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Afonso PV, Cassar O, Gessain A. Molecular epidemiology, genetic variability and evolution of HTLV-1 with special emphasis on African genotypes. Retrovirology 2019; 16:39. [PMID: 31842895 PMCID: PMC6916231 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) is an oncoretrovirus that infects at least 10 million people worldwide. HTLV-1 exhibits a remarkable genetic stability, however, viral strains have been classified in several genotypes and subgroups, which often mirror the geographic origin of the viral strain. The Cosmopolitan genotype HTLV-1a, can be subdivided into geographically related subgroups, e.g. Transcontinental (a-TC), Japanese (a-Jpn), West-African (a-WA), North-African (a-NA), and Senegalese (a-Sen). Within each subgroup, the genetic diversity is low. Genotype HTLV-1b is found in Central Africa; it is the major genotype in Gabon, Cameroon and Democratic Republic of Congo. While strains from the HTLV-1d genotype represent only a few percent of the strains present in Central African countries, genotypes -e, -f, and -g have been only reported sporadically in particular in Cameroon Gabon, and Central African Republic. HTLV-1c genotype, which is found exclusively in Australo-Melanesia, is the most divergent genotype. This reflects an ancient speciation, with a long period of isolation of the infected populations in the different islands of this region (Australia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu archipelago). Until now, no viral genotype or subgroup is associated with a specific HTLV-1-associated disease. HTLV-1 originates from a simian reservoir (STLV-1); it derives from interspecies zoonotic transmission from non-human primates to humans (ancient or recent). In this review, we describe the genetic diversity of HTLV-1, and analyze the molecular mechanisms that are at play in HTLV-1 evolution. Similar to other retroviruses, HTLV-1 evolves either through accumulation of point mutations or recombination. Molecular studies point to a fairly low evolution rate of HTLV-1 (between 5.6E−7 and 1.5E−6 substitutions/site/year), supposedly because the virus persists within the host via clonal expansion (instead of new infectious cycles that use reverse transcriptase).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe V Afonso
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CRNS-UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Bâtiment Lwoff, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris cedex 15, France.
| | - Olivier Cassar
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CRNS-UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Bâtiment Lwoff, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CRNS-UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Bâtiment Lwoff, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris cedex 15, France.
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Nerlich AG. Molecular paleopathology and paleo-oncology-State of the art, potentials, limitations and perspectives. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PALEOPATHOLOGY 2018; 21:77-82. [PMID: 29776884 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpp.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 02/05/2017] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the current knowledge on molecular paleopathology with respect to oncological information. This covers both the information on the protein level (proteome) as well as the gene level (genome) and includes data on carcinogenic factors - such as molecular evidence for oncogenic viral infections. Currently, relatively little data is available for neoplastic disease in paleopathology. Likewise, few studies describe the biochemical or immunohistochemical analysis of tumors - a tool to potentially classify the tumor type and the underlying primary tumor in metastases. On the gene level, two studies described distinct molecular mutations in either a tumor-driving oncogene or a tumor suppressor gene, both being excellent examples for paleo-oncological studies. The paucity of historic tumor material - particularly when only osseous remains are available - represents the most hindering factor for molecular paleo-oncology. This can only be overcome in future by both the thorough investigation of mummified archaeological biomaterial and the improvement of analytical assays in order to trace even minute amounts of tumor material in osseous lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas G Nerlich
- Institut für Pathologie, Klinikum München-Bogenhausen, Englschalkingerstr. 77, D-81925 München, Germany.
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Andonov A, Coulthart MB, Pérez-Losada M, Crandall KA, Posada D, Padmore R, Giulivi A, Oger JJ, Peters AA, Dekaban GA. Insights into origins of Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 based on new strains from aboriginal people of Canada. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2012; 12:1822-30. [PMID: 22921499 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2012.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The causes of the worldwide distribution of Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 (HTLV-1) remain incompletely understood, with competing hypotheses regarding the number and timing of events leading to intercontinental spread on historical and prehistoric timescales. Ongoing discovery of this virus in aboriginal populations of Asia and the Americas has been the main source of evidence for the latter. We conducted molecular phylogenetic and dating analyses for 13 newly reported HTLV-1 strains from Canada. We analyzed two full-length proviral genomes from aboriginal residents of Nunavut (an autonomous territory in Northern Canada including most of the Canadian Arctic), 11 long-terminal-repeat (LTR) sequences from aboriginal residents of British Columbia's Pacific coast, and 2 LTR sequences from non-aboriginal Canadians. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated a well-supported affinity between the two Nunavut strains and two East Asian strains, suggesting the presence of an Asian-American sublineage within the widespread "transcontinental" subgroup A clade of HTLV-1 Cosmopolitan subtype a. This putative sublineage was estimated to be 5400-11,900 years in age, consistent with a long-term presence of HTLV-1 in aboriginal populations of the Canadian Arctic. Phylogenetic affinities of the other 11 Canadian HTLV-1 aboriginal strains were diverse, strengthening earlier evidence for multiple incursions of this virus into coastal aboriginal populations of British Columbia. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis of ancient presence of HTLV-1 in aboriginal populations of North America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Andonov
- National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 1015 Arlington Street, Winnipeg, MB, Canada R3E 3R2
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O'Connor GM, Seich Al Basatena NK, Olavarria V, MacNamara A, Vine A, Ying Q, Hisada M, Galvão-Castro B, Asquith B, McVicar DW. In contrast to HIV, KIR3DS1 does not influence outcome in HTLV-1 retroviral infection. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:783-7. [PMID: 22609443 PMCID: PMC3402611 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
While most carriers of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) remain asymptomatic throughout their lifetime, infection is associated with the development of adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP). The exact parameters that determine these outcomes are unknown but are believed to include host genetic factors that control the immune response to infection. Host response to fellow retroviridae member HIV is influenced by the expression of members of the Killer Immunoglobulin Receptor (KIR) family including KIR3DS1. In this study we examined the association of KIR3DS1 with the outcome of HTLV-1 infection in three geographically distinct cohorts (Jamaican, Japanese and Brazilian). Despite increased prevalence of KIR3DS1 in the HAM/TSP patients of the Jamaican cohort, we found no evidence for a role of KIR3DS1 in influencing control of proviral load or disease outcome. This suggests that unlike HIV, KIR3DS1-mediated regulation of HTLV-1 infection does not occur, or is ineffective.
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MESH Headings
- Adolescent
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Asymptomatic Diseases
- Brazil/epidemiology
- Child
- Cohort Studies
- Ethnicity
- Female
- Human T-lymphotropic virus 1/immunology
- Humans
- Jamaica/epidemiology
- Japan/epidemiology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/complications
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/ethnology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/immunology
- Leukemia-Lymphoma, Adult T-Cell/virology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/complications
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/ethnology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/immunology
- Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic/virology
- Prevalence
- Prognosis
- Receptors, KIR3DS1/genetics
- Receptors, KIR3DS1/immunology
- Spinal Cord Diseases/complications
- Spinal Cord Diseases/ethnology
- Spinal Cord Diseases/immunology
- Spinal Cord Diseases/virology
- Viral Load
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Affiliation(s)
- Geraldine M O'Connor
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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E box motifs as mediators of proviral latency of human retroviruses. Retrovirology 2009; 6:81. [PMID: 19758443 PMCID: PMC2749803 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2009] [Accepted: 09/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The palindromic sequence motifs (CANNTG) known as E boxes are considered as binding sites for the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) class of DNA-binding proteins. Their presence has been reported in the long terminal repeats (LTR) of the HIV-1 and HTLV-1 proviruses. Their close proximity with the TATA region of both LTRs indicates that the bHLH proteins may act as important regulators of the function of proviral transcription. Indeed, observations on HIV-1 and recent results on HTLV-1 underline that these E boxes may be critically involved in the regulation of the proviral transcription of these human retroviruses. Indeed, of the two E boxes flanking the TATA sequences of the HIV-1 provirus, the 3' E box has been implicated in the transcriptional inhibition of viral gene expression. Such a role might also be played by the unique 5' E box present in the HTLV-1 LTR. In both cases, the expression of tissue-specfic bHLH proteins, like TAL1 might counteract the inhibitory effect exerted by E box proteins, thereby increasing proviral transcription. Finally, a phylogenetic study encompassing several subtypes of these two human retroviruses underlines that these E box motifs have recently appeared in the proviral LTRs and may be considered as potential mediators in the establishment of proviral latency.
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Pandya D, Rahman S, Wigdahl B, Khan ZK, Jain P. New insights into the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1-induced disease. Future Virol 2007. [DOI: 10.2217/17460794.2.5.481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
It has been over 25 years since the discovery of human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1); however, the exact sequence of events that occur during primary infection, clinical latency or the development of disease remains unresolved. The advances in molecular virology and neuroimmunology have contributed significantly to our understanding of HTLV-1 pathogenesis, but also uncovered the complexity of the virus–host interaction both in the peripheral blood and the CNS. Here, we overview the general pathologic features of HTLV-1, molecular mechanisms of oncogenic transformation and characteristics of the host immune response during the associated neuroinflammatory process. We also discuss both current and new approaches in the diagnosis and therapy of HTLV-1 associated diseases – adult T-cell leukemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. Finally, potentially important emerging areas of research that may have an impact on our understanding of the pathogenic mechanism have been briefly introduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devanshi Pandya
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and, Center for Cancer Biology, Institute for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Disease, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Saifur Rahman
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and, Center for Cancer Biology, Institute for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Disease, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and, Center for Cancer Biology, Institute for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Disease, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Zafar K Khan
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, and, Center for Cancer Biology, Institute for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Disease, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Pooja Jain
- Drexel University College of Medicine, Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine & Infectious Disease, New College Building, Room 18311, 245 North 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
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Verdonck K, González E, Van Dooren S, Vandamme AM, Vanham G, Gotuzzo E. Human T-lymphotropic virus 1: recent knowledge about an ancient infection. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2007; 7:266-81. [PMID: 17376384 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(07)70081-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 433] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus 1 (HTLV-1) has infected human beings for thousands of years, but knowledge about the infection and its pathogenesis is only recently emerging. The virus can be transmitted from mother to child, through sexual contact, and through contaminated blood products. There are areas in Japan, sub-Saharan Africa, the Caribbean, and South America where more than 1% of the general population is infected. Although the majority of HTLV-1 carriers remain asymptomatic, the virus is associated with severe diseases that can be subdivided into three categories: neoplastic diseases (adult T-cell leukaemia/lymphoma), inflammatory syndromes (HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis and uveitis among others), and opportunistic infections (including Strongyloides stercoralis hyperinfection and others). The understanding of the interaction between virus and host response has improved markedly, but there are still no clear surrogate markers for prognosis and there are few treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristien Verdonck
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.
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Abstract
During the rapid spread of HIV-1 in humans, the main (M) group of HIV-1 has evolved into ten distinct subtypes, undergone countless recombination events and diversified extensively. The impact of this extreme genetic diversity on the phenotype of HIV-1 has only recently become a research focus, but early findings indicate that the dominance of HIV-1 subtype C in the current epidemic might be related to the lower virulence of this subtype compared with other subtypes. Here, we explore whether HIV-1 has reached peak virulence or has already started the slow path to attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin K. Ariën
- the Department of Microbiology, HIV and Retrovirology Research Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, B2000 Belgium
- Present Address: the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, Ghent, B-9000 Belgium
| | - Guido Vanham
- the Department of Microbiology, HIV and Retrovirology Research Unit, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, B2000 Belgium
| | - Eric J. Arts
- the Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 2109, Adelbert Rd, Cleveland, 44195 Ohio USA
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