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Shults P, Zhang X, Moran M, Cohnstaedt LW, Gerry AC, Vargo EL, Eyer PA. Immigration and seasonal bottlenecks: high inbreeding despite high genetic diversity in an oscillating population of Culicoides sonorensis (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2023; 60:987-997. [PMID: 37417303 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjad068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
Most population genetic studies concern spatial genetic differentiation, but far fewer aim at analyzing the temporal genetic changes that occur within populations. Vector species, including mosquitoes and biting midges, are often characterized by oscillating adult population densities, which may affect their dispersal, selection, and genetic diversity over time. Here, we used a population of Culicoides sonorensis from a single site in California to investigate short-term (intra-annual) and long-term (inter-annual) temporal variation in genetic diversity over a 3 yr period. This biting midge species is the primary vector of several viruses affecting both wildlife and livestock, thus a better understanding of the population dynamics of this species can help inform epidemiological studies. We found no significant genetic differentiation between months or years, and no correlation between adult populations and the inbreeding coefficient (FIS). However, we show that repeated periods of low adult abundance during cooler winter months resulted in recurring bottleneck events. Interestingly, we also found a high number of private and rare alleles, which suggests both a large, stable population, as well as a constant influx of migrants from nearby populations. Overall, we showed that the high number of migrants maintains a high level of genetic diversity by introducing new alleles, while this increased diversity is counterbalanced by recurrent bottleneck events potentially purging unfit alleles each year. These results highlight the temporal influences on population structure and genetic diversity in C. sonorensis and provide insight into factors effecting genetic variation that may occur in other vector species with fluctuating populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Shults
- USDA-ARS, Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit (FABADRU), 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Xinmi Zhang
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Megan Moran
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Lee W Cohnstaedt
- USDA-ARS, Foreign Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit (FABADRU), 1515 College Avenue, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA
| | - Alec C Gerry
- Department of Entomology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Edward L Vargo
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Pierre-Andre Eyer
- Department of Entomology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
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Species delimitation and mitonuclear discordance within a species complex of biting midges. Sci Rep 2022; 12:1730. [PMID: 35110675 PMCID: PMC8810881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-05856-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The inability to distinguish between species can be a serious problem in groups responsible for pathogen transmission. Culicoides biting midges transmit many pathogenic agents infecting wildlife and livestock. In North America, the C. variipennis species complex contains three currently recognized species, only one of which is a known vector, but limited species-specific characters have hindered vector surveillance. Here, genomic data were used to investigate population structure and genetic differentiation within this species complex. Single nucleotide polymorphism data were generated for 206 individuals originating from 17 locations throughout the United States and Canada. Clustering analyses suggest the occurrence of two additional cryptic species within this complex. All five species were significantly differentiated in both sympatry and allopatry. Evidence of hybridization was detected in three different species pairings indicating incomplete reproductive isolation. Additionally, COI sequences were used to identify the hybrid parentage of these individuals, which illuminated discordance between the divergence of the mitochondrial and nuclear datasets.
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Laboratory evaluation of stable isotope labeling of Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) for adult dispersal studies. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:411. [PMID: 31439006 PMCID: PMC6704667 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3671-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Stable isotope labeling is a promising method for use in insect mark-capture and dispersal studies. Culicoides biting midges, which transmit several important animal pathogens, including bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), are small flies that develop in various semi-aquatic habitats. Previous Culicoides dispersal studies have suffered from the limitations of other labeling techniques, and an inability to definitively connect collected adult midges to specific immature development sites. Results Adult C. sonorensis were successfully labeled with 13C and 15N stable isotopes as larvae developing in a semi-aquatic mud substrate in the laboratory. High and low-dose isotope treatments for both elements significantly enriched midges above the background isotope levels of unenriched controls. Enrichment had no effect on C. sonorensis survival, though a slight (~ 5 day) delay in emergence was observed, and there was no significant effect of pool size on 13C or 15N enrichment levels. Conclusions Stable isotope labeling is life-long, and does not interfere with natural insect behaviors. Stable isotope enrichment using 13C or 15N shows promise for Culicoides dispersal studies in the field. This method can be used to identify adult dispersal from larval source habitat where a midge developed. It may be possible to detect a single enriched midge in a pool of unenriched individuals, though further testing is needed to confirm the sensitivity of this method.
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Burgin L, Ekström M, Dessai S. Combining dispersion modelling with synoptic patterns to understand the wind-borne transport into the UK of the bluetongue disease vector. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2017; 61:1233-1245. [PMID: 28091855 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1301-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Bluetongue, an economically important animal disease, can be spread over long distances by carriage of insect vectors (Culicoides biting midges) on the wind. The weather conditions which influence the midge's flight are controlled by synoptic scale atmospheric circulations. A method is proposed that links wind-borne dispersion of the insects to synoptic circulation through the use of a dispersion model in combination with principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis. We illustrate how to identify the main synoptic situations present during times of midge incursions into the UK from the European continent. A PCA was conducted on high-pass-filtered mean sea-level pressure data for a domain centred over north-west Europe from 2005 to 2007. A clustering algorithm applied to the PCA scores indicated the data should be divided into five classes for which averages were calculated, providing a classification of the main synoptic types present. Midge incursion events were found to mainly occur in two synoptic categories; 64.8% were associated with a pattern displaying a pressure gradient over the North Atlantic leading to moderate south-westerly flow over the UK and 17.9% of the events occurred when high pressure dominated the region leading to south-easterly or easterly winds. The winds indicated by the pressure maps generally compared well against observations from a surface station and analysis charts. This technique could be used to assess frequency and timings of incursions of virus into new areas on seasonal and decadal timescales, currently not possible with other dispersion or biological modelling methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Ekström
- CSIRO Land and Water, Black Mountain, GPO Box 1700, Canberra, 2601, ACT, Australia.
| | - Suraje Dessai
- School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
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Sanders CJ, Harrup LE, Tugwell LA, Brugman VA, England M, Carpenter S. Quantification of within- and between-farm dispersal of Culicoides biting midges using an immunomarking technique. J Appl Ecol 2017; 54:1429-1439. [PMID: 29104309 PMCID: PMC5655569 DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.12875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Culicoides biting midges (Diptera, Ceratopogonidae) are vectors of arboviruses that cause significant economic and welfare impact. Local‐scale spread of Culicoides‐borne arboviruses is largely determined by the between‐farm movement of infected Culicoides. Study of the dispersal behaviour of Culicoides by capture–mark–recapture (CMR) is problematic due to the likelihood of mortality and changes in behaviour upon capture caused by the small size and fragility of these insects, evidenced by low recapture rates. To counter the problem of using CMR with Culicoides, this study utilised an ovalbumin immunomarking technique to quantify the within‐ and between‐farm dispersal of Culicoides in southern England. Both within‐ and between‐farm dispersal of Culicoides was observed. Of the 9058 Culicoides collected over 22 nights of trapping, 600 ovalbumin‐positive Culicoides, of 12 species including those implicated as arbovirus vectors, were collected with a maximum dispersal distance of 3125 m. This study provides the first species‐level data on the between‐farm dispersal of potential bluetongue, Schmallenberg and African horse sickness virus vectors in northern Europe. High‐resolution meteorological data determined upwind and downwind flight by Culicoides had occurred. Cumulative collection and meteorological data suggest 15·6% of flights over 1 km were upwind of the treatment area and 84·4% downwind. Synthesis and applications. The use of immunomarking eliminates the potential adverse effects on survival and behaviour of insect collection prior to marking, substantially improving the resolution and accuracy of estimates of the dispersal potential of small and delicate vector species such as Culicoides. Using this technique, quantification of the range of Culicoides dispersal with regard to meteorological conditions including wind direction will enable improved, data‐driven modelling of the spread of Culicoides‐borne arboviruses and will inform policy response to incursions and outbreaks.
The use of immunomarking eliminates the potential adverse effects on survival and behaviour of insect collection prior to marking, substantially improving the resolution and accuracy of estimates of the dispersal potential of small and delicate vector species such as Culicoides. Using this technique, quantification of the range of Culicoides dispersal with regard to meteorological conditions including wind direction will enable improved, data‐driven modelling of the spread of Culicoides‐borne arboviruses and will inform policy response to incursions and outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lara E Harrup
- The Pirbright Institute Ash Road Pirbright Surrey GU24 0NF UK
| | - Laura A Tugwell
- The Pirbright Institute Ash Road Pirbright Surrey GU24 0NF UK
| | | | - Marion England
- The Pirbright Institute Ash Road Pirbright Surrey GU24 0NF UK
| | - Simon Carpenter
- The Pirbright Institute Ash Road Pirbright Surrey GU24 0NF UK
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Jacquet S, Huber K, Pagès N, Talavera S, Burgin LE, Carpenter S, Sanders C, Dicko AH, Djerbal M, Goffredo M, Lhor Y, Lucientes J, Miranda-Chueca MA, Pereira Da Fonseca I, Ramilo DW, Setier-Rio ML, Bouyer J, Chevillon C, Balenghien T, Guis H, Garros C. Range expansion of the Bluetongue vector, Culicoides imicola, in continental France likely due to rare wind-transport events. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27247. [PMID: 27263862 PMCID: PMC4893744 DOI: 10.1038/srep27247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the northward expansion of Culicoides imicola Kieffer in recent and unprecedented outbreaks of Culicoides-borne arboviruses in southern Europe has been a significant point of contention. We combined entomological surveys, movement simulations of air-borne particles, and population genetics to reconstruct the chain of events that led to a newly colonized French area nestled at the northern foot of the Pyrenees. Simulating the movement of air-borne particles evidenced frequent wind-transport events allowing, within at most 36 hours, the immigration of midges from north-eastern Spain and Balearic Islands, and, as rare events, their immigration from Corsica. Completing the puzzle, population genetic analyses discriminated Corsica as the origin of the new population and identified two successive colonization events within west-Mediterranean basin. Our findings are of considerable importance when trying to understand the invasion of new territories by expanding species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stéphanie Jacquet
- Cirad, UMR15 CMAEE, 34398; INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, 34398 Montpellier, France.,CNRS, Université de Montpellier, UMR 5290 Maladies Infectieuses &Vecteurs-Ecologie, Génétique, Ecologie, Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, France.,IRD, UR 224 MIVEGEC, BP 64501, Agropolis, 34 394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Karine Huber
- INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE,34398; Cirad, UMR15 CMAEE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Nonito Pagès
- Cirad, UMR15 CMAEE, 97170 Petit-Bourg, France; INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE 34398 Montpellier, France.,Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | - Sandra Talavera
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra (Cerdanyola del Vallès), Spain
| | | | - Simon Carpenter
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Christopher Sanders
- Vector-borne Viral Diseases Programme, The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, UK
| | - Ahmadou H Dicko
- West African Science Service on Climate Change and Adapted Land Use, Climate Change Economics Research Program, Cheikh Anta Diop University, Sénégal
| | - Mouloud Djerbal
- Institut National de la Médecine Vétérinaire (IMV), Laboratoire vétérinaire régional, Tizi Ouzou, Algeria
| | - Maria Goffredo
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Abruzzo e del Molise 'G. Caporale', 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Youssef Lhor
- Office National de Sécurité Sanitaire des produits Alimentaires (ONSSA), Rabat, Morocco
| | - Javier Lucientes
- Faculdad de Veterinaria, University of Zaragoza (UZ), Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | | | - David W Ramilo
- CIISA, Faculdade de Medecina Veterinaria, Universidade de Lisboa (FMV-ULisboa), Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marie-Laure Setier-Rio
- Entente interdépartementale pour la démoustication-Méditerranée (EID-Méd), Montpellier, France
| | - Jérémy Bouyer
- Cirad, UMR15 CMAEE, 34398; INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, 34398 Montpellier, France.,Institut Sénégalais de Recherches Agricoles (ISRA), Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Vétérinaires, Dakar, Sénégal
| | - Christine Chevillon
- CNRS, Université de Montpellier, UMR 5290 Maladies Infectieuses &Vecteurs-Ecologie, Génétique, Ecologie, Contrôle (MIVEGEC), Montpellier, France.,IRD, UR 224 MIVEGEC, BP 64501, Agropolis, 34 394 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Thomas Balenghien
- Cirad, UMR15 CMAEE, 34398; INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Guis
- Cirad, UMR15 CMAEE, 34398; INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, 34398 Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Garros
- Cirad, UMR15 CMAEE, 34398; INRA, UMR1309 CMAEE, 34398 Montpellier, France
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Pfannenstiel RS, Mullens BA, Ruder MG, Zurek L, Cohnstaedt LW, Nayduch D. Management of North American Culicoides Biting Midges: Current Knowledge and Research Needs. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2016; 15:374-84. [PMID: 26086558 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2014.1705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Culicoides biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are biological vectors of two important viruses impacting North American ruminants--bluetongue virus (BTV) and epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). These viruses have been identified for over 60 years in North America, but we still lack an adequate understanding of the basic biology and ecology of the confirmed vector, Culicoides sonorensis, and know even less about other putative Culicoides vector species. The major gaps in our knowledge of the biology of Culicoides midges are broad and include an understanding of the ecology of juveniles, the identity of potential alternate vector species, interactions of midges with both pathogens and vertebrates, and the effectiveness of potential control measures. Due to these broad and numerous fundamental knowledge gaps, vector biologists and livestock producers are left with few options to respond to or understand outbreaks of EHD or BT in North America, or respond to emerging or exotic Culicoides-transmitted pathogens. Here we outline current knowledge of vector ecology and control tactics for North American Culicoides species, and delineate research recommendations aimed to fill knowledge gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert S Pfannenstiel
- 1 Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Bradley A Mullens
- 2 Department of Entomology, University of California-Riverside , Riverside, California
| | - Mark G Ruder
- 1 Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Ludek Zurek
- 3 Department of Entomology, Kansas State University , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Lee W Cohnstaedt
- 1 Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , Manhattan, Kansas
| | - Dana Nayduch
- 1 Arthropod-Borne Animal Diseases Research Unit, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service , Manhattan, Kansas
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