42 to evaluate the efficacy of treatment. Our results showed that the bone loss for the treatment group receiving GPE was significantly less than that of the control (p < 0.05), which was supported by the histology images and an AI-tool assisted infection rate evaluation. Gait metrics duty factor imbalance and hindlimb temporal symmetry were significantly different between the treatment and control groups on Day 42. This animal model was feasible for evaluating treatments for peri-prosthetic joint infections (PJI) with a revision surgery and specifically that revision surgery and local antibiotic treatment largely hindered the peri-prosthetic bone loss. Statement of clinical significance: This revision model of peri-prosthetic infection has the potential of comparatively evaluating prophylaxis and treatment strategies and devices. Antibiotic-eluting UHMWPE is devised as at tool in treating PJI while providing weight bearing and joint space preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingfang Fan
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Madeline McCanne
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jean Yuh
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sashank Lekkala
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Charlotte P Leape
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shannon Hugard
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Andrew Thomson
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Boston College, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jamie E Collins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Orhun K Muratoglu
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark Randolph
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Ebru Oral
- Harris Orthopaedic Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Roger PM, Assi F, Denes E. Prosthetic joint infections: 6 weeks of oral antibiotics results in a low failure rate. J Antimicrob Chemother 2024; 79:327-333. [PMID: 38113529 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dkad382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Need for parenteral administration and total duration of antibiotic therapy for prosthetic joint infection (PJI) are debated. We report our PJI management, in which outpatient care is privileged. METHODS This was a retrospective multicentre cohort study of PJI managed from January 2017 to Jun 2021. Microbial diagnosis was based on surgical samples. Surgical procedures and antibiotic treatments were reported. Chronic PJI was defined by a course >1 month. Oral antibiotic therapy (OAT) was defined by exclusive use of oral antibiotics or by ≤3 days of parenteral treatments. Management failure was defined by clinical and/or microbial relapse of PJI over 24 months after surgical treatment. RESULTS One hundred and seventy-two patients from 13 institutions were included: 103 were male (60%) and mean age was (±SD): 73 ± 12 years. Sites for PJI were mainly hip (50%) and knee (35%), being chronic infections in 70 cases (41%). The main bacterial genus in monomicrobial infections was Staphylococcus spp. (60%). We recorded 41 (24%) implant exchanges. An OAT was prescribed in 76 cases (44%), and the median (range) course for parenteral route was 6 days (4-180) for 96 cases. Median (range) duration of antimicrobials was 42 days (21-180). Management failure was observed in 7/76 (9.2%) cases treated with OAT and 15/96 (15.6%) treated with prolonged parenteral therapy. In multivariate analysis, risk factors for failure were a knee PJI [adjusted OR (95% CI) = 3.27 (1.27-8.40)] and a polymicrobial infection [4.09 (1.46-11.49)]. CONCLUSIONS OAT for 6 weeks for PJI was associated with a low rate of management failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Marie Roger
- Infectiologie, Clinique Les Fleurs, Ave Frédéric Mistral, Ollioules, France
- Cellule Recherche et Enseignement, Groupe Elsan, Territoire Provence Alpes-Côte d'Azur, Ollioules, France
| | - Frédéric Assi
- Infectiologie, Clinique Les Fleurs, Ave Frédéric Mistral, Ollioules, France
| | - Eric Denes
- Infectiologie, Polyclinique de Limoges-Site Chénieux, 18 rue du Général Catroux, Limoges, 87000, France
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Uçkay I, Wirth S, Zörner B, Fucentese S, Wieser K, Schweizer A, Müller D, Zingg P, Farshad M. Study protocol: short against long antibiotic therapy for infected orthopedic sites - the randomized-controlled SALATIO trials. Trials 2023; 24:117. [PMID: 36803837 PMCID: PMC9938993 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07141-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Few studies address the appropriate duration of post-surgical antibiotic therapy for orthopedic infections; with or without infected residual implants. We perform two similar randomized-clinical trials (RCT) to reduce the antibiotic use and associated adverse events. METHODS Two unblinded RCTs in adult patients (non-inferiority with a margin of 10%, a power of 80%) with the primary outcomes "remission" and "microbiologically-identical recurrences" after a combined surgical and antibiotic therapy. The main secondary outcome is antibiotic-related adverse events. The RCTs allocate the participants between 3 vs. 6 weeks of post-surgical systemic antibiotic therapy for implant-free infections and between 6 vs. 12 weeks for residual implant-related infections. We need a total of 280 episodes (randomization schemes 1:1) with a minimal follow-up of 12 months. We perform two interim analyses starting approximately after 1 and 2 years. The study approximatively lasts 3 years. DISCUSSION Both parallel RCTs will enable to prescribe less antibiotics for future orthopedic infections in adult patients. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrial.gov NCT05499481. Registered on 12 August 2022. PROTOCOL VERSION 2 (19 May 2022).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilker Uçkay
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Unit for Clinical and Applied Research, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Infectiology, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Stephan Wirth
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Björn Zörner
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandro Fucentese
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Wieser
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andreas Schweizer
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Hand Surgery, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Müller
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Zingg
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mazda Farshad
- grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland ,grid.7400.30000 0004 1937 0650Medical Direction, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Patel
- From the Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, and the Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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Cosentino A, Odorizzi G, Berger W. Infected hip prosthesis in patient with suspected Covid-19 infection. ARTHROPLASTY 2022; 3:3. [PMID: 34977465 PMCID: PMC7850715 DOI: 10.1186/s42836-020-00058-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Infections following arthroplasty are one of the major risks during this type of surgery. Moreover, the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus Disease 2), has developed into an unprecedented pandemic, posing enormous pressure on health-care providers around the world. Case presentation Four and half years after right hip arthroplasty, the patient came back to our attention with pain at the same hip. The instrumental examinations showed signs of cup detachment. After carefully analyzing the case, we decided to perform a sterile aspiration of the hip in the operating room under C-arm fluoroscopy. Microbiological examinations showed positivity for E. coli. The patient underwent surgery by which the prosthesis was removed and a spacer was implanted. A therapy with Cefotaxim 2 g three times a day for 6 weeks was then set, and then a total arthroplasty was performed. During this period, the COVID-19 pandemic occurred and therefore the patient received nasal-throat swabbing two times, and both yielded negative results. However, 1 week after the final surgery, his respiratory conditions deteriorated and chest X-ray and CT scan showed images of ground-glass opacification patterns (GGO). Due to the clinical symptoms and the characteristic images of the instrumental examinations, the patient was transferred to an observation ward. Thereafter, two more swab tests gave negative results. The patient was then transferred to the ward for patients with typical symptoms of COVID-19 but with negative swab tests for 2 weeks and was subsequently discharged home. Conclusion The purpose of this case report was to point out the correct treatment of a PJI after the outbreak of COVID-19. Despite the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the guidelines in the case of periprosthetic hip infection further confirmed the correct management of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Cosentino
- F. Tappeiner Hospital, via Rossini 5, 39012, Meran, BZ Italy
| | - G Odorizzi
- F. Tappeiner Hospital, via Rossini 5, 39012, Meran, BZ Italy
| | - W Berger
- F. Tappeiner Hospital, via Rossini 5, 39012, Meran, BZ Italy
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Ohlmeier M, Alrustom F, Citak M, Salber J, Gehrke T, Frings J. What Is the Mid-term Survivorship of Infected Rotating-hinge Implants Treated with One-stage-exchange? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2021; 479:2714-2722. [PMID: 34153008 PMCID: PMC8726537 DOI: 10.1097/corr.0000000000001868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the growing number of studies reporting on periprosthetic joint infection (PJI), there is little information on one-stage exchange arthroplasty for the revision of infected rotating-hinge prostheses, which can be among the most difficult PJI presentations to treat. QUESTIONS/PURPOSES After one-stage direct exchange revision for an infected rotating-hinge TKA prosthesis, and using a multimodal approach for infection control, we asked: (1) What is the survivorship free from repeat revision for infection and survivorship free from reoperation for any cause? (2) What is the clinical outcome, based on the Oxford Knee Score, of these patients at the latest follow-up? METHODS Between January 2011 and December 2017, we treated 101 patients with infected rotating-hinge knee prostheses at our hospital. All patients who underwent a one-stage exchange using another rotating-hinge implant were potentially eligible for this retrospective study. During that period, we generally used a one-stage approach when treating PJIs. Eighty-three percent (84 of 101) of patients were treated with one-stage exchange, and the remainder were treated with two-stage exchange. Of the 84 treated with one-stage exchange, eight patients died of unrelated causes and were therefore excluded, one patient declined to participate in the study, and another eight patients were lost before the minimum study follow-up of 2 years or had incomplete datasets, leaving 80% (67 of 84) for analysis in this study. The included study population consisted of 60% males (40 of 67) with a mean age of 64 ± 8 years and a mean (range) BMI of 30 ± 6 kg/m2 (21 to 40). The mean number of prior surgeries was 4 ± 2 (1 to 9) on the affected knee. Fifteen percent (10 of 67) of knees had a preoperative joint communicating sinus tract, and 66% (44 of 67) had experienced a prior PJI on the affected knee. The antimicrobial regimen was chosen based on the advice of our infectious disease consultant and individually adapted for the organism cultured. The mean follow-up duration was 6 ± 2 years. Kaplan-Meier survivorship analysis was performed using the endpoints of survivorship free from repeat revision for infection and survivorship free from all-cause revision. The functional outcome was assessed using the Oxford Knee Score (on a 12- to 60-point scale, with lower scores representing less pain and greater function), obtained by interviewing patients for this study at their most recent follow-up visit. Preoperative scores were not obtained. RESULTS The Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated an overall survivorship free from reoperation for any cause of 75% (95% CI 64% to 87%) at the mean follow-up of 6 years postoperatively. Survivorship free from any repeat operative procedure for infection was 90% (95% CI 83% to 97%) at 6 years. The mean postoperative Oxford Knee Score was 37 ± 11 points. CONCLUSION With an overall revision rate of about 25% at 6 years and the limited functional results based on the poor Oxford Knee Scores, patients should be counseled to have modest expectations concerning postoperative pain and function level after one-stage exchange of an infected rotating-hinge arthroplasty. Nevertheless, patients may be informed about a reasonable chance of PJI eradication and might opt for this approach as a means to try to avoid high transfemoral amputation or joint arthrodesis, which in this population often is associated with the inability to ambulate at all. Regarding the relatively high number of patients with aseptic loosening, future studies might focus on implant design of revision knee systems as well. A longer course of oral antibiotics after such procedures may also be warranted to limit the chance of reinfection but requires further study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level IV, therapeutic study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte Ohlmeier
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Helios ENDO-Klinik, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Fadi Alrustom
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Helios ENDO-Klinik, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Mustafa Citak
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Helios ENDO-Klinik, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jochen Salber
- Department of Surgery, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Thorsten Gehrke
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Helios ENDO-Klinik, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jannik Frings
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Helios ENDO-Klinik, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Lehner B, Omlor GW, Schwarze M. [Periprosthetic joint infections : Latest developments, strategies and treatment algorithms]. DER ORTHOPADE 2020; 49:648-659. [PMID: 32642942 DOI: 10.1007/s00132-020-03950-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to their multidimensional consequences, periprosthetic joint infections are a serious complication in arthroplasty. There are disagreements in the literature regarding their classification. At the same time, a consequence for the practical procedure cannot always be derived. THERAPEUTIC PROCEDURES In addition to debridement with antibiotics and implant retention, there are options for a one or two-stage change in the therapeutic procedure. Although the preservation of implants is only possible in the case of acute infections with a short duration of symptoms, prosthesis changes are indicated with a longer symptom duration. For both procedures, there are interinstitutional deviating indication criteria, weighing pros and cons. Both have specific problems, such as, in particular, the duration of the antibiotics course, the question of anchoring the prosthesis and, in the case of a two-stage procedure, the shape of the spacer.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lehner
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Zentrum für Orthopädie, Unfallchirurgie und Paraplegiologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Deutschland.
| | - G-W Omlor
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Zentrum für Orthopädie, Unfallchirurgie und Paraplegiologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Deutschland
| | - M Schwarze
- Klinik für Orthopädie und Unfallchirurgie, Zentrum für Orthopädie, Unfallchirurgie und Paraplegiologie, Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg, Schlierbacher Landstraße 200a, 69118, Heidelberg, Deutschland
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