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Zhuang T, Abuzeid AMI, Hu J, Zhu S, Lu J, Zhou X, Chen X, Li G. Eukaryotic expression and immunogenicity of Ancylostoma ceylanicum calreticulin. Parasitol Int 2022; 91:102633. [PMID: 35872299 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ancylostoma ceylanicum is a zoonotic soil-derived nematode that parasitizes human and animal intestines, causing malnutrition and iron-deficiency anemia. Calreticulin is a multifunctional protein involved in all stages of parasitic infection. Studies have found that parasites can secret calreticulin to regulate the host's immune response. To explore the immunogenicity of the eukaryotic expression plasmid of Ancylostoma ceylanicum calreticulin (Ace-CRT), we constructed a recombinant Ace-CRT eukaryotic expression plasmid (pEGFP-N3-Ace-CRT). Successful expression of the target protein in Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293 T cells was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. BALB/c mice were immunized with pEGFP-N3-Ace-CRT plasmid. Measuring IgG antibody levels in immunized mice sera by ELISA showed that the recombinant plasmid stimulated IgG antibody production in mice. Spleen lymphocytes were collected from vaccinated mice to determine the proportion of T cell subsets and the expression levels of cytokines. Flow cytometry revealed that the percentage of CD3 + CD4+ and CD3 + CD8+ T cells in mice spleen in the immunization group was significantly higher than that in the control group. Recombinant plasmid immunization increased IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-13 expression while decreasing IL-5, IL-6, and INF-γ in mice spleens. These results indicate that the eukaryotic plasmid constructed in this study had good immunogenicity and mainly induced a T helper 2 response in the host, laying a foundation for screening candidate molecules for anti-hookworm vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Asmaa M I Abuzeid
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Junjing Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Shilan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Jinmiao Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China.
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Traub RJ, Zendejas-Heredia PA, Massetti L, Colella V. Zoonotic hookworms of dogs and cats - lessons from the past to inform current knowledge and future directions of research. Int J Parasitol 2021; 51:1233-1241. [PMID: 34748782 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2021.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The early-to-mid 1900s was an era that marked the first published reports of clinical cases and experimental human infections that provided valuable evidence to inform our current knowledge on the zoonotic nature of the canid and felid hookworms. To this day, descriptions of the pathognomonic syndromes produced in humans by these early pioneers provide vital information on the putative geographical distribution of these hookworm species, even before their discovery in dogs and cats. Cases of hookworm-related cutaneous larvae migrans and Ancylostoma caninum-induced eosinophilic enteritis continue to be reported in the medical literature, most commonly in recent migrants or returned travellers who have spent time in regions in which these canine and feline hookworms remain highly endemic. Ancylostoma ceylanicum, now recognised as the second most common hookworm infecting humans in the Asia Pacific region, is also being reported in regions of Africa and South America previously assumed free of this parasite. Despite the substantial technological progress made in the field of parasite diagnostics, our knowledge on the epidemiology and population-level morbidity impacts of these zoonotic hookworms in humans has remained relatively stagnant over the last few decades, with 'covert' infections continuing to remain undetected by currently available forms of routine diagnostics. Improved diagnostic tools that enable accurate and rapid species-specific diagnosis of zoonotic hookworm infections in humans are required to provide the necessary evidence to advocate for future investments in One Health-based intervention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Traub
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Patsy A Zendejas-Heredia
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Luca Massetti
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vito Colella
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville 3052, Victoria, Australia
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Colella V, Khieu V, Worsley A, Senevirathna D, Muth S, Huy R, Odermatt P, Traub RJ. Risk profiling and efficacy of albendazole against the hookworms Necator americanus and Ancylostoma ceylanicum in Cambodia to support control programs in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. THE LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH. WESTERN PACIFIC 2021; 16:100258. [PMID: 34590062 PMCID: PMC8403762 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Hookworm disease is endemic throughout many parts of the Asia Pacific, despite targeted control programs of at-risk populations. The success of these programs has been hindered by the limited efficacy of widely-used mebendazole, rapid re-infection rates linked to persistent reservoirs of untreated people and dogs, and the low sensitivity of conventional coprodiagnostic techniques employed. Methods: Here, we used standard faecal flotation (SFF) and a multiplex qPCR (mqPCR) assay to calculate and compare species-specific cure and egg reduction rates of single dose albendazole (400 mg) against hookworm infections at community level. Data from a cross-sectional survey in 1,232 people from Cambodia were used to inform a generalised linear mixed model to identify risk factors linked to hookworm infection(s) at baseline. Furthermore, we calculated risk factors associated to the probability of being cured after albendazole administration. Findings: Overall, 13·5% of all 1,232 people tested by SFF were positive for hookworm infection(s). Most (80·1%) infected people were >12 years of age, hence above the age targeted by the WHO control program. We estimate that as age increases, the odds of being infected increases at a faster rate for females than for males. We revealed a substantial difference in cure rate of hookworm infection(s) following albendazole treatment using the SFF (81·5%) and mqPCR (46·4%) assays, and provide the first data on the efficacy of this drug against the zoonotic hookworm Ancylostoma ceylanicum. We estimated that as age increases by one year, the odds of being cured decreases by 0·4%-3·7%. Similarly, the odds of being cured for people who boiled drinking water was estimated to be between 1·02 and 6·82. Interpretation: These findings show that the adoption of refined diagnostic techniques is central to monitoring hookworm infection(s) and the success of control strategies, which can ultimately aid in reducing associated morbidity in human populations. The approach taken is likely to be directly applicable to other parts of Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific, where specific epidemiological conditions might hamper the success of targeted treatment programs. Funding: Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences Strategic Research Funds, The University of Melbourne.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito Colella
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Virak Khieu
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | | | - Dammika Senevirathna
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Sinuon Muth
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Rekol Huy
- National Centre for Parasitology, Entomology and Malaria Control, Ministry of Health, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - Peter Odermatt
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca J. Traub
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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Huang Y, Abuzeid AMI, Zhuang T, Zhu S, He L, Liu Y, Zhao Q, Chen X, Li G. Effect of Ancylostoma ceylanicum hookworm platelet inhibitor on platelet adhesion and peripheral blood mononuclear cell proliferation. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1777-1784. [PMID: 32300877 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06678-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ancylostoma ceylanicum is a zoonotic parasitic nematode that can cause iron-deficiency anemia and malnutrition in humans. A. ceylanicum hookworm platelet inhibitor (Ace-HPI) can inhibit platelet aggregation in the host to facilitate blood sucking, but whether it possesses platelet adhesion inhibitory activity or immunomodulatory role is yet unknown. To explore the effect of Ace-HPI on platelet adhesion, we expressed the recombinant protein in two competent cells, BL21 (DE3) and Rosetta-gami2 (DE3), and incubated this protein with canine platelets in a 96-well microplate. Ace-HPI was used to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in vitro to investigate the effect on PBMC proliferation and cytokine expression. Results showed that Ace-HPI expressed in Rosetta-gami2 (DE3) strain was mostly soluble. The inhibitory effect of this protein on platelet adhesion was relatively weak (7-8%). This protein stimulated the proliferation of PBMC and promoted the expression of Treg and Th2 cytokines, such as IL-10 and IL-13. These results lay a foundation for exploring the role of Ace-HPI in hookworm disease pathogenesis and as a candidate molecule for hookworm vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510542, China
| | - Asmaa M I Abuzeid
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510542, China
| | - Tingting Zhuang
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510542, China
| | - Shilan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510542, China
| | - Long He
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510542, China
| | - Yunqiu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510542, China
| | - Qi Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510542, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510542, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510542, China.
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Abuzeid AMI, Zhou X, Huang Y, Li G. Twenty-five-year research progress in hookworm excretory/secretory products. Parasit Vectors 2020; 13:136. [PMID: 32171305 PMCID: PMC7071665 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-020-04010-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hookworm infection is a major public health problem that threatens about 500 million people throughout tropical areas of the world. Adult hookworms survive for many years in the host intestine, where they suck blood, causing iron deficiency anemia and malnutrition. Numerous molecules, named excretory/secretory (ES) products, are secreted by hookworm adults and/or larvae to aid in parasite survival and pathobiology. Although the molecular cloning and characterization of hookworm ES products began 25 years ago, the biological role and molecular nature of many of them are still unclear. Hookworm ES products, with distinct structures and functions, have been linked to many essential events in the disease pathogenesis. These events include host invasion and tissue migration, parasite nourishment and reproduction, and immune modulation. Several of these products represent promising vaccine targets for controlling hookworm disease and therapeutic targets for many inflammatory diseases. This review aims to summarize our present knowledge about hookworm ES products, including their role in parasite biology, host-parasite interactions, and as vaccine and pharmaceutical targets and to identify research gaps and future research directions in this field.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Asmaa M I Abuzeid
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yue Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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