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Pereson MJ, Sanabria DJ, Torres C, Liotta DJ, Campos RH, Schurr TG, Di Lello FA, Badano I. Evolutionary analysis of JC polyomavirus in Misiones' population yields insight into the population dynamics of the early human dispersal in the Americas. Virology 2023; 585:100-108. [PMID: 37327595 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND JC polyomavirus (JCV) has an ethno-geographical distribution across human populations. OBJECTIVE Study the origins of the population of Misiones (Argentina) by using JCV as genetic marker. METHODS Viral detection and characterization was conducted by PCR amplification and evolutionary analysis of the intergenic region sequences. RESULTS 22 out of 121 samples were positive for JCV, including 5 viral lineages: MY (n = 8), Eu-a (n = 7), B1-c (n = 4), B1-b (n = 2) and Af2 (n = 1). MY sequences clustered within a branch of Native American origin that diverged from its Asian counterpart about 21,914 years ago (HPD 95% interval 15,383-30,177), followed by a sustained demographic expansion around 5000 years ago. CONCLUSIONS JCV in Misiones reflects the multiethnic origin of the current population, with an important Amerindian contribution. Analysis of the MY viral lineage shows a pattern consistent with the arrival of early human migrations to the Americas and a population expansion by the pre-Columbian native societies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matias J Pereson
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM). Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Daiana J Sanabria
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales. Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Aplicada (LaBiMAp). Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Carolina Torres
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM). Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Domingo J Liotta
- Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical-ANLIS ''Dr. Malbrán'', Neuquén y Jujuy S/n, N3370, Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Rodolfo H Campos
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM). Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Theodore G Schurr
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania. Philadelphia, PA 19104-6398, USA
| | - Federico A Di Lello
- Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Instituto de Investigaciones en Bacteriología y Virología Molecular (IBaViM). Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Inés Badano
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET). Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales. Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Aplicada (LaBiMAp). Posadas, Misiones, Argentina; Universidad Nacional de Misiones. Red de Laboratorios. Laboratorio de Antropología Biológica y Bioinformática Aplicada (LABBA). Misiones, Argentina.
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Totaro ME, Gili JA, Liotta DJ, Schurr TG, Picconi MA, Badano I. Genetic variation in the E6 and E7 genes of human papillomavirus type 16 in northeastern Argentina. J Med Virol 2021; 94:745-751. [PMID: 34569642 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The province of Misiones is considered a region with a high mortality rate due to cervical cancer (CC). To gain insight into this problem, we explored the association between genetic variation in the E6 and E7 oncogenes of HPV16 and the risk of CC. We studied 160 women with cytological diagnoses of negative for intraepithelial lesion or malignity, low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion, and high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion/CC and a positive test for HPV16 infection. The genetic characterization of E6 and E7 genes was undertaken through PCR amplification and direct Sanger sequencing. Phylogenetic classification was conducted using Bayesian methods. To estimate the odds ratio (OR) for an association between genetic variants in the E6 and E7 genes and the risk of CC, we used ordinal logistic regression adjusted by age. The final data set comprised 112 samples. Diagnostic single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and phylogenetic trees confirmed the presence of Lineage A (95.5%) and D (4.5%) in the samples. For the E6 gene, we identified eleven different sequences, with the most common ones being Lineage A E6 350G (58.9%) and E6 350T (37.5%). The E6 350G was associated with progression to HSIL/CC, with an OR of 19.41 (4.95-76.10). The E7 gene was more conserved than E6, probably due to the functional constraints of this small protein. Our results confirmed the association of the E6 350G SNP with a higher risk of developing CC. These data will contribute to understanding the biological bases of CC incidence in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Elina Totaro
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Quimicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Juan A Gili
- Laboratorio de Epidemiología Genética, Dirección de Investigación CEMIC-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - D Javier Liotta
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Quimicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina.,Instituto Nacional de Medicina Tropical-ANLIS "Dr. Malbrán", Puerto Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina
| | - Theodore G Schurr
- Laboratory of Molecular Anthropology, Department of Anthropology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Maria A Picconi
- Servicio de Virus Oncogénicos, Laboratorio Nacional y Regional de Referencia de HPV, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Infecciosas-ANLIS ''Dr. Malbrán'', Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Inés Badano
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Quimicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Bedoya-Pilozo CH, Medina Magües LG, Espinosa-García M, Sánchez M, Parrales Valdiviezo JV, Molina D, Ibarra MA, Quimis-Ponce M, España K, Párraga Macias KE, Cajas Flores NV, Orlando SA, Robalino Penaherrera JA, Chedraui P, Escobar S, Loja Chango RD, Ramirez-Morán C, Espinoza-Caicedo J, Sánchez-Giler S, Limia CM, Alemán Y, Soto Y, Kouri V, Culasso ACA, Badano I. Molecular epidemiology and phylogenetic analysis of human papillomavirus infection in women with cervical lesions and cancer from the coastal region of Ecuador. Rev Argent Microbiol 2017; 50:136-146. [PMID: 29157596 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 05/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to gather information regarding the molecular epidemiology of Human papillomavirus (HPV) and related risk factors in a group of women with low- and high-grade cervical lesions and cancer from the coastal region of Ecuador. In addition, we studied the evolution of HPV variants from the most prevalent types and provided a temporal framework for their emergence, which may help to trace the source of dissemination within the region. We analyzed 166 samples, including 57 CIN1, 95 CIN2/3 and 14 cancer cases. HPV detection and typing was done by PCR-sequencing (MY09/MY11). HPV variants and estimation of the time to most recent common ancestor (tMRCA) was assessed through phylogeny and coalescence analysis. HPV DNA was found in 54.4% of CIN1, 74.7% of CIN2/3 and 78.6% of cancer samples. HPV16 (38.9%) and HPV58 (19.5%) were the most prevalent types. Risk factors for the development of cervical lesions/cancer were the following: three or more pregnancies (OR=4.3), HPV infection (OR=3.7 for high-risk types; OR=3.5 for HPV16), among others. With regard to HPV evolution, HPV16 isolates belonged to lineages A (69%) and D (31%) whereas HPV58 isolates belonged only to lineage A. The period of emergence of HPV16 was in association with human populations (tMRCA=91052 years for HPV16A and 27000 years for HPV16D), whereas HPV58A preceded Homo sapiens evolution (322257 years). This study provides novel data on HPV epidemiology and evolution in Ecuador, which will be fundamental in the vaccine era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar H Bedoya-Pilozo
- Dirección de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en Salud Pública (INSPI), Av. Julian Coronel 905 y Esmeraldas, 090510 Guayaquil, Ecuador; Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Laboratorio de Biomedicina - Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida (FCV), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
| | - Lex G Medina Magües
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Laboratorio de Biomedicina - Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida (FCV), Campus Gustavo Galindo, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Maylen Espinosa-García
- Dirección de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en Salud Pública (INSPI), Av. Julian Coronel 905 y Esmeraldas, 090510 Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Martha Sánchez
- Dirección de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en Salud Pública (INSPI), Av. Julian Coronel 905 y Esmeraldas, 090510 Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Johanna V Parrales Valdiviezo
- Dirección de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en Salud Pública (INSPI), Av. Julian Coronel 905 y Esmeraldas, 090510 Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Denisse Molina
- Dirección de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en Salud Pública (INSPI), Av. Julian Coronel 905 y Esmeraldas, 090510 Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - María A Ibarra
- Dirección de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en Salud Pública (INSPI), Av. Julian Coronel 905 y Esmeraldas, 090510 Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - María Quimis-Ponce
- Dirección de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en Salud Pública (INSPI), Av. Julian Coronel 905 y Esmeraldas, 090510 Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Karool España
- Dirección de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en Salud Pública (INSPI), Av. Julian Coronel 905 y Esmeraldas, 090510 Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Karla E Párraga Macias
- Dirección de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en Salud Pública (INSPI), Av. Julian Coronel 905 y Esmeraldas, 090510 Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Nancy V Cajas Flores
- Dirección de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en Salud Pública (INSPI), Av. Julian Coronel 905 y Esmeraldas, 090510 Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Solon A Orlando
- Dirección de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en Salud Pública (INSPI), Av. Julian Coronel 905 y Esmeraldas, 090510 Guayaquil, Ecuador; Universidad Agraria del Ecuador, Av. 25 de Julio y Pio Jaramillo, P.O. BOX 09-04-100, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Jorge A Robalino Penaherrera
- Dirección de Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación, Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones en Salud Pública (INSPI), Av. Julian Coronel 905 y Esmeraldas, 090510 Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Peter Chedraui
- Hospital Gineco-Obstétrico Enrique C. Sotomayor, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Saul Escobar
- Institute of Biomedicine, Facultad Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Guayaquil, PO Box 09-01-4671, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Rita D Loja Chango
- Institute of Biomedicine, Facultad Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Guayaquil, PO Box 09-01-4671, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Cecibel Ramirez-Morán
- Institute of Biomedicine, Facultad Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Guayaquil, PO Box 09-01-4671, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Jasson Espinoza-Caicedo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Facultad Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Católica de Guayaquil, PO Box 09-01-4671, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Sunny Sánchez-Giler
- Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Especialidades Espíritu Santo, Km 2,5 vía Samborondón, Ecuador
| | - Celia M Limia
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases Laboratory, Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kouri", Autopista Novia del Mediodia, Km 6 ½, La Lisa, Marianao 13, PO Box 601, Havana City, Cuba
| | - Yoan Alemán
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases Laboratory, Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kouri", Autopista Novia del Mediodia, Km 6 ½, La Lisa, Marianao 13, PO Box 601, Havana City, Cuba
| | - Yudira Soto
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases Laboratory, Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kouri", Autopista Novia del Mediodia, Km 6 ½, La Lisa, Marianao 13, PO Box 601, Havana City, Cuba
| | - Vivian Kouri
- Sexually Transmitted Diseases Laboratory, Department of Virology, Institute of Tropical Medicine "Pedro Kouri", Autopista Novia del Mediodia, Km 6 ½, La Lisa, Marianao 13, PO Box 601, Havana City, Cuba
| | - Andrés C A Culasso
- Investigador Asistente CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917, (C1033AAJ) Caba, Argentina; Cátedra de Virología, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junin 954, 4to piso, Capital Federal, (C1113AAD) Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Inés Badano
- Investigador Asistente CONICET, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Av. Rivadavia 1917, (C1033AAJ) Caba, Argentina; Laboratorio de Biología Molecular Aplicada, FCEQyN, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Av. Mariano Moreno 1375, 3300 Posadas, Misiones, Argentina; Yachay EP, Secretaría de Educación Superior, Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación, 9 de Octubre N22-64 y Ramírez Dávalos, Casa Patrimonial, Ecuador
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Alfaro A, Juárez-Torres E, Medina-Martínez I, Mateos-Guerrero N, Bautista-Huerta M, Román-Bassaure E, Villegas-Sepúlveda N, Berumen J. Different Association of Human Papillomavirus 16 Variants with Early and Late Presentation of Cervical Cancer. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0169315. [PMID: 28036379 PMCID: PMC5201311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 12/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The median age of cervical cancer (CC) presentation coincides with the mean age of menopause presentation (49 years) in Mexico. Here, we investigated the association between different HPV16 variants and early (≤ 49 years) or delayed (≥ 50 years) CC presentation. We conducted a case-case study that included 462 CCs, 386 squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), 63 adenocarcinomas (ACC), and 13 additional cell types. Variants were identified by PCR and DNA sequencing. The risk conferred by each variant for developing CC earlier than 50 years was analyzed using a univariate logistic regression model considering old-aged patients (≥ 50 years) and non-HPV16 cases as the reference variables. Overall, the frequency of HPV16 was 50.9%, and the only identified variants were the European A1/2 (31.2%) and the Asian-American D2 (10.8%), and D3 (8.9%). D2 was mainly associated with ≤ 49-year-old patients (15.9%); A1/2 was uniformly distributed between the two age groups (~31%), whereas D3 increased with age to a frequency of 11.8% in the older group. Only the D2 variant conferred a 3.3-fold increase in the risk of developing CC before 50 years of age (OR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.7-6.6, p < 0.001) in relation with non-HPV16 cases. Remarkably, this risk was higher for ACC (OR = 6.0, 95% CI = 1.1-33, p < 0.05) than for SCC (OR = 2.8, 95% CI = 1.3-5.9, p < 0.01). Interestingly, when analyzing only the HPV16-positive CC, D2 increases (OR = 2.5, 95% CI = 1.2-5, p < 0.05) and D3 decreases (OR = 0.45, 95% CI 0.2-0.9, p < 0.05) the risk to develop CC before 50 years old in relation with A1/2 variant. These results indicated that D2 variant is associated with early and D3 with delayed CC presentation, whereas A1/2 variant was uniformly distributed between the two age groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Alfaro
- Unidad de Medicina Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Hospital General de México, México City, México
| | - Eligia Juárez-Torres
- Unidad de Medicina Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Hospital General de México, México City, México
| | - Ingrid Medina-Martínez
- Unidad de Medicina Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Hospital General de México, México City, México
| | - Norma Mateos-Guerrero
- Unidad de Medicina Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Hospital General de México, México City, México
| | - Maura Bautista-Huerta
- Unidad de Medicina Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Hospital General de México, México City, México
| | | | - Nicolás Villegas-Sepúlveda
- Departamento de Biomedicina Molecular, Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, México City, México
| | - Jaime Berumen
- Unidad de Medicina Genómica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México / Hospital General de México, México City, México
- Departamento de Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México City, México
- * E-mail:
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Chiesa IJ, Perez MS, Nuñez GG, Pirola DA. Genetic variability and phylogeny analysis of partial L1 gene of human papillomavirus variants in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Virusdisease 2015; 27:41-7. [PMID: 26925443 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-015-0295-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the molecular characterization of HPV variants 16, 18, 31, 58, 6 and 11 within the MY06/MY11 L1 genomic region was performed in 128 sequences. For HPV 16, all of the sequences analyzed had a 3 nucleotide insertion resulting in the insertion of serine in the L1 protein sequence; and 4 sequences had at least one single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP). Twelve base substitutions were detected in HPV 58, 6 SNPs produced amino acid changes, and the other SNPs detected were found to be silent mutations. For HPV 31, 25 SNPs were detected as silent mutations. Of the 8 SNPs detected on HPV 18, three produced amino acid changes, the remaining SNPs detected were silent mutations. For HPV 6, 10 SNPs were detected and none of them produced amino acid changes. From the 16 sequences analyzed for HPV 11, two SNPs were detected and neither of them produced amino acid substitutions. Phylogenetic trees were constructed for HPV 16, HPV 18, HPV 31, HPV 58, HPV 6 and HPV 11. In the current study 8 new variants were identified based on sequencing of the L1 region. Changes in the L1 region of the HPV genome may be important for discriminating the infectious potential of different variants, as well as in defining epitopes relevant to vaccine design. The findings of this study indicate that there are new variants of HPV circulating in Argentina, which need to be confirmed by further analyses of the complete HPV genome.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Daniel A Pirola
- MANLAB, Marcelo T. de Alvear 2263 (1120), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Kumar A, Hussain S, Sharma G, Mehrotra R, Gissmann L, Das BC, Bharadwaj M. Identification and validation of immunogenic potential of India specific HPV-16 variant constructs: In-silico &in-vivo insight to vaccine development. Sci Rep 2015; 5:15751. [PMID: 26507515 PMCID: PMC4623767 DOI: 10.1038/srep15751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most common gynecological cancers in the world but in India, it is the top most cancer among women. Persistent infection with high-risk human papillomaviruses (HR-HPVs) is the most important risk factor. The sequence variation(s) in the most common HR-HPV i.e. HPV type 16 leads to altered biological functions with possible clinical significance in the different geographical locations. Sixteen major variants (V1-V16) in full length L1 gene of HPV-16 were identified following analysis of 250 prospectively collected cervical cancer tissue biopsies and their effect on immunogenicity was studied. The effect of these major variations on the epitopes were predicted by in silico methods and the immunogenicity of variants and respective reference DNA vaccine constructs were evaluated by administration of prepared DNA vaccine constructs in female BALB/c mice to evaluate antibody titer. In the present study, L500F (V16) variation showed a significant ~2.7 fold (p < 0.002) increase in antibody titer, whereas T379P (V8) showed ~0.4 fold (p < 0.328) decrease after final injection. These results showed a promising roadmap for the development of DNA based vaccine and for the generation of effective response, though there is a need to study more prevalent variants of HPV in the Indian population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoop Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetics &Biochemistry; Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Dr. B.R. Ambedkar center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, India
| | - Showket Hussain
- Division of Molecular Genetics &Biochemistry; Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Gagan Sharma
- Division of Molecular Genetics &Biochemistry; Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- Division of Cytopathology; Institute of Cytology &Preventive Oncology (ICMR), Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Lutz Gissmann
- Division of Genome Modification and Carcinogenesis, German Cancer Center, DKFZ Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bhudev C Das
- Dr. B.R. Ambedkar center for Biomedical Research, University of Delhi (North Campus), New Delhi, India
| | - Mausumi Bharadwaj
- Division of Molecular Genetics &Biochemistry; Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
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