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Costache C, Colosi I, Toc DA, Daian K, Damacus D, Botan A, Toc A, Pana AG, Panaitescu P, Neculicioiu V, Schiopu P, Iordache D, Butiuc-Keul A. CRISPR-Cas System, Antimicrobial Resistance, and Enterococcus Genus-A Complicated Relationship. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1625. [PMID: 39062198 PMCID: PMC11274382 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/07/2024] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The rise in antibiotic resistant bacteria poses a significant threat to public health worldwide, necessitating innovative solutions. This study explores the role of Clustered Regularly Interspaced Short Palindromic Repeats (CRISPR) in the context of antibiotic resistance among different species from the Enterococcus genus. (2) Methods: The genomes of Enterococcus included in the study were analyzed using CRISPRCasFinder to distinguish between CRISPR-positive (level 4 CRISPR) and CRISPR-negative genomes. Antibiotic resistance genes were identified, and a comparative analysis explored potential associations between CRISPR presence and antibiotic resistance profiles in Enterococcus species. (3) Results: Out of ten antibiotic resistance genes found in Enterococcus species, only one, the efmA gene, showed a strong association with CRISPR-negative isolates, while the others did not significantly differ between CRISPR-positive and CRISPR-negative Enterococcus genomes. (4) Conclusion: These findings indicate that the efmA gene may be more prevalent in CRISPR-negative Enterococcus genomes, and they may contribute to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the acquisition of antibiotic resistance genes in Enterococcus species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Costache
- Department of Microbiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (I.C.)
- Cluj County Emergency Hospital, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ioana Colosi
- Department of Microbiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (I.C.)
| | - Dan-Alexandru Toc
- Department of Microbiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (I.C.)
- Cluj County Emergency Hospital, 400000 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Karla Daian
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - David Damacus
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Alexandru Botan
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adelina Toc
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Adrian Gabriel Pana
- Faculty of Medicine, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Paul Panaitescu
- Department of Microbiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (I.C.)
| | - Vlad Neculicioiu
- Department of Microbiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (I.C.)
| | - Pavel Schiopu
- Department of Microbiology, Iuliu Hatieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania (I.C.)
| | - Dumitrana Iordache
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Centre for Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Anca Butiuc-Keul
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Geology, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
- Centre for Systems Biology, Biodiversity and Bioresources, Babes-Bolyai University, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Jin H, Zhang X, Ma X, Meng X, Lin Z, Li X, Hu G, Chen Y. Utilization of the Shensheng-Piwen changed medicinal powder extracts combines metal-organic frameworks as an antibacterial agent. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1376312. [PMID: 38912207 PMCID: PMC11193333 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1376312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Widespread opportunistic pathogens pose a serious threat to global health, particularly in susceptible hospital populations. The escalating crisis of antibiotic resistance highlights the urgent need for novel antibacterial agents and alternative treatment approaches. Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) and its compounds have deep roots in the treatment of infectious diseases. It has a variety of active ingredients and multi-target properties, opening up new avenues for the discovery and development of antimicrobial drugs. Methods This study focuses on assessing the efficacy of the Shensheng-Piwen changed medicinal powder (SPC) extracts against opportunistic pathogen infections by broth microdilution and agar disc diffusion methods. Additionally, biofilm inhibition and eradication assays were performed to evaluate the antibiofilm effects of SPC extracts. Results Metabolite profiles were analyzed by LC-MS. Furthermore, the potential synergistic effect between SPC and Metal-Organic Framework (MOF) was investigated by bacterial growth curve analysis. The results indicated that the SPC extracts exhibited antibacterial activity against S. aureus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 7.8 mg/mL (crude drug concentration). Notably, at 1/2 MIC, the SPC extracts significantly inhibited biofilm formation, with over 80% inhibition, which was critical in tackling chronic and hospital-acquired infections. Metabolomic analysis of S. aureus revealed that SPC extracts induced a notable reduction in the levels of various metabolites, including L-proline, L-asparagine. This suggested that the SPC extracts could interfere with the metabolism of S. aureus. Meanwhile, the growth curve experiment proved that SPC extracts and MOFs had a synergistic antibacterial effect. Discussion In conclusion, the present study highlights the potential of SPC extracts as a novel antibacterial agent against S. aureus infections, with promising biofilm inhibition properties. The observed synergistic effect between SPC extracts and MOFs further supports the exploration of this combination as an alternative treatment approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqun Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Haihe Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiujun Zhang
- Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoqing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China, Marine Biomedical Research Institute of Qingdao, Qingdao, China
| | - Xin Meng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenguang Lin
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, China
| | - Xiaoyuan Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Guojie Hu
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Haihe Laboratory of Synthetic Biology, Tianjin, China
- Shandong Academy of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jinan, China
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Tian S, Jiang Y, Han Q, Meng C, Ji F, Zhou B, Ye M. Putative Probiotic Ligilactobacillus salivarius Strains Isolated from the Intestines of Meat-Type Pigeon Squabs. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2024:10.1007/s12602-024-10289-1. [PMID: 38805143 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-024-10289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/11/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to screen for potential probiotic lactic acid bacteria from the intestines of meat-type pigeon squabs. Ligilactobacillus salivarius YZU37 was identified as the best comprehensive performed strain. Being acid- and bile salt-tolerant, it displayed growth-inhibition activities against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, Escherichia coli ATCC25922, and Salmonella typhimurium SL1344, exhibited sensitivity to 6 commonly used antibiotics, and endowed with good cell surface hydrophobicity, auto-aggregation property, and anti-oxidant activities. Results of in vitro experiments indicated that the bacteriostatic effects of this strain were related to the production of proteinaceous substances that depend on acidic conditions. Whole-genome sequencing of L. salivarius YZU37 was performed to elucidate the genetic basis underlying its probiotic potential. Pangenome analysis of L. salivarius YZU37 and other 212 L. salivarius strains available on NCBI database revealed a pigeon-unique gene coding choloylglycine hydrolase (CGH), which had higher enzyme-substrate binding affinity than that of the common CGH shared by L. salivarius strains of other sources. Annotation of the functional genes in the genome of L. salivarius YZU37 revealed genes involved in responses to acid, bile salt, heat, cold, heavy metal, and oxidative stresses. The whole genome analysis also revealed the absence of virulence and toxin genes and the presence of 65 genes distributed under 4 CAZymes classes, 2 CRISPR-cas regions, and 3 enterolysin A clusters which may confer the acid-dependent antimicrobial potential of L. salivarius YZU37. Altogether, our results highlighted the probiotic potential of L. salivarius YZU37. Further in vivo investigations are required to elucidate its beneficial effects on pigeons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoqi Tian
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Yinhong Jiang
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qiannan Han
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Chuang Meng
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Feng Ji
- Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100089, China
| | - Bin Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Manhong Ye
- College of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Tao S, Chen H, Li N, Fang Y, Xu Y, Liang W. Association of CRISPR-Cas System with the Antibiotic Resistance and Virulence Genes in Nosocomial Isolates of Enterococcus. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:6939-6949. [PMID: 36474907 PMCID: PMC9719680 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s388354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of the CRISPR-Cas system in nosocomial isolates of Enterococcus and their possible association with antibiotic resistance and virulence genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS Identification and antimicrobial susceptibility of the microorganism were performed by the automatized VITEK 2 Compact system (bioMerieux, France). A total of 100 Enterococcus isolates were collected and identified by VITEK 2 Compact automatic microbial identification drug susceptibility analyzer. The prevalence of various CRISPR-Cas systems, antibiotic resistance genes and virulence genes were investigated by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The prevalence of CRISPR-Cas systems associated with antibiotic resistance and virulence genes was performed by appropriate statistical tests. RESULTS A total of 100 isolates of Enterococcus were identified and there were 62/100(62.0%) Enterococcus faecalis isolates and 38/100(38.0%) Enterococcus faecalis isolates. In total, 46 (46.0%) of 100 isolates had at least one CRISPR-Cas locus. CRISPR elements were more prevalent in Enterococcus faecalis isolates. The results of PCR demonstrated that CRISPR1-Cas, orphan CRISPR2, and CRISPR3-Cas were present in 23 (23.0%), 42 (42.0%) and 5 (5.0%) Enterococcus isolates, respectively. Compared with CRISPR-Casnegative isolates, the CRISPR-Cas positive isolates showed significant lower resistance rates against ampicillin, erythromycin, levofloxacin, tetracycline, vancomycin, gentamicin, streptomycin, and rifampicin. Presumably consistent with drug susceptibility, fewer CRISPR loci were identified in vanA, tetM, ermB, aac6'-aph(2"), aadE, and ant(6) positive isolates. There was a significant negative correlation between the CRISPR-Cas locus and the enterococcal virulence factors enterococcal surface protein (esp) gene. CONCLUSION In conclusion, the results indicated that the absence of the CRISPR-Cas system was negatively associated with some antibiotic resistance in clinical isolates of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium. Also, there was a negative correlation with the carriage of antibiotic resistance genes. Furthermore, CRISPR-Cas may prevent some isolates from acquiring certain virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuan Tao
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huimin Chen
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Na Li
- Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yewei Fang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yao Xu
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Liang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Ningbo First Hospital, Ningbo, People’s Republic of China
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Belloso Daza MV, Milani G, Cortimiglia C, Pietta E, Bassi D, Cocconcelli PS. Genomic Insights of Enterococcus faecium UC7251, a Multi-Drug Resistant Strain From Ready-to-Eat Food, Highlight the Risk of Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Chain. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:894241. [PMID: 35814695 PMCID: PMC9262338 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.894241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacteria in ready-to-eat foods comprises a threat for public health due to their ability to acquire and transfer antibiotic-resistant determinants that could settle in the microbiome of the human digestive tract. In this study, Enterococcus faecium UC7251 isolated from a fermented dry sausage was characterized phenotypically and genotypically to hold resistance to multiple antibiotics including aminoglycosides, macrolides, β-lactams, and tetracyclines. We further investigated this strain following a hybrid sequencing and assembly approach (short and long reads) and determined the presence of various mobile genetic elements (MGEs) responsible of horizontal gene transfer (HGT). On the chromosome of UC7251, we found one integrative and conjugative element (ICE) and a conjugative transposon Tn916-carrying tetracycline resistance. UC7251 carries two plasmids: one small plasmid harboring a rolling circle replication and one MDR megaplasmid. The latter was identified as mobilizable and containing a putative integrative and conjugative element-like region, prophage sequences, insertion sequences, heavy-metal resistance genes, and several antimicrobial resistance (AMR) genes, confirming the phenotypic resistance characteristics. The transmissibility potential of AMR markers was observed through mating experiments, where Tn916-carried tetracycline resistance was transferred at intra- and inter-species levels. This work highlights the significance of constant monitoring of products of animal origin, especially RTE foodstuffs, to stimulate the development of novel strategies in the race for constraining the spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Alduhaidhawi AHM, AlHuchaimi SN, Al- Mayah TA, Al-Ouqaili MTS, Alkafaas SS, Muthupandian S, Saki M. Prevalence of CRISPR-Cas Systems and Their Possible Association with Antibiotic Resistance in Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium Collected from Hospital Wastewater. Infect Drug Resist 2022; 15:1143-1154. [PMID: 35340673 PMCID: PMC8942119 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s358248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to evaluate the presence of CRISPR-Cas system genes and their possible association with antibiotic resistance patterns of Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium species isolated from hospital wastewater (HWW) samples of several hospitals. Methods HWW samples (200 mL) were collected from wastewater discharged from different hospitals from October 2020 to March 2021. The isolation and identification of enterococci species were performed by standard bacteriology tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Antibiotic resistance was determined using the disc diffusion. The presence of various CRISPR-Cas systems was investigated by PCR. The association of the occurrence of CRISPR-Cas systems with antibiotic resistance was analyzed with appropriate statistical tests. Results In total, 85 different enterococci species were isolated and identified using phenotypic methods. The results of PCR confirmed the prevalence of 50 (58.8%) E. faecalis and 35 (41.2%) E. faecium, respectively. In total, 54 (63.5%) of 85 isolates showed the presence of CRISPR-Cas loci. The incidence of CRISPR-Cas was more common in E. faecalis. CRISPR1, CRISPR2, and CRISPR3 were present in 35 (41.2%), 47 (55.3%), and 30 (35.3%) enterococci isolates, respectively. The CRISPR-Cas positive isolates showed significant lower resistance rates against vancomycin, ampicillin, chloramphenicol, erythromycin, rifampin, teicoplanin, tetracycline, imipenem, tigecycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole in comparison with CRISPR-Cas negative isolates. The results showed that the presence of CRISPR-Cas genes was lower in multidrug-resistant (MDR) isolates (53.1%, n = 26/49) compared to the non-MDR enterococci isolates (77.8%, n = 28/36) (P = 0.023). Conclusion This study revealed the higher prevalence of E. faecalis than E. faecium in HWWs. Also, the lack of CRISPR-Cas genes was associated with more antibiotic resistance rates and multidrug resistance in E. faecalis and E. faecium isolates with HWW origin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mushtak T S Al-Ouqaili
- Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of Anbar, Ramadi, Al-Anbar Governorate, Iraq
| | - Samar Sami Alkafaas
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
| | - Saravanan Muthupandian
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, 1871, Ethiopia
- Department of Pharmacology, AMR and Nanomedicine Laboratory, Center for Transdisciplinary Research, Saveetha Dental College, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences (SIMATS), Chennai, 60007, India
- Correspondence: Saravanan Muthupandian, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Division of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, College of Health Sciences, Mekelle University, Mekelle, 1871, Ethiopia, Tel +919443077097, Email
| | - Morteza Saki
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Morteza Saki, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran, Tel +989364221187, Email
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Guo T, Sun X, Li M, Wang Y, Jiao H, Li G. The Involvement of the csy1 Gene in the Antimicrobial Resistance of Acinetobacter baumannii. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:797104. [PMID: 35155494 PMCID: PMC8825777 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.797104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Acinetobacter baumannii is an important, opportunistic nosocomial pathogen that causes a variety of nosocomial infections, and whose drug resistance rate has increased in recent years. The CRISPR-Cas system exists in several bacteria, providing adaptive immunity to foreign nucleic acid invasion. This study explores whether CRISPR-Cas is related to drug resistance. Antibiotics were used to treat strains ATCC19606 and AB43, and the expression of CRISPR-related genes was found to be changed. The Csy proteins (Csy1–4) were previously detected to promote target recognition; however, the potential function of csy1 gene is still unknown. Thus, the RecAb homologous recombination system was utilized to knock out the csy1 gene from A. baumannii AB43, which carries the Type I-Fb CRISPR-Cas system, and to observe the drug resistance changes in wild-type and csy1-deleted strains. The AB43Δcsy1 mutant strain was found to become resistant to antibiotics, while the wild-type strain was sensitive to antibiotics. Moreover, transcriptome analysis revealed that the csy1 gene regulates genes encoding CRISPR-Cas-related proteins, drug-resistant efflux pumps, membrane proteins, and oxidative phosphorylation-related proteins, inhibiting antimicrobial resistance in A. baumannii. The in vitro resistance development assay revealed that the complete CRISPR-Cas system could inhibit the development of bacterial resistance. Our findings expand our understanding of the role of CRISPR-Cas csy1 gene in A. baumannii and link the CRISPR-Cas system to the biogenesis of bacterial drug-resistant structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Guo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Mengying Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmacy, Suzhou Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Yuhang Wang
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Hongmei Jiao
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Guocai Li
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Treatment of Senile Diseases, Yangzhou, China
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Johnson CN, Sheriff EK, Duerkop BA, Chatterjee A. Let Me Upgrade You: Impact of Mobile Genetic Elements on Enterococcal Adaptation and Evolution. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0017721. [PMID: 34370561 PMCID: PMC8508098 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00177-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococci are Gram-positive bacteria that have evolved to thrive as both commensals and pathogens, largely due to their accumulation of mobile genetic elements via horizontal gene transfer (HGT). Common agents of HGT include plasmids, transposable elements, and temperate bacteriophages. These vehicles of HGT have facilitated the evolution of the enterococci, specifically Enterococcus faecalis and Enterococcus faecium, into multidrug-resistant hospital-acquired pathogens. On the other hand, commensal strains of Enterococcus harbor CRISPR-Cas systems that prevent the acquisition of foreign DNA, restricting the accumulation of mobile genetic elements. In this review, we discuss enterococcal mobile genetic elements by highlighting their contributions to bacterial fitness, examine the impact of CRISPR-Cas on their acquisition, and identify key areas of research that can improve our understanding of enterococcal evolution and ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cydney N. Johnson
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Emma K. Sheriff
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Breck A. Duerkop
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
| | - Anushila Chatterjee
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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