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Veit EC, Salim MS, Jung MJ, Richardson RB, Boys IN, Quinlan M, Barrall EA, Bednarski E, Hamilton RE, Kikawa C, Elde NC, García-Sastre A, Evans MJ. Evolution of STAT2 resistance to flavivirus NS5 occurred multiple times despite genetic constraints. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5426. [PMID: 38926343 PMCID: PMC11208600 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49758-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Zika and dengue virus nonstructural protein 5 antagonism of STAT2, a critical interferon signaling transcription factor, to suppress the host interferon response is required for viremia and pathogenesis in a vertebrate host. This affects viral species tropism, as mouse STAT2 resistance renders only immunocompromised or humanized STAT2 mice infectable. Here, we explore how STAT2 evolution impacts antagonism. By measuring the susceptibility of 38 diverse STAT2 proteins, we demonstrate that resistance arose numerous times in mammalian evolution. In four species, resistance requires distinct sets of multiple amino acid changes that often individually disrupt STAT2 signaling. This reflects an evolutionary ridge where progressive resistance is balanced by the need to maintain STAT2 function. Furthermore, resistance may come with a fitness cost, as resistance that arose early in lemur evolution was subsequently lost in some lemur lineages. These findings underscore that while it is possible to evolve resistance to antagonism, complex evolutionary trajectories are required to avoid detrimental host fitness consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan C Veit
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Madihah S Salim
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mariel J Jung
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - R Blake Richardson
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ian N Boys
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Meghan Quinlan
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Erika A Barrall
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Eva Bednarski
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Rachael E Hamilton
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Caroline Kikawa
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
- Division of Basic Sciences and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutch Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nels C Elde
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Pathology, Molecular and Cell-Based Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- The Icahn Genomics Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew J Evans
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Barik S. Mechanisms of Viral Degradation of Cellular Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23010489. [PMID: 35008916 PMCID: PMC8745392 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Virus infection of eukaryotes triggers cellular innate immune response, a major arm of which is the type I interferon (IFN) family of cytokines. Binding of IFN to cell surface receptors triggers a signaling cascade in which the signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2) plays a key role, ultimately leading to an antiviral state of the cell. In retaliation, many viruses counteract the immune response, often by the destruction and/or inactivation of STAT2, promoted by specific viral proteins that do not possess protease activities of their own. This review offers a summary of viral mechanisms of STAT2 subversion with emphasis on degradation. Some viruses also destroy STAT1, another major member of the STAT family, but most viruses are selective in targeting either STAT2 or STAT1. Interestingly, degradation of STAT2 by a few viruses requires the presence of both STAT proteins. Available evidence suggests a mechanism in which multiple sites and domains of STAT2 are required for engagement and degradation by a multi-subunit degradative complex, comprising viral and cellular proteins, including the ubiquitin–proteasomal system. However, the exact molecular nature of this complex and the alternative degradation mechanisms remain largely unknown, as critically presented here with prospective directions of future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sailen Barik
- EonBio, 3780 Pelham Drive, Mobile, AL 36619, USA
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