1
|
Wu CF, Hsu CY, Chou CC, Wang CM, Huang SW, Kuo HC. Serotypes, virulence factors and multilocus sequence typing of Glaesserella parasuis from diseased pigs in Taiwan. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15823. [PMID: 37790626 PMCID: PMC10544350 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) belongs to the normal microbiota of the upper respiratory tract in the swine, but virulent strains can cause systemic infections commonly known as Glässer's disease that leads to significant economic loss in the swine industry. Fifteen serotypes of G. parasuis have been classified by gel immunodiffusion test while the molecular serotyping based on variation within the capsule loci have further improved the serotype determination of unidentified field strains. Serovar has been commonly used as an indicator of virulence; however, virulence can be significantly differ in the field isolates with the same serotype. To date, investigations of G. parasuis isolated in Taiwan regarding antimicrobial resistance, serotypes, genotypes and virulence factors remain unclear. Methods A total of 276 G.parasuis field isolates were collected from 263 diseased pigs at the Animal Disease Diagnostic Center of National Chiayi University in Taiwan from January 2013 to July 2021. Putative virulence factors and serotypes of the isolates were identified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by microbroth dilution assay. Additionally, the epidemiology of G. parasuis was characterized by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Results Serotype 4 (33.3%) and 5 (21.4%) were the most prevalent, followed by nontypable isolates (15.9%), serotype 13 (9.4%), 12 (6.5%), 14 (6.2%), 7 (3.3%), 1 (1.8%), 9 (1.1%), 11 (0.7%) and 6 (0.4%). Nine out of 10 putative virulence factors showed high positive rates, including group 1 vtaA (100%), fhuA (80.4%), hhdA (98.6%), hhdB (96.0%), sclB7 (99.6%), sclB11 (94.9%), nhaC (98.2%), HAPS_0254 (85.9%), and cirA (99.3%). According to the results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing, ceftiofur and florfenicol were highly susceptible (>90%). Notably, 68.8% isolates showed multidrug resistance. MLST revealed 16 new alleles and 67 new sequence types (STs). STs of these isolated G. parasuis strains were classified into three clonal complexes and 45 singletons by Based Upon Related Sequence Types (BURST) analysis. All the G. parasuis strains in PubMLST database, including strains from the diseased pigs in the study, were defined into two main clusters by Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA). Most isolates in this study and virulent isolates from the database were mainly located in cluster 2, while cluster 1 included a high percentage of nasal isolates from asymptomatic carriers. In conclusion, this study provides current prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of G. parasuis in Taiwan, which can be used in clinical diagnosis and treatment of Glässer's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Fen Wu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Yu Hsu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chung Chou
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Min Wang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Szu-Wei Huang
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Chih Kuo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, National Chiayi University, Chiayi City, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mugabi R, Silva APSP, Hu X, Gottschalk M, Aragon V, Macedo NR, Sahin O, Harms P, Main R, Tucker AW, Li G, Clavijo MJ. Molecular characterization of Glaesserella parasuis strains circulating in North American swine production systems. BMC Vet Res 2023; 19:135. [PMID: 37641044 PMCID: PMC10464461 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-023-03698-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glaesserella parasuis is the causative agent of Glässer's disease in pigs. Serotyping is the most common method used to type G. parasuis isolates. However, the high number of non-typables (NT) and low discriminatory power make serotyping problematic. In this study, 218 field clinical isolates and 15 G. parasuis reference strains were whole-genome sequenced (WGS). Multilocus sequence types (MLST), serotypes, core-genome phylogeny, antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, and putative virulence gene information was extracted. RESULTS In silico WGS serotyping identified 11 of 15 serotypes. The most frequently detected serotypes were 7, 13, 4, and 2. MLST identified 72 sequence types (STs), of which 66 were novel. The most predominant ST was ST454. Core-genome phylogeny depicted 3 primary lineages (LI, LII, and LIII), with LIIIA sublineage isolates lacking all vtaA genes, based on the structure of the phylogenetic tree and the number of virulence genes. At least one group 1 vtaA virulence genes were observed in most isolates (97.2%), except for serotype 8 (ST299 and ST406), 15 (ST408 and ST552) and NT (ST448). A few group 1 vtaA genes were significantly associated with certain serotypes or STs. The putative virulence gene lsgB, was detected in 8.3% of the isolates which were predominantly of serotype 5/12. While most isolates carried the bcr, ksgA, and bacA genes, the following antimicrobial resistant genes were detected in lower frequency; blaZ (6.9%), tetM (3.7%), spc (3.7%), tetB (2.8%), bla-ROB-1 (1.8%), ermA (1.8%), strA (1.4%), qnrB (0.5%), and aph3''Ia (0.5%). CONCLUSION: This study showed the use of WGS to type G. parasuis isolates and can be considered an alternative to the more labor-intensive and traditional serotyping and standard MLST. Core-genome phylogeny provided the best strain discrimination. These findings will lead to a better understanding of the molecular epidemiology and virulence in G. parasuis that can be applied to the future development of diagnostic tools, autogenous vaccines, evaluation of antibiotic use, prevention, and disease control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Mugabi
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Ana Paula S Poeta Silva
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Xiao Hu
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Groupe de Recherche Sur Les Maladies Infectieuses du Porc, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Virginia Aragon
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Unitat Mixta d'Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, UniversitatAutònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), IRTA, UniversitatAutònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Campus, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- WOAH Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nubia R Macedo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Orhan Sahin
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | | | - Rodger Main
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Alexander W Tucker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0ES, UK
| | - Ganwu Li
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Maria J Clavijo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
- PIC North America, Hendersonville, TN, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Macedo N, Gottschalk M, Strutzberg-Minder K, Van CN, Zhang L, Zou G, Zhou R, Marostica T, Clavijo MJ, Tucker A, Aragon V. Molecular characterization of Glaesserella parasuis strains isolated from North America, Europe and Asia by serotyping PCR and LS-PCR. Vet Res 2021; 52:68. [PMID: 33980312 PMCID: PMC8117636 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-021-00935-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaesserella parasuis strains were characterized by serotyping PCR, vtaA virulence marker Leader Sequence (LS)-PCR, clinical significance, and geographic region. Overall, the serovars 4, 5/12, 7, 1, and 13 were the most commonly detected. Serovars of greatest clinical relevance were systemic isolates that had a higher probability of being serovar 5/12, 13, or 7. In comparison, pulmonary isolates had a higher likelihood of being serovars 2, 4, 7, or 14. Serovars 5/12 and 13 have previously been considered disease-associated, but this study agrees with other recent studies showing that serovar 7 is indeed associated with systemic G. parasuis disease. Serovar 4 strains illustrated how isolates can have varying degrees of virulence and be obtained from pulmonary, systemic, or nasal sites. Serovars 8, 9, 15, and 10 were predominantly obtained from nasal samples, which indicates a limited clinical significance of these serovars. Additionally, most internal G. parasuis isolates were classified as virulent by LS-PCR and were disease-associated isolates, including serovars 1, 2, 4, 5/12, 7, 13, and 14. Isolates from the nasal cavity, including serovars 6, 9, 10, 11, and 15, were classified as non-virulent by LS-PCR. In conclusion, the distribution of G. parasuis serovars remains constant, with few serovars representing most of the strains isolated from affected pigs. Moreover, it was confirmed that the LS-PCR can be used for G. parasuis virulence prediction of field strains worldwide.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nubia Macedo
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.
| | - Marcelo Gottschalk
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Chao Nguyen Van
- Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural and Forestry, Hue University, Hue, 53000, Vietnam.,State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lijun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Geng Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Rui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, Huazhong Agricultural University College of Veterinary Medicine, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Thaire Marostica
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Av. Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maria Jose Clavijo
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA.,PIC North America, Hendersonville, TN, USA
| | - Alexander Tucker
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge, CB3 OES, UK
| | - Virginia Aragon
- IRTA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA, IRTA-UAB), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193, Bellaterra, Spain.,OIE Collaborating Centre for the Research and Control of Emerging and Re-Emerging Swine Diseases in Europe (IRTA-CReSA), Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wan X, Li X, Osmundson T, Li C, Yan H. Whole-genome sequence analyses of Glaesserella parasuis isolates reveals extensive genomic variation and diverse antibiotic resistance determinants. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9293. [PMID: 32607281 PMCID: PMC7316082 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Glaesserella parasuis (G. parasuis) is a respiratory pathogen of swine and the etiological agent of Glässer’s disease. The structural organization of genetic information, antibiotic resistance genes, potential pathogenicity, and evolutionary relationships among global G. parasuis strains remain unclear. The aim of this study was to better understand patterns of genetic variation, antibiotic resistance factors, and virulence mechanisms of this pathogen. Methods The whole-genome sequence of a ST328 isolate from diseased swine in China was determined using Pacbio RS II and Illumina MiSeq platforms and compared with 54 isolates from China sequenced in this study and 39 strains from China and eigtht other countries sequenced by previously. Patterns of genetic variation, antibiotic resistance, and virulence mechanisms were investigated in relation to the phylogeny of the isolates. Electrotransformation experiments were performed to confirm the ability of pYL1—a plasmid observed in ST328—to confer antibiotic resistance. Results The ST328 genome contained a novel Tn6678 transposon harbouring a unique resistance determinant. It also contained a small broad-host-range plasmid pYL1 carrying aac(6’)-Ie-aph(2”)-Ia and blaROB-1; when transferred to Staphylococcus aureus RN4220 by electroporation, this plasmid was highly stable under kanamycin selection. Most (85.13–91.74%) of the genetic variation between G. parasuis isolates was observed in the accessory genomes. Phylogenetic analysis revealed two major subgroups distinguished by country of origin, serotype, and multilocus sequence type (MLST). Novel virulence factors (gigP, malQ, and gmhA) and drug resistance genes (norA, bacA, ksgA, and bcr) in G. parasuis were identified. Resistance determinants (sul2, aph(3”)-Ib, norA, bacA, ksgA, and bcr) were widespread across isolates, regardless of serovar, isolation source, or geographical location. Conclusions Our comparative genomic analysis of worldwide G. parasuis isolates provides valuable insight into the emergence and transmission of G. parasuis in the swine industry. The result suggests the importance of transposon-related and/or plasmid-related gene variations in the evolution of G. parasuis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiulin Wan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xinhui Li
- Department of Microbiology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, United States of America
| | - Todd Osmundson
- Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, La Crosse, United States of America
| | - Chunling Li
- Institute of Animal Health Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - He Yan
- School of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li J, Xu L, Su F, Yu B, Yuan X. Association between iscR-based phylogeny, serovars and potential virulence markers of Haemophilus parasuis. PeerJ 2019; 7:e6950. [PMID: 31143554 PMCID: PMC6524630 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.6950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Haemophilus parasuis is an economically important bacterial pathogen of swine. Extensive genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity among H. parasuis strains have been observed, which hinders the deciphering of the population structure and its association with clinical virulence. In this study, two highly divergent clades were defined according to iron-sulphur cluster regulator (iscR)-based phylogeny analysis of 148 isolates. Clear separation of serovars and potential virulence markers (PVMs) were observed between the two clades, which are indicative of independent evolution of the two lineages. Previously suggested virulence factors showed no correlation with clinical virulence, and were probably clade or serovar specific genes emerged during different stage of evolution. PVMs profiles varied widely among isolates in the same serovar. Higher strain diversity in respect of PVMs was found for isolates from multi-strain infected farms than those from single strain infected ones, which indicates that multi-strain infection in one farm may increase the frequency of gene transfer in H. parasuis. Systemic isolates were more frequently found in serovar 13 and serovar 12, while no correlation between clinical virulence and iscR-based phylogeny was observed. It shows that iscR is a reliable marker for studying population structure of H. parasuis, while other factors should be included to avoid the interference of gene exchange of iscR between isolates. The two lineages of H. parasuis may have undergone independent evolution, but show no difference in clinical virulence. Wide distribution of systemic isolates across the entire population poses new challenge for development of vaccine with better cross-protection. Our study provides new information for better deciphering the population structure of H. parasuis, which helps understanding the extreme diversity within this pathogenic bacterium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junxing Li
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lihua Xu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fei Su
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiufang Yuan
- Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| |
Collapse
|