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Ahmed AK, Sijercic VC, Akhtar MS, Elbayomy A, Marouf MA, Zeleke MS, Sayad R, Abdelshafi A, Laird NJ, El‐Mokhtar MA, Ruthig GR, Hetta HF. Cholera rages in Africa and the Middle East: A narrative review on challenges and solutions. Health Sci Rep 2024; 7:e2013. [PMID: 38742091 PMCID: PMC11089255 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Cholera is a life-threatening infectious disease that is still one of the most common acute watery diarrheal diseases in the world today. Acute diarrhea and severe dehydration brought on by cholera can cause hypovolemic shock, which can be fatal in minutes. Without competent clinical therapy, the rate of case fatality surpasses 50%. The purpose of this review was to highlight cholera challenges in Africa and the Middle East and explain the reasons for why this region is currently a fertile environment for cholera. We investigated cholera serology, epidemiology, and the geographical distribution of cholera in Africa and the Middle East in 2022 and 2023. We reviewed detection methods, such as rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), and treatments, such as antibiotics and phage therapy. Finally, this review explored oral cholera vaccines (OCVs), and the vaccine shortage crisis. Methods We carried out a systematic search in multiple databases, including PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Scopus, MEDLINE, and Embase, for studies on cholera using the following keywords: ((Cholera) OR (Vibrio cholera) and (Coronavirus) OR (COVID-19) OR (SARS-CoV2) OR (The Middle East) OR (Africa)). Results and Conclusions Cholera outbreaks have increased dramatically, mainly in Africa and many Middle Eastern countries. The COVID-19 pandemic has reduced the attention devoted to cholera and disrupted diagnosis and treatment services, as well as vaccination initiatives. Most of the cholera cases in Africa and the Middle East were reported in Malawi and Syria, respectively, in 2022. RDTs are effective in the early detection of cholera epidemics, especially with limited advanced resources, which is the case in much of Africa. By offering both direct and indirect protection, expanding the use of OCV will significantly reduce the burden of current cholera outbreaks in Africa and the Middle East.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ahmed Elbayomy
- Faculty of MedicineMansoura UniversityMansouraEgypt
- School of Medicine and Public HealthUniversity of Wisconsin−MadisonMadisonWisconsinUSA
| | - Mohamed A. Marouf
- Faculty of MedicineMansoura UniversityMansouraEgypt
- Department of Internal Medicine, Morsani College of MedicineUniversity of South FloridaTampaFloridaUSA
| | - Mahlet S. Zeleke
- Menelik II Medical and Health Science CollegeKotebe Metropolitan UniversityAddis AbabaEthiopia
| | - Reem Sayad
- Faculty of MedicineAssiut UniversityAssiutEgypt
| | | | | | - Mohamed A. El‐Mokhtar
- Gilbert & Rose‐Marie Chagoury School of MedicineLebanese American UniversityByblosLebanon
| | | | - Helal F. Hetta
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Natural Products and Alternative Medicine, Faculty of PharmacyUniversity of TabukTabukSaudi Arabia
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Igere BE, Onohuean H, Iwu DC, Igbinosa EO. Polymyxin sensitivity/resistance cosmopolitan status, epidemiology and prevalence among O1/O139 and non-O1/non-O139 Vibrio cholerae: A meta-analysis. INFECTIOUS MEDICINE 2023; 2:283-293. [PMID: 38205176 PMCID: PMC10774663 DOI: 10.1016/j.imj.2023.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Resistance/sensitivity to polymyxin-B (PB) antibiotic has been employed as one among other epidemiologically relevant biotyping-scheme for Vibrio cholerae into Classical/El Tor biotypes. However, recent studies have revealed some pitfalls bordering on PB-sensitivity/resistance (PBR/S) necessitating study. Current study assesses the PBR/S cosmopolitan prevalence, epidemiology/distribution among O1/O139 and nonO1/nonO139 V. cholerae strains. Relevant databases (Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed) were searched to retrieve data from environmental and clinical samples employing the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). Random-effect-model (REM) and common-effect-model (CEM) of meta-analysis was performed to determine prevalence of PBR/S V. cholerae strains, describe the cosmopolitan epidemiological potentials and biotype relevance. Heterogeneity was determined by meta-regression and subgroup analyses. The pooled analyzed isolates from articles (7290), with sensitive and resistance are 2219 (30.44%) and 5028 (69.56%). Among these PB-sensitive strains, more than 1944 (26.67%) were O1 strains, 132 (1.81%) were nonO1 strains while mis-reported Classical biotype were 2080 (28.53) respectively indicating potential spread of variant/dual biotype. A significant PB-resistance was observed in the models (CEM = 0.66, 95% CI [0.65; 0.68], p-value = 0.001; REM = 0.83 [0.74; 0.90], p = 0.001) as both models had a high level of heterogeneity (I2 = 98.0%; d f = 33 2 = 1755.09 , Q p = 2.4932 ). Egger test (z = 5.4017, p < 0.0001) reveal publication bias by funnel plot asymmetry. The subgroup analysis for continents (Asia, Africa) and sources (acute diarrhea) revealed (98% CI (0.73; 0.93); 55% CI (0.20; 0.86)), and 92% CI (0.67; 0.98). The Epidemiological prevalence for El tor/variant/dual biotype showed 88% CI (0.78; 0.94) with O1 strains at 88% CI (0.78; 0.94). Such global prevalence, distribution/spread of phenotypes/genotypes necessitates updating the decades-long biotype classification scheme. An antibiotic stewardship in the post antibiotic era is suggestive/recommended. Also, there is need for holistic monitoring/evaluation of clinical/epidemiological relevance of the disseminating strains in endemic localities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bright E. Igere
- Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Unit, Dennis Osadebay University, Asaba 320242, Nigeria
- Biotechnology and Emerging Environmental Infections Pathogens Research Group (BEEIPREG), Department of Biological Sciences, Microbiology Unit, Dennis Osadebay University, Asaba 320242, Nigeria
| | - Hope Onohuean
- Biopharmaceutics unit, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University Ishaka-Bushenyi Campus, Ishaka-Bushenyi 10101, Uganda
| | - Declan C. Iwu
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
| | - Etinosa O. Igbinosa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, Benin 300213, Nigeria
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Liu C, Wang Y, Azizian K, Omidi N, Kaviar VH, Kouhsari E, Maleki A. Antimicrobial resistance in Vibrio cholerae O1/O139 clinical isolates: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2022; 20:1217-1231. [PMID: 35790112 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2022.2098114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Vibrio cholerae O1/O139 is responsible for cholera epidemics; that remains a huge public health menace across the globe. Furthermore, an increasing resistance rate among V. cholerae strains has been reported around the world. Therefore, the objective of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the weighted pooled resistance (WPR) rates in clinical V. cholerae O1/O139 isolates based on different years, areas, antimicrobial susceptibility testing, and resistance rates. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS : We searched the studies in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science (until January 2020). Statistical analyses were conducted using STATA software (ver. 14.0). RESULTS : A total of 139 studies investigating 24062 V. cholerae O1/O139 isolates were analyzed. The majority of the studies originated in Asia (n=102). The WPR rates were as follows: azithromycin 1%, erythromycin 36%, ciprofloxacin 3%, cotrimoxazole 79%, doxycycline 7%, tetracycline 20%. There was increased resistance to cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline during the 1980 to 2020 years. CONCLUSIONS : Temporal changes in antibiotic resistance rate found in this study demonstrated the critical continuous surveillance of antibiotic resistance. Also, ciprofloxacin, azithromycin, gentamicin, cephalexin, imipenem, ofloxacin, and norfloxacin were found to be the best antibiotics against V. cholera, with the highest and the lowest effectiveness resistance rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoying Liu
- Zhumadian Academy of Industry Innovation and Development, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Ye Wang
- School of Biological and Food Processing Engineering, Huanghuai University, Zhumadian 463000, China
| | - Khalil Azizian
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Nazanin Omidi
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Vahab Hassan Kaviar
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| | - Ebrahim Kouhsari
- Laboratory Sciences Research Center, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Paramedicine, Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Iran
| | - Abbas Maleki
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
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Abstract
Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae, persists in developing countries due to inadequate access to safe water, sanitation, and hygiene. There are approximately 4 million cases and 143,000 deaths each year due to cholera. The disease is transmitted fecally-orally via contaminated food or water. Severe dehydrating cholera can progress to hypovolemic shock due to the rapid loss of fluids and electrolytes, which requires a rapid infusion of intravenous (i.v.) fluids. The case fatality rate exceeds 50% without proper clinical management but can be less than 1% with prompt rehydration and antibiotics. Oral cholera vaccines (OCVs) serve as a major component of an integrated control package during outbreaks or within zones of endemicity. Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WaSH); health education; and prophylactic antibiotic treatment are additional components of the prevention and control of cholera. The World Health Organization (WHO) and the Global Task Force for Cholera Control (GTFCC) have set an ambitious goal of eliminating cholera by 2030 in high-risk areas.
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Globally Vibrio cholera antibiotics resistance to RNA and DNA effective antibiotics: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Microb Pathog 2022; 172:105514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Igere BE, Okoh AI, Nwodo UU. Atypical and dual biotypes variant of virulent SA-NAG-Vibrio cholerae: an evidence of emerging/evolving patho-significant strain in municipal domestic water sources. ANN MICROBIOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s13213-021-01661-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction and purpose
The recent cholera spread, new cases, and fatality continue to arouse concern in public health systems; however, interventions on control is at its peak yet statistics show continuous report. This study characterized atypical and patho-significant environmental Vibrio cholerae retrieved from ground/surface/domestic water in rural-urban-sub-urban locations of Amathole District municipality and Chris Hani District municipality, Eastern Cape Province, South Africa.
Methods
Domestic/surface water was sampled and 759 presumptive V. cholerae isolates were retrieved using standard microbiological methods. Virulence phenotypic test: toxin co-regulated pili (tcp), choleragen red, protease production, lecithinase production, and lipase test were conducted. Serotyping using polyvalent antisera (Bengal and Ogawa/Inaba/Hikojima) and molecular typing: 16SrRNA, OmpW, serogroup (Vc-O1/O139), biotype (tcpAClas/El Tor, HlyAClas/El Tor, rstRClas/El Tor, RS1, rtxA, rtxC), and virulence (ctxA, ctxB, zot, ace, cep, prt, toxR, hlyA) genes were targeted.
Result
Result of 16SrRNA typing confirmed 508 (66.9%) while OmpW detected/confirmed 61 (12.01%) V. cholerae strains. Phenotypic-biotyping scheme showed positive test to polymyxin B (68.9%), Voges proskauer (6.6%), and Bengal serology (11.5%). Whereas Vc-O1/O139 was negative, yet two of the isolates harbored the cholera toxin with a gene-type ctxB and hlyAClas: 2/61, revealing atypical/unusual/dual biotype phenotypic/genotypic features. Other potential atypical genotypes detected include rstR: 7/61, Cep: 15/61, ace: 20/61, hlyAElTor: 53/61, rtxA: 30/61, rtxC: 11/61, and prtV: 15/61 respectively.
Conclusion
Although additional patho-significant/virulent genotypes associated with epidemic/sporadic cholera cases were detected, an advanced, bioinformatics, and post-molecular evaluation is necessary. Such stride possesses potential to adequately minimize future cholera cases associated with dynamic/atypical environmental V. cholerae strains.
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Ormsby MJ, Grahame E, Burchmore R, Davies RL. Comparative bioinformatic and proteomic approaches to evaluate the outer membrane proteome of the fish pathogen Yersinia ruckeri. J Proteomics 2019; 199:135-147. [PMID: 30831250 PMCID: PMC6447952 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Yersinia ruckeri is the aetiological agent of enteric redmouth (ERM) disease and is responsible for significant economic losses in farmed salmonids. Enteric redmouth disease is associated primarily with rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss, Walbaum) but its incidence in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is increasing. Outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of Gram-negative bacteria are located at the host-pathogen interface and play important roles in virulence. The outer membrane of Y. ruckeri is poorly characterised and little is known about its composition and the roles of individual OMPs in virulence. Here, we employed a bioinformatic pipeline to first predict the OMP composition of Y. ruckeri. Comparative proteomic approaches were subsequently used to identify those proteins expressed in vitro in eight representative isolates recovered from Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout. One hundred and forty-one OMPs were predicted from four Y. ruckeri genomes and 77 of these were identified in three or more genomes and were considered as "core" proteins. Gel-free and gel-based proteomic approaches together identified 65 OMPs in a single reference isolate and subsequent gel-free analysis identified 64 OMPs in the eight Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout isolates. Together, our gel-free and gel-based proteomic analyses identified 84 unique OMPs in Y. ruckeri. SIGNIFICANCE: Yersinia ruckeri is an important pathogen of Atlantic salmon and rainbow trout and is of major economic significance to the aquaculture industry worldwide. Disease outbreaks are becoming more problematic in Atlantic salmon and there is an urgent need to investigate in further detail the cell-surface (outer membrane) composition of strains infecting each of these host species. Currently, the outer membrane of Y. ruckeri is poorly characterised and very little is known about the OMP composition of strains infecting each of these salmonid species. This study represents the most comprehensive comparative outer membrane proteomic analysis of Y. ruckeri to date, encompassing isolates of different biotypes, serotypes, OMP-types and hosts of origin and provides insights into the potential roles of these diverse proteins in host-pathogen interactions. The study has identified key OMPs likely to be involved in disease pathogenesis and makes a significant contribution to furthering our understanding of the cell-surface composition of this important fish pathogen that will be relevant to the development of improved vaccines and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Ormsby
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Edward Grahame
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK
| | - Richard Burchmore
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK; Polyomics, Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, TCRC, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 1QH, UK
| | - Robert L Davies
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Sir Graeme Davies Building, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8TA, UK.
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Investigating the virulence genes and antibiotic susceptibility patterns of Vibrio cholerae O1 in environmental and clinical isolates in Accra, Ghana. BMC Infect Dis 2019; 19:76. [PMID: 30665342 PMCID: PMC6341726 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-019-3714-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cholera has been endemic in Ghana since its detection in 1970. It has been shown that long-term survival of the bacteria may be attained in aquatic environments. Consequently, cholera outbreaks may be triggered predominantly in densely populated urban areas. We investigated clinical and environmental isolates of Vibrio cholerae O1 in Accra to determine their virulence genes, antibiotic susceptibility patterns and environmental factors maintaining their persistence in the environment. Methods Water samples from various sources were analyzed for the presence of V. cholerae O1 using culture methods. Forty clinical isolates from a previous cholera outbreak were included in the study for comparison. Antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacteria were determined by disc diffusion. Virulence genes were identified by analyzing genes for ctx, tcpA (tcpAEl Tor tcpACl), zot, ompW, rbfO1 and attRS using PCR. Physicochemical characteristics of water were investigated using standard methods. One-way ANOVA and student t - test were employed to analyze the relationship between physicochemical factors and the occurrence of V. cholerae O1. Results Eleven V. cholerae O1 strains were successfully isolated from streams, storage tanks and wells during the study period. All isolates were resistant to one or more of the eight antibiotics used. Multidrug resistance was observed in over 97% of the isolates. All isolates had genes for at least one virulence factor. Vibrio cholerae toxin gene was detected in 82.4% of the isolates. Approximately 81.8% of the isolates were positive for tcpAEl Tor gene, but also harbored the tcpAcl gene. Isolates were grouped into thirteen genotypes based on the genes analyzed. High temperature, salinity, total dissolved solids and conductivity was found to significantly correlate positively with isolation of V. cholerae O1. V. cholerae serotype Ogawa biotype El tor is the main biotype circulating in Ghana with the emergence of a hybrid strain. Conclusions Multidrug resistant V. cholerae O1 with different genotypes and pathogenicity are present in water sources and co-exist with non O1/O139 in the study area. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12879-019-3714-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Cholera: an overview with reference to the Yemen epidemic. Front Med 2018; 13:213-228. [DOI: 10.1007/s11684-018-0631-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Manafi A, Khodabandehloo M, Rouhi S, Ramazanzadeh R, Shahbazi B, Narenji H. Molecular Epidemiology Survey of Staphylococcus aureus Panton-Valentine Leukocidin-positive Isolated from Sanandaj, Iran. Adv Biomed Res 2017; 6:87. [PMID: 28828338 PMCID: PMC5549542 DOI: 10.4103/abr.abr_243_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Staphylococcus aureus strains that are Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL) positive cause severe skin and soft tissue infections as well as necrotizing pneumonia. The presence of PVL gene is a marker for methicillin-resistant S. aureus; therefore, survey on prevalence and phylogenetic distribution of PVL is of great importance for public health. The aim of this research was molecular epidemiology survey of S. aureus PVL positive, isolated from two tertiary hospitals of Sanandaj. Materials and Methods: A total of 264 staphylococci isolates were collected from clinical specimens, hospital personnel and hospital environment of two tertiary hospitals of Sanandaj, in 2012 (Toohid and Besat). Bacterial cultures and biochemical tests were performed for S. aureus detection. Then, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and repetitive sequence-based PCR (rep-PCR) were used for the determination of prevalence and molecular epidemiology of S. aureus PVL, respectively. Data were analyzed using the Fisher's exact test (P < 0.05). Results: From 264 staphylococci isolates, 88 (33.33%) were detected as S. aureus. Furthermore, 20 out of 88 (22.72%) strains of S. aureus were PVL positive according to PCR results. Rep-PCR showed six main clusters of S. aureus samples. PVL had similar clonality between different samples. No significant relationship was observed between PVL positive S. aureus and rep-PCR patterns (P = 0.98). Conclusion: These results showed that a clone of S. aureus PVL positive has spread between the community and hospital settings. Therefore, appropriate measures are required to prevent the spread of staphylococci and other bacteria in hospitals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbas Manafi
- Form the Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mazaher Khodabandehloo
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Samaneh Rouhi
- Form the Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Rashid Ramazanzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Babak Shahbazi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Hanar Narenji
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Abreu AG, Barbosa AS. How Escherichia coli Circumvent Complement-Mediated Killing. Front Immunol 2017; 8:452. [PMID: 28473832 PMCID: PMC5397495 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement is a crucial arm of the innate immune response against invading bacterial pathogens, and one of its main functions is to recognize and destroy target cells. Similar to other pathogens, Escherichia coli has evolved mechanisms to overcome complement activation. It is well known that capsular polysaccharide may confer resistance to complement-mediated killing and phagocytosis, being one of the strategies adopted by this bacterium to survive in serum. In addition, proteases produced by E. coli have been shown to downregulate the complement system. Pic, an autotransporter secreted by different pathogens in the Enterobacteriaceae family, is able to cleave C2, C3/C3b, and C4/C4b and works synergistically with human Factor I and Factor H (FH), thereby promoting inactivation of C3b. Extracellular serine protease P, a serine protease of enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC), downregulates complement activation by cleaving C3/C3b and C5. StcE, a metalloprotease secreted by EHEC, inhibits the classical complement-mediated cell lysis by potentiating the action of C1 inhibitor, and the periplasmic protease Prc contributes to E. coli complement evasion by interfering with the classical pathway activation and by preventing membrane attack complex deposition. Finally, it has been described that E. coli proteins interact with negative complement regulators to modulate complement activation. The functional consequences resulting from the interaction of outer membrane protein A, new lipoprotein I, outer membrane protein W, and Stx2 with proteins of the FH family and C4b-binding protein (C4BP) are discussed in detail. In brief, in this review, we focused on the different mechanisms used by pathogenic E. coli to circumvent complement attack, allowing these bacteria to promote a successful infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afonso G Abreu
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, CEUMA University, São Luís, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Federal University of Maranhão, São Luís, Brazil
| | - Angela S Barbosa
- Laboratory of Bacteriology, Butantan Institute, São Paulo, Brazil
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Torane V, Kuyare S, Nataraj G, Mehta P, Dutta S, Sarkar B. Phenotypic and antibiogram pattern of V. cholerae isolates from a tertiary care hospital in Mumbai during 2004-2013: a retrospective cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e012638. [PMID: 27888174 PMCID: PMC5168530 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-012638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Cholera is a major gastroenteric disease with reports on fluctuation and resistance. Hence, the objective is to determine the trend in seasonality, resistance pattern, prevalent biotypes, serotypes and phage types between 2004 and 2013 among Vibrio cholerae isolates. DESIGN A retrospective cross-sectional study. SETTINGS A single-centre study was carried out at a tertiary care hospital in a metropolitan city (Mumbai) of a developing country (India). METHODS Records of stool specimen cultures of patients with suspected cholera from January 2004 to December 2013 were analysed. The organisms were identified as per standard protocol. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed as per Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute. Biotyping, serotyping and phage typing were carried out. From the confirmed cases of cholera, demographic and laboratory details were noted. Descriptive analysis was used and the data were presented in the form of percentages. RESULTS Vibrio cholerae was predominant in males and was isolated from 9.41% (439/4664) of stool specimens. Variability was found in terms of the gross appearance of stool specimens, seasonal trend and antibiotic resistance pattern. The antimicrobial susceptibility showed a waxing and waning pattern for most of the antibiotics (ampicillin, cefuroxime, chloramphenicol, tetracycline) tested, while for a few others the strains were either uniformly sensitive (gentamicin, norfloxacin) or resistant (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, nalidixic acid). All isolates belonged to subgroup O1 and biotype El Tor. The most common serotype was Ogawa. The predominant phage type was T2 (old scheme) and T27 (new scheme). CONCLUSIONS The predominant biotype, serotype and phage type were El Tor, Ogawa and T27 phage, respectively. The changing trends in antimicrobial resistance pattern over the years necessitate continued epidemiological and microbiological surveillance of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Torane
- Department of Microbiology, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - S Kuyare
- Department of Microbiology, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - G Nataraj
- Department of Microbiology, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - P Mehta
- Department of Microbiology, Seth G.S. Medical College & KEM Hospital, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - S Dutta
- Bacteriology Division, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - B Sarkar
- Bacteriology Division, National Institute of Cholera and Enteric Diseases (NICED), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
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Li W, Wen L, Li C, Chen R, Ye Z, Zhao J, Pan J. Contribution of the outer membrane protein OmpW in Escherichia coli to complement resistance from binding to factor H. Microb Pathog 2016; 98:57-62. [PMID: 27364548 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The serum complement system is essential for innate immune defense against invading pathogenic bacteria. Some of the 8-stranded β-barrel outer membrane proteins confer bacterial resistance to the innate host immunity. We have previously demonstrated that OmpW, also an 8-stranded β-barrel protein that was identified a decade ago, protects bacteria against host phagocytosis. In this study, we investigated the complement resistance of OmpW. Our results indicate that the upregulation of OmpW is associated with increased survival when bacteria are exposed to normal human sera (NHS). Mutant bacteria lacking OmpW in NHS exhibited significantly lower survival rates in comparison to wild-type and ompW complemented bacteria. Furthermore, the bacterial survival significantly decreased in NHS that was supplemented with EGTA-Mg(2+) compared to that in NHS supplemented with EDTA. These results suggest that OmpW confer resistance to alternative complement pathway-mediated killing. Moreover, the binding of OmpW to factor H, a major inhibitor of alternative pathway, was found, indicating that OmpW recruitment of factor H is a mechanism for bacterial evasion of complement attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Liangyou Wen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Chuchu Li
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Ran Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Zhicang Ye
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jie Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China
| | - Jianyi Pan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, China.
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Kaas RS, Ngandjio A, Nzouankeu A, Siriphap A, Fonkoua MC, Aarestrup FM, Hendriksen RS. The Lake Chad Basin, an Isolated and Persistent Reservoir of Vibrio cholerae O1: A Genomic Insight into the Outbreak in Cameroon, 2010. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155691. [PMID: 27191718 PMCID: PMC4871476 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of reported cholera was relatively low around the Lake Chad basin until 1991. Since then, cholera outbreaks have been reported every couple of years. The objective of this study was to investigate the 2010/2011 Vibrio cholerae outbreak in Cameroon to gain insight into the genomic make-up of the V. cholerae strains responsible for the outbreak. Twenty-four strains were isolated and whole genome sequenced. Known virulence genes, resistance genes and integrating conjugative element (ICE) elements were identified and annotated. A global phylogeny (378 genomes) was inferred using a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) analysis. The Cameroon outbreak was found to be clonal and clustered distant from the other African strains. In addition, a subset of the strains contained a deletion that was found in the ICE element causing less resistance. These results suggest that V. cholerae is endemic in the Lake Chad basin and different from other African strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rolf S. Kaas
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Antoinette Ngandjio
- Centre Pasteur du Cameroon, Service Hygiène et Environnement section Microbiologie, P.O. Box 1274, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Ariane Nzouankeu
- Centre Pasteur du Cameroon, Laboratory of Bacteriology, P.O. Box 1274, Yaoundé, Cameroon
| | - Achiraya Siriphap
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medical Science, University of Phayao, Phayao, 56000, Thailand
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | | | - Frank M. Aarestrup
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Rene S. Hendriksen
- National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Research Group for Genomic Epidemiology, WHO Collaborating Center for Antimicrobial Resistance in Foodborne Pathogens and European Union Reference Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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15
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Ramazanzadeh R, Rouhi S, Shakib P, Shahbazi B, Bidarpour F, Karimi M. Molecular Characterization of Vibrio cholerae Isolated From Clinical Samples in Kurdistan Province, Iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e18119. [PMID: 26060565 PMCID: PMC4458358 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.8(5)2015.18119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 04/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Vibrio cholerae causes diarrhoeal disease that afflicts thousands of people annually. V. cholerae is classified on the basis of somatic antigens into serovars or serogroups and there are at least 200 known serogroup. Two serogroups, O1 and O139 have been associated with epidemic diseases. Virulence genes of these bacteria are OmpW, ctxA and tcpA. Objectives: Due to the importance of V. cholerae infection and developing molecular diagnostics of this organism in medical and microbiology sciences, this study aimed to describe molecular characterization of V. cholerae isolated from clinical samples using a molecular method. Materials and Methods: In this study, 48 samples were provided during summer 2013 (late August and early September) by reference laboratory. Samples were assessed using biochemical tests initially. The primer of OmpW, ctxA and tcpA genes was used in Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) protocols. Enterobacterial Repetitive Intergenic Consensus (ERIC)-PCR and Repetitive Extragenic Palindromic (REP)-PCR methods were used to subtype V. cholerae. Results: In this study, from a total of 48 clinical stool samples 39 (81.2 %) were positive for V. cholerae in biochemical tests and bacteria culture tests. The PCR results showed that of 39 positive isolates 35 (89.7%), 34 (87.1%) and 37 (94.8%) were positive for ctxA, tcpA and OmpW gene, respectively. Also, in the REP-PCR method with ERIC primer strains were divided into 10 groups. In the REP-PCR method with REP primer, strains were divided into 13 groups. Conclusions: Polymerase chain reaction has specificity and accuracy for identification of the organism and is able to differentiate biotypes. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence is one of the informative and discriminative methods for the analysis of V. cholerae diversity. The REP-PCR is a less informative and discriminative method compared to other methods for the analysis of V. cholerae diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashid Ramazanzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran
| | - Samaneh Rouhi
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran
| | - Pegah Shakib
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran
| | - Babak Shahbazi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Babak Shahbazi, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran. Tel: +98-9353929575, E-mail:
| | - Farzam Bidarpour
- Deputy of Public Health Affairs, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran
| | - Mohammad Karimi
- Deputy of Public Health Affairs, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, IR Iran
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16
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Samadi N, Pakzad I, Monadi Sefidan A, Hosainzadegan H, Tanomand A. Study of aminoglycoside resistance genes in enterococcus and salmonella strains isolated from ilam and milad hospitals, iran. Jundishapur J Microbiol 2015; 8:e18102. [PMID: 26034551 PMCID: PMC4449854 DOI: 10.5812/jjm.8(4)2015.18102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Aminoglycosides are a group of antibiotics that have been widely used in the treatment of life-threatening infections of Gram-negative bacteria. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the frequency of aminoglycoside resistance genes in Enterococcus and Salmonella strains isolated from clinical samples by PCR. Materials and Methods: In this study, 140 and 79 isolates of Enterococcus and Salmonella were collected, respectively. After phenotypic biochemical confirmation, 117 and 77 isolates were identified as Enterococcus and Salmonella, respectively. After the biochemical identification of the isolates, antibiotic susceptibility for screening of resistance was done using the Kirby-Bauer method for gentamicin, amikacin, kanamycin, tobramycin and netilmycin. DNA was extracted from resistant strains and the presence of acc (3)-Ia, aac (3′)-Ib, acc (6)-IIa ,16SrRNA methylase genes (armA and rat) was detected by PCR amplification using special primers and positive controls. Results: Enterococcus isolates have the highest prevalence of resistance to both kanamycin and amikacin (68.4%), and Salmonella isolates have the highest prevalence of resistance against kanamycin (6.9%). Ninety-three and 26 isolates of Enterococcus and Salmonella at least were resistant against one of the aminoglycosides, respectively. Moreover, 72.04%, 66.7%, and 36.6% of the resistant strains of Enterococcus had the aac (3′)-Ia, aac (3′)-IIa, and acc (6′)-Ib genes, respectively. None of the Salmonella isolates have the studied aminoglycoside genes. Conclusions: Our results indicate that acetylation genes have an important role in aminoglycoside resistance of the Enterococcus isolates from clinical samples. Moreover, Salmonella strains indicate very low level of aminoglycoside resistance, and aminoglycoside resistance genes were not found in Salmonella isolates. These results indicate that other resistance mechanisms, including efflux pumps have an important role in aminoglycoside resistance of Salmonella.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasser Samadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IR Iran
| | - Iraj Pakzad
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IR Iran
- Clinical Microbiology Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, IR Iran
| | | | - Hasan Hosainzadegan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty Of Medicine, Maragheh University of Medical Science, Maragheh , IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Hasan Hosainzadegan, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty Of Medicine, Maragheh University of Medical Science, Maragheh , IR Iran. Tel: +98-4137276364, Fax: +98-4137276363, E-mail:
| | - Asghar Tanomand
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty Of Medicine, Maragheh University of Medical Science, Maragheh , IR Iran
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17
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Menezes FGRD, Neves SDS, Sousa OVD, Vila-Nova CMVM, Maggioni R, Theophilo GND, Hofer E, Vieira RHSDF. Detection of virulence genes in environmental strains of Vibrio cholerae from estuaries in northeastern Brazil. Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo 2015; 56:427-32. [PMID: 25229224 PMCID: PMC4172115 DOI: 10.1590/s0036-46652014000500010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The objectives of this study were to detect the presence of
Vibrio cholerae in tropical estuaries (Northeastern
Brazil) and to search for virulence factors in the environmental isolates.
Water and sediment samples were inoculated onto a vibrio-selective medium
(TCBS), and colonies with morphological resemblance to V.
cholerae were isolated. The cultures were identified phenotypically
using a dichotomous key based on biochemical characteristics. The total DNA
extracted was amplified by PCR to detect ompW and by multiplex
PCR to detect the virulence genes ctx, tcp,
zot and rfbO1. The results of the
phenotypic and genotypic identification were compared. Nine strains of
V. cholerae were identified phenotypically, five of which
were confirmed by detection of the species-specific gene ompW.
The dichotomous key was efficient at differentiating environmental strains of
V. cholerae. Strains of V. cholerae were
found in all four estuaries, but none possessed virulence genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Soraya da Silva Neves
- Federal University of Ceará, Department of Fisheries Engineering, Campus Universitário do Pici, UFC, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rodrigo Maggioni
- Marine Sciences Institute (LABOMAR), Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Ernesto Hofer
- The Oswaldo Cruz Institute (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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18
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Thapa Shrestha U, Adhikari N, Maharjan R, Banjara MR, Rijal KR, Basnyat SR, Agrawal VP. Multidrug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 from clinical and environmental samples in Kathmandu city. BMC Infect Dis 2015; 15:104. [PMID: 25888391 PMCID: PMC4350293 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-0844-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cholera, an infectious disease caused by Vibrio cholerae, is a major public health problem and is a particularly burden in developing countries including Nepal. Although the recent worldwide outbreaks of cholera have been due to V. cholerae El Tor, the classical biotypes are still predominant in Nepal. Serogroup O1 of the V. cholerae classical biotype was the primary cause of a cholera outbreak in Kathmandu in 2012. Thus, this study was designed to know serotypes and biotypes of V. cholerae strains causing recent outbreak with reference to drug resistant patterns. Moreover, we also report the toxigenic strains of V. cholerae from both environmental and clinical specimens by detecting the ctx gene. Methods Twenty four V. cholerae (n = 22 from stool samples and n = 2 from water samples) isolated in this study were subjected to Serotyping and biotyping following the standard protocols as described previously. All of the isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility patterns using the modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method as recommended by CLSI guidelines. The screening of the ctx genes (ctxA2-B gene) were performed by PCR method using a pair of primers; C2F (5′-AGGTGTAAAATTCCTTGACGA-3′) and C2R (5′-TCCTCAGGGTATCCTTCATC-3′) to identify the toxigenic strains of V. cholerae. Results Among twenty four V. cholerae isolates, 91.7% were clinical and 8.3% were from water samples. Higher rate of V. cholerae infection was found among adults of aged group 20–30 years. All isolates were serogroups O1 of the V. cholerae classical biotype and sub serotype, Ogawa. All isolates were resistant to ampicillin, nalidixic acid and cotrimoxazole. 90.9% were resistant to erythromycin however, tetracycline was found to be the most effective drug for the isolates. All isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR) and possessed a ctx gene of approximately 400 base pairs indicating the toxigenic strains. Conclusion Hundred percent strains of V. cholerae were MDR possessing a ctx gene. It suggests that toxigenic strains be identified and proper antibiotic susceptibility testing be conducted. This will allow effective empirical therapy to be used to treat and control cholera.
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Affiliation(s)
- Upendra Thapa Shrestha
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), Sanepa, Lalitpur, Nepal. .,Department of Microbiology, Kantipur College of Medical Science (KCMS), Sitapaila, KTM, Nepal.
| | - Nabaraj Adhikari
- Department of Microbiology, Kantipur College of Medical Science (KCMS), Sitapaila, KTM, Nepal.
| | - Rojina Maharjan
- Department of Microbiology, Kantipur College of Medical Science (KCMS), Sitapaila, KTM, Nepal.
| | - Megha R Banjara
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, KTM, Nepal.
| | - Komal R Rijal
- Central Department of Microbiology, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, KTM, Nepal.
| | - Shital R Basnyat
- Department of Microbiology, Kantipur College of Medical Science (KCMS), Sitapaila, KTM, Nepal.
| | - Vishwanath P Agrawal
- Research Laboratory for Biotechnology and Biochemistry (RLABB), Sanepa, Lalitpur, Nepal.
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19
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Kumar P, Mishra DK, Deshmukh DG, Jain M, Zade AM, Ingole KV, Goel AK, Yadava PK. Vibrio cholerae O1 Ogawa El Tor strains with the ctxB7 allele driving cholera outbreaks in south-western India in 2012. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2014; 25:93-6. [PMID: 24747608 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2014.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cholera has been a recurrent epidemic disease in human populations for the past 200years. We present herein a comparative characterization of clinical Vibrio cholerae strains isolated from two consecutive cholera outbreaks in 2012 and associated environmental strains from western India. The clinical and toxigenic environmental isolates were identified as hybrid V. cholerae O1, serotype Ogawa, biotype El Tor carrying the variant ctxB7 allele. Partial sequences of SXT integrase from the isolates revealed 100% identity to ICEVchInd5 (Sevagram, India, 1994) and VC1786ICE (Haiti, 2013). The full clonal relationship of the strains established by RAPD, Box PCR, ERIC PCR and MLST (pyrH, recA and rpoA) analyses, and the short time between the two outbreaks, strongly supported that both outbreaks were due to a single strain. The study corroborated that faecal contamination of the potable water supply was the main reason for the first outbreak, which further spread to other areas and resulted in the second outbreak. The study concluded that the circulating El Tor variant strains of epidemic potential in the region can be a serious concern in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Kumar
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - D K Mishra
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | | | - M Jain
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - A M Zade
- SVN Govt. Medical College, Yavatmal, India
| | - K V Ingole
- SVN Govt. Medical College, Yavatmal, India
| | - A K Goel
- Defence Research and Development Establishment, Gwalior 474002, India
| | - P K Yadava
- Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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20
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Zhang P, Zhou H, Kan B, Wang D. Novel ctxB variants of Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates, China. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 20:48-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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21
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PAL BB, KHUNTIA HK, SAMAL SK, KERKETTA AS, KAR SK, KARMAKAR M, PATTNAIK B. Large outbreak of cholera caused by El Tor variant Vibrio cholerae O1 in the eastern coast of Odisha, India during 2009. Epidemiol Infect 2013; 141:2560-7. [PMID: 23461927 PMCID: PMC9151365 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268813000368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2012] [Revised: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
A large outbreak of cholera reported during April-July 2009 in the Kendrapada district of Odisha, India was investigated. Forty-one rectal swabs and 41 water samples, collected from diarrhoeal patients and from different villages were bacteriologically analysed for the isolation of bacterial enteriopathogens, antibiogram profile and detection of various toxic genes. The bacteriological analysis of rectal swabs and environmental water samples revealed the presence of V. cholerae O1 Ogawa biotype El Tor. The V. cholerae strains were resistant to ciprofloxacin, co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, ampicillin, furazolidone and nalidixic acid. The multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay on V. cholerae strains revealed the presence of ctxA and tcpA genes. The mismatch amplification of mutation assay (MAMA) PCR on clinical and environmental isolates of V. cholerae revealed that the strains were El Tor biotype, which harboured the ctxB gene of the classical strain. The random amplified polymorphic DNA PCR analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis results indicated that the V. cholerae isolates belonged to the same clone. This investigation gives a warning that the El Tor variant of V. cholerae has spread to the coastal district causing a large outbreak that requires close monitoring and surveillance on diarrhoeal outbreaks in Odisha.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. B. PAL
- Microbiology Division, Regional Medical Research Centre, ICMR, Odisha, India
| | - H. K. KHUNTIA
- Microbiology Division, Regional Medical Research Centre, ICMR, Odisha, India
| | - S. K. SAMAL
- Microbiology Division, Regional Medical Research Centre, ICMR, Odisha, India
| | - A. S. KERKETTA
- Microbiology Division, Regional Medical Research Centre, ICMR, Odisha, India
| | - S. K. KAR
- Microbiology Division, Regional Medical Research Centre, ICMR, Odisha, India
| | - M. KARMAKAR
- National Rural Health Mission, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - B. PATTNAIK
- Integrated Disease Surveillance Project, Directorate of Health Services, Government of Odisha, India
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22
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Wu XB, Tian LH, Zou HJ, Wang CY, Yu ZQ, Tang CH, Zhao FK, Pan JY. Outer membrane protein OmpW of Escherichia coli is required for resistance to phagocytosis. Res Microbiol 2013; 164:848-55. [PMID: 23811183 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Eight-stranded β-barrel outer membrane proteins can confer bacterial virulence via resistance to host innate defenses. This resistance function of OmpW, which was recently identified as an eight-stranded β-barrel protein, was investigated in this study. Our results demonstrated that upregulation of OmpW correlated with increased bacterial survival during phagocytosis. Bacterial mutants harboring a deletion of ompW exhibited a significantly increased phagocytosis rate. Both observations suggest that the OmpW protein protects bacteria against host phagocytosis. In addition, expression of ompW is regulated by iron, which implies that the resistance provided by OmpW may be an important factor in iron-related infectious diseases. Furthermore, OmpW has been identified as a protective antigen that protects mice against bacterial infection and is therefore a promising target for vaccine development against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Bin Wu
- School of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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23
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Jain M, Kushwah KS, Kumar P, Goel AK. Molecular Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 Reveals Continuous Evolution of Its New Variants in India. Indian J Microbiol 2013; 53:137-41. [PMID: 24426099 PMCID: PMC3626962 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-013-0372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae, the causing agent of cholera is still a major health challenge in most of the developing countries. In this study, V. cholerae strains collected from different cholera outbreaks in India over a period of past 7 years were found to have various toxigenic, pathogenic and regulatory genes viz. ctxAB, zot, tcp, hlyA, ace, ompU, ompW, rfbO1, toxT and toxR. The biotype specific genes rstR and rtxC revealed the El Tor biotype in majority of the isolates. However, variants among the isolates were found having genotype of both the biotypes. Sequencing of ctxB gene revealed the presence of altered ctxB of classical biotype with additional variations in isolates of 2007. Mismatch amplification mutation assay PCR also confirmed the isolates belonging to classical biotype. Antibiogram of the isolates revealed resistance for nalidixic acid, co-trimoxazole, streptomycin, and polymyxin B and susceptibility for tetracycline among most of the isolates from India. However, V. cholerae isolates from a recent outbreak in Eastern India were resistant to tetracycline. The study corroborated the continuous emergence and wide-spread of multidrug resistant El Tor variant strains in the Indian subcontinent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Jain
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474 002 India
| | - K. S. Kushwah
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474 002 India
| | - P. Kumar
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474 002 India
| | - A. K. Goel
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Gwalior, 474 002 India
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24
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Rapid spread of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variant in Odisha, Eastern India, in 2008 and 2009. J Clin Microbiol 2013; 51:1909-12. [PMID: 23515546 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03351-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence and spread of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variant strains causing severe diarrhea has been witnessed worldwide in recent years. In the state of Odisha, India, the spread of the V. cholerae O1 El Tor variant strains was studied during outbreaks in 2008 and 2009. Analysis of 194 V. cholerae O1 Ogawa strains revealed that V. cholerae O1 El Tor variant strains are spreading gradually throughout the state, causing outbreaks replacing typical V. cholerae O1 El Tor biotype strains.
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25
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Kutar BMRNS, Rajpara N, Upadhyay H, Ramamurthy T, Bhardwaj AK. Clinical isolates of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor Ogawa of 2009 from Kolkata, India: preponderance of SXT element and presence of Haitian ctxB variant. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56477. [PMID: 23431378 PMCID: PMC3576390 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Increase in the number of multidrug resistant pathogens and the accompanied rise in case fatality rates has hampered the treatment of many infectious diseases including cholera. Unraveling the mechanisms responsible for multidrug resistance in the clinical isolates of Vibrio cholerae would help in understanding evolution of these pathogenic bacteria and their epidemic potential. This study was carried out to identify genetic factors responsible for multiple drug resistance in clinical isolates of Vibrio cholerae O1, serotype Ogawa, biotype El Tor isolated from the patients admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kolkata, India, in 2009. Methodology/Principal Findings One hundred and nineteen clinical isolates of V. cholerae were analysed for their antibiotic resistance phenotypes. Antibiogram analysis revealed that majority of the isolates showed resistance to co-trimoxazole, nalidixic acid, polymixin B and streptomycin. In PCR, SXT integrase was detected in 117 isolates and its sequence showed 99% identity notably to ICEVchInd5 from Sevagram, India, ICEVchBan5 from Bangladesh and VC1786ICE sequence from Haiti outbreak among others. Antibiotic resistance traits corresponding to SXT element were transferred from the parent Vibrio isolate to the recipient E. coli XL-1 Blue cells during conjugation. Double-mismatch-amplification mutation assay (DMAMA) revealed the presence of Haitian type ctxB allele of genotype 7 in 55 isolates and the classical ctxB allele of genotype 1 in 59 isolates. Analysis of topoisomerase sequences revealed the presence of mutation Ser83 → Ile in gyrA and Ser85→ Leu in parC. This clearly showed the circulation of SXT-containing V. cholerae as causative agent for cholera in Kolkata. Conclusions There was predominance of SXT element in these clinical isolates from Kolkata region which also accounted for their antibiotic resistance phenotype typical of this element. DMAMA PCR showed them to be a mixture of isolates with different ctxB alleles like classical, El Tor and Haitian variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Braj M. R. N. S. Kutar
- Department of Human Health and Diseases, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Neha Rajpara
- Department of Human Health and Diseases, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Hardik Upadhyay
- Department of Human Health and Diseases, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | | | - Ashima K. Bhardwaj
- Department of Human Health and Diseases, School of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Advanced Research, Koba Institutional Area, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
- * E-mail:
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Rashed SM, Mannan SB, Johura FT, Islam MT, Sadique A, Watanabe H, Sack RB, Huq A, Colwell RR, Cravioto A, Alam M. Genetic characteristics of drug-resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 causing endemic cholera in Dhaka, 2006-2011. J Med Microbiol 2012; 61:1736-1745. [PMID: 22977073 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.049635-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio cholerae O1 biotype El Tor (ET), causing the seventh cholera pandemic, was recently replaced in Bangladesh by an altered ET possessing ctxB of the Classical (CL) biotype, which caused the first six cholera pandemics. In the present study, V. cholerae O1 strains associated with endemic cholera in Dhaka between 2006 and 2011 were analysed for major phenotypic and genetic characteristics. Of 54 representative V. cholerae isolates tested, all were phenotypically ET and showed uniform resistance to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (SXT) and furazolidone (FR). Resistance to tetracycline (TE) and erythromycin (E) showed temporal fluctuation, varying from year to year, while all isolates were susceptible to gentamicin (CN) and ciprofloxacin (CIP). Year-wise data revealed erythromycin resistance to be 33.3 % in 2006 and 11 % in 2011, while tetracycline resistance accounted for 33, 78, 0, 100 and 27 % in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010, respectively; interestingly, all isolates tested were sensitive to TE in 2011, as observed in 2008. All V. cholerae isolates tested possessed genetic elements such as SXT, ctxAB, tcpA(ET), rstR(ET) and rtxC; none had IntlI (Integron I). Double mismatch amplification mutation assay (DMAMA)-PCR followed by DNA sequencing and analysis of the ctxB gene revealed a point mutation at position 58 (C→A), which has resulted in an amino acid substitution from histidine (H) to asparagine (N) at position 20 (genotype 7) since 2008. Although the multi-resistant strains having tetracycline resistance showed minor genetic divergence, V. cholerae strains were clonal, as determined by a PFGE (NotI)-based dendrogram. This study shows 2008-2010 to be the time of transition from ctxB genotype 1 to genotype 7 in V. cholerae ET causing endemic cholera in Dhaka, Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shah M Rashed
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahnewaj B Mannan
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Fatema-Tuz Johura
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - M Tarequl Islam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdus Sadique
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - R Bradley Sack
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anwar Huq
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, MD, USA
| | - Rita R Colwell
- Center for Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, University of Maryland, MD, USA
- Maryland Pathogen Research Institute, University of Maryland, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Alejandro Cravioto
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Munirul Alam
- International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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Evaluation of TcpF-A2-CTB chimera and evidence of additive protective efficacy of immunizing with TcpF and CTB in the suckling mouse model of cholera. PLoS One 2012; 7:e42434. [PMID: 22879984 PMCID: PMC3413659 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0042434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The secreted colonization factor, TcpF, which is produced by Vibrio cholerae 01 and 0139, has generated interest as a potential protective antigen in the development of a subunit vaccine against cholera. This study evaluated immunogenicity/protective efficacy of a TcpF holotoxin-like chimera (TcpF-A2-CTB) following intraperitoneal immunization compared to TcpF alone, a TcpF+CTB mixture, or CTB alone. Immunization with the TcpF-A2-CTB chimera elicited significantly greater amounts of anti-TcpF IgG than immunization with the other antigens (P<0.05). Protective efficacy was measured using 6-day-old pups reared from immunized dams and orogastrically challenged with a lethal dose of El Tor V. cholerae 01 Inaba strain N16961. Protection from death, and weight loss analysis at 24 and 48 hours post-infection demonstrated that immunization with TcpF alone was poorly protective. However, immunization with TcpF+CTB was highly protective and showed a trend toward greater protection than immunization with CTB alone (82% vs 64% survival). Immunization with the TcpF-A2-CTB chimera demonstrated less protection (50% survival) than immunization with the TcpF+CTB mixture. The TcpF-A2-CTB chimera used for this study contained the heterologous classical CTB variant whereas the El Tor CTB variant (expressed by the challenge strain) was used in the other immunization groups. For all immunization groups that received CTB, quantitative ELISA data demonstrated that the amounts of serum IgG directed against the homologous immunizing CTB antigen was statistically greater than the amount to the heterologous CTB antigen (P≤0.003). This finding provides a likely explanation for the poorer protection observed following immunization with the TcpF-A2-CTB chimera and the relatively high level of protection seen after immunization with homologous CTB alone. Though immunization with TcpF alone provided no protection, the additive protective effect when TcpF was combined with CTB demonstrates its possible value as a component of a multivalent subunit vaccine against Vibrio cholerae 01 and 0139.
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Piarroux R, Faucher B. Cholera epidemics in 2010: respective roles of environment, strain changes, and human-driven dissemination. Clin Microbiol Infect 2012; 18:231-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2012.03763.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Thompson CC, Freitas FS, Marin MA, Fonseca EL, Okeke IN, Vicente ACP. Vibrio cholerae O1 lineages driving cholera outbreaks during seventh cholera pandemic in Ghana. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2011; 11:1951-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2011.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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30
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Tran HD, Alam M, Trung NV, Van Kinh N, Nguyen HH, Pham VC, Ansaruzzaman M, Rashed SM, Bhuiyan NA, Dao TT, Endtz HP, Wertheim HFL. Multi-drug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 variant El Tor isolated in northern Vietnam between 2007 and 2010. J Med Microbiol 2011; 61:431-437. [PMID: 22016560 PMCID: PMC3347965 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.034744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 2007, there has been a re-emergence of cholera outbreaks in northern Vietnam. To understand the molecular epidemiological relatedness and determine the antibiotic susceptibility profiles of responsible V. cholerae O1 outbreak strains, a representative collection of 100 V. cholerae O1 strains was characterized. V. cholerae O1 strains isolated from diarrhoeal patients in northern Vietnam between 2007 and 2010 were investigated for antibiotic susceptibility and characterized by using phenotypic and genotypic tests, including PFGE analysis. Ten clinical V. cholerae O1 isolates from Bangladesh and Zimbabwe were included for comparison. The results revealed that all isolates were resistant to co-trimoxazole and nalidixic acid, 29 % were resistant to tetracycline and 1 % were resistant to azithromycin. All strains were susceptible to ampicillin–sulbactam, doxycycline, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin and 95 % were susceptible to azithromycin. MIC values did show reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and 63 % of the strains were intermediately resistant to tetracycline. The isolates expressed phenotypic traits of both serogroup O1 Ogawa and El Tor and harboured an rstR El Tor and ctxB classical biotype. Among the outbreak isolates, only a single PFGE pattern was observed throughout the study period. This study shows that multi-drug resistant V. cholerae altered El Tor producing classical CT strains are now predominant in northern Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huu Dat Tran
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hanoi Medical University, 1 Ton That Tung Street, Hanoi, Vietnam.,National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78 Giai Phong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Munirul Alam
- Enteric & Food Microbiology Laboratory, ICDDR,B: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Nguyen Vu Trung
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Hanoi Medical University, 1 Ton That Tung Street, Hanoi, Vietnam.,National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78 Giai Phong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Kinh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hanoi Medical University, 1 Ton That Tung Street, Hanoi, Vietnam.,National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78 Giai Phong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hong Ha Nguyen
- National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78 Giai Phong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Van Ca Pham
- National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78 Giai Phong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Mohammad Ansaruzzaman
- Enteric & Food Microbiology Laboratory, ICDDR,B: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Shah Manzur Rashed
- Enteric & Food Microbiology Laboratory, ICDDR,B: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Nurul A Bhuiyan
- Enteric & Food Microbiology Laboratory, ICDDR,B: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Tuyet Trinh Dao
- National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78 Giai Phong Street, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hubert P Endtz
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Infectious Diseases, Erasmus MC, University Medical Centre Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Enteric & Food Microbiology Laboratory, ICDDR,B: International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh GPO Box 128, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Heiman F L Wertheim
- Centre for Tropical Medicine, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Churchill Hospital, Old Road, Oxford OX3 7LJ, UK.,Oxford University Clinical Research Unit Vietnam, Wellcome Trust Major Overseas Program, National Hospital of Tropical Diseases, 78 Giai Phong Road, Dong Da, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Goel AK, Jain M, Kumar P, Sarguna P, Bai M, Ghosh N, Gopalan N. Molecular characterization reveals involvement of altered El Tor biotype Vibrio cholerae O1 strains in cholera outbreak at Hyderabad, India. J Microbiol 2011; 49:280-4. [PMID: 21538250 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-011-0317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Thirty-four Vibrio cholerae isolates collected from a cholera outbreak in Hyderabad, South India were found to belong to serogroup Ol biotype El Tor serotype Ogawa. The genotype of all the isolates was confirmed by PCR assays. All the isolates were found PCR positive for ctxAB, ompW, rflOl, rtxC, and tcpA genes. All the isolates but one harboured rstR ( El Tor ) allele. However, one isolate carried both rstR ( EL Tor ) as well as rstR ( Classical ) alleles. Cholera toxin (ctxB) genotyping of the isolates confirmed the presence of altered cholera toxin B of classical biotype in all the isolates. All the isolates except VCH35 harboured an RS1-CTX prophage array on the large chromosome. The isolate VCH35 contained a tandem repeat of classical CTX prophage on the small chromosome. The clonal relationship among the V. cholerae isolates as carried out by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequences PCR, BOX PCR and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA, uniformly showed a genetic relationship among the outbreak isolates. The results of this study suggest that altered El Tor biotype V. cholerae with the classical cholera toxin gene are involved in cholera outbreaks in India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ajay Kumar Goel
- Biotechnology Division, Defence Research & Development Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior 474002, India.
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Quilici ML, Massenet D, Gake B, Bwalki B, Olson DM. Vibrio cholerae O1 variant with reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, Western Africa. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 16:1804-5. [PMID: 21029554 PMCID: PMC3294521 DOI: 10.3201/eid1611.100568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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Jain M, Goel A, Bhattacharya P, Ghatole M, Kamboj D. Multidrug resistant Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor carrying classical ctxB allele involved in a cholera outbreak in South Western India. Acta Trop 2011; 117:152-6. [PMID: 21147057 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 12/01/2010] [Accepted: 12/02/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Cholera is a fatal diarrheal disease characterized with enormous fluid loss through stools. A total of 41 Vibrio cholerae isolates collected from a recent cholera outbreak in Solapur, South Western India were found to belong to serogroup O1, biotype El Tor and serotype Ogawa. Molecular analysis revealed the prevalence of different toxigenic and pathogenic genes in the isolates. All the isolates harboured rstR(El)(Tor) allele indicating the presence of CTXΦ(El)(Tor). However, cholera toxin (ctxB) gene sequencing and a ctxB allele specific PCR of the isolates confirmed the presence of ctxB of classical biotype. The antibiogram profile revealed the resistance for several antibiotics including nalidixic acid, polymyxin B, streptomycin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim, rifampicin and vibriostatic agent 2,4-diamino-6,7-diisopropylpteridine (O/129). All the isolates were PCR positive for class 1 integron and SXT elements also. Fingerprinting analysis revealed the clonal relationship among the outbreak isolates. The results suggested the involvement of multidrug resistant V. cholerae El Tor biotype isolates having ctxB gene of classical biotype in the cholera outbreak.
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