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Higuchi T, Oka S, Furukawa H, Tohma S, Yatsuhashi H, Migita K. Genetic risk factors for autoimmune hepatitis: implications for phenotypic heterogeneity and biomarkers for drug response. Hum Genomics 2021; 15:6. [PMID: 33509297 PMCID: PMC7841991 DOI: 10.1186/s40246-020-00301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a rare chronic progressive liver disease with autoimmune features. It mainly affects middle-aged women. AIH is occasionally complicated with liver cirrhosis that worsens the prognosis. Genetic and environmental factors are involved in the pathogenesis of AIH. Genetic studies of other diseases have been revealing of pathogenesis and drug efficacy. In this review, we summarize the genetic risk factors for AIH, including human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA genes. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) on European AIH revealed the strongest associations to be with single nucleotide variants (SNVs) in HLA. Predisposing alleles for AIH were DRB1*03:01 and DRB1*04:01 in Europeans; DRB1*04:04, DRB1*04:05, and DRB1*13:01 in Latin Americans; and DRB1*04:01 and DRB1*04:05 in Japanese. Other risk SNVs in non-HLA genes for AIH were found by a candidate gene approach, but several SNVs were confirmed in replication studies. Some genetic factors of AIH overlapped with those of other autoimmune diseases. Larger-scale GWASs of other ethnic groups are required. The results of genetic studies might provide an explanation for the phenotypic heterogeneity of AIH and biomarkers for drug responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Higuchi
- Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan.,Department of Nephrology, Ushiku Aiwa General Hospital, 896 Shishiko-cho, Ushiku, 300-1296, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, 3-1-1 Takeoka, Kiyose, 204-8585, Japan
| | - Shomi Oka
- Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, 3-1-1 Takeoka, Kiyose, 204-8585, Japan.,Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0392, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Furukawa
- Molecular and Genetic Epidemiology Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, 305-8575, Japan. .,Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, 3-1-1 Takeoka, Kiyose, 204-8585, Japan. .,Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0392, Japan.
| | - Shigeto Tohma
- Department of Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Tokyo National Hospital, 3-1-1 Takeoka, Kiyose, 204-8585, Japan.,Clinical Research Center for Allergy and Rheumatology, National Hospital Organization Sagamihara National Hospital, 18-1 Sakuradai, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, 252-0392, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yatsuhashi
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, 2-1001-1 Kubara, Omura, 856-8562, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Migita
- Clinical Research Center, National Hospital Organization Nagasaki Medical Center, 2-1001-1 Kubara, Omura, 856-8562, Japan.,Department of Rheumatology, Fukushima Medical University School of Medicine, 1 Hikarigaoka, Fukushima, 960-1295, Japan
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Brochado-Kith Ó, Gómez Sanz A, Real LM, Crespo García J, Ryan Murúa P, Macías J, Cabezas González J, Troya J, Pineda JA, Arias Loste MT, Díez Viñas V, Jiménez-Sousa MÁ, Medrano de Dios LM, Cuesta De la Plaza I, Monzón Fernández S, Resino García S, Fernández-Rodríguez A. MicroRNA Profile of HCV Spontaneous Clarified Individuals, Denotes Previous HCV Infection. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8060849. [PMID: 31207946 PMCID: PMC6617112 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Factors involved in the spontaneous cleareance of a hepatitis C (HCV) infection are related to both HCV and the interaction with the host immune system, but little is known about the consequences after a spontaneous resolution. The main HCV extrahepatic reservoir is the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), and their transcriptional profile provides us information of innate and adaptive immune responses against an HCV infection. MicroRNAs regulate the innate and adaptive immune responses, and they are actively involved in the HCV cycle. High Throughput sequencing was used to analyze the miRNA profiles from PBMCs of HCV chronic naïve patients (CHC), individuals that spontaneously clarified HCV (SC), and healthy controls (HC). We did not find any differentially expressed miRNAs between SC and CHC. However, both groups showed similar expression differences (21 miRNAs) with respect to HC. This miRNA signature correctly classifies HCV-exposed (CHC and SC) vs. HC, with the has-miR-21-3p showing the best performance. The potentially targeted molecular pathways by these 21 miRNAs mainly belong to fatty acids pathways, although hippo signaling, extracellular matrix (ECM) interaction, proteoglycans-related, and steroid biosynthesis pathways were also altered. These miRNAs target host genes involved in an HCV infection. Thus, an HCV infection promotes molecular alterations in PBMCs that can be detected after an HCV spontaneous resolution, and the 21-miRNA signature is able to identify HCV-exposed patients (either CHC or SC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Brochado-Kith
- Unit of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alicia Gómez Sanz
- Unit of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luis Miguel Real
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario de Valme, 41014 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Javier Crespo García
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain.
- Institute Valdecilla (IDIVAL), School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain.
| | - Pablo Ryan Murúa
- Internal Medicine Service, University Hospital Infanta Leonor, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute, 28009 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Macías
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario de Valme, 41014 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Joaquín Cabezas González
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain.
- Institute Valdecilla (IDIVAL), School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain.
| | - Jesús Troya
- Internal Medicine Service, University Hospital Infanta Leonor, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute, 28009 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Juan Antonio Pineda
- Unidad Clínica de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Universitario de Valme, 41014 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - María Teresa Arias Loste
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Hospital Universitario Marques de Valdecilla, 39008 Santander, Spain.
- Institute Valdecilla (IDIVAL), School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Spain.
| | - Victorino Díez Viñas
- Internal Medicine Service, University Hospital Infanta Leonor, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Gregorio Marañón Health Research Institute, 28009 Madrid, Spain.
| | - María Ángeles Jiménez-Sousa
- Unit of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Luz María Medrano de Dios
- Unit of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Isabel Cuesta De la Plaza
- Bioinformatics Unit, Unidades Comunes Científico Técnicas, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sara Monzón Fernández
- Bioinformatics Unit, Unidades Comunes Científico Técnicas, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Salvador Resino García
- Unit of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Amanda Fernández-Rodríguez
- Unit of Viral Infection and Immunity, National Center for Microbiology, Institute of Health Carlos III, Majadahonda, 28220 Madrid, Spain.
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