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Wu YJ, Li YS, Tseng WL, Lu CY. Microextraction combined with microderivatization for drug monitoring and protein modification analysis from limited blood volume using mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:7405-7414. [PMID: 30191273 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1349-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2018] [Revised: 08/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In the clinic, ethosuximide is commonly used to treat generalized absence seizures but has recently been repurposed for other diseases. Because of adverse effects and drug interactions, high-throughput therapeutic drug monitoring of ethosuximide is necessary. Microextraction is a simple, effective, rapid, and low consumption of organic solvents method for sample preparation. In this study, microderivatization-increased detection (MDID)-combined microextraction was used to detect ethosuximide by mass spectrometry. Ethosuximide is a difficult to retain and ionize compound in the C18 nano-flow column and ionization interface, respectively. Hence, we developed a fast method for detecting ethosuximide in human plasma by using the MDID strategy (within 2 min). Chemical microderivatization parameters were studied and optimized to increase the sensitivity of ethosuximide detection at trace levels. The linear range for the analysis of ethosuximide in 10 μL plasma was 5-500 μg/mL with a coefficient of determination (r2) ≥ 0.995. The precision and accuracy of intraday and interday analyses of ethosuximide were below 13.0%. Furthermore, modifications of major proteins in plasma and blood cells, induced by ethosuximide, were identified. The proposed method effectively utilizes microliter samples to detect drug plasma concentrations under suitable microextraction procedures toward the eco-friendly goal of low consumption of organic solvents. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Jung Wu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shan Li
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Lung Tseng
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
- Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, 80424, Taiwan.
- Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, 80708, Taiwan.
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Medjedovic S, Deljo D, Sukalo A, Masic I. CLINICAL-EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDY ON STROKE PRESENCE IN THE POPULATION OF HERZEGOVINA-NERETVA CANTON INFLUENCED BY INVESTIGATED RISK FACTORS. Mater Sociomed 2015; 27:314-7. [PMID: 26622197 PMCID: PMC4639365 DOI: 10.5455/msm.2015.27.314-317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stroke is a rapid loss of brain function due to disturbance blood flow to the brain. The existence of multiple risk factors, the length of their duration, and severity of each factor individually, is positively correlated with the occurrence of stroke. Stroke is the third cause of disability and premature death for men and women. AIM The aim of this research is that through clinical and epidemiological studies the origin and development of stroke to inspect the same level of representation in the population of the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton. MATERIAL AND METHODS This survey covers the entire population of residents in the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton, and the number of patients who had a need for primary and secondary treating the symptoms of stroke. The very setting of this model of anthropological research modern human groups and theoretical estimates of the impact of genetic and / or environmental risk factors in the formation of phenotypic expression of complex traits of stroke, at the population level, resulted in the realization of the very methodology of this research. The study was conducted at the Department of Neurology, Regional Medical Center (RMC) "Dr. Safet Mujic" and the Department of Neurology, Clinical Center Mostar. These two health institutions, in addition to primary care are at the disposal for entire population of the Herzegovina-Neretva Canton and beyond. Data were collected by examining the details of the history of the board of hospitalized patients in the period from 1 January 2010-to 31 December 2014. The processed are 10 risk factors-potential causes of stroke. We also as research material, used records of hospital morbidity-the disease-illness statistics form (form number: 03-21-61; 03/02/60; 03/02/61; 09/03/60). RESULTS In our study, stroke is the second most frequent in the period of investigation, and noted the rapid growth that is in 2010 and 10.21% to 14.52% in 2014. There was a slight statistically significant differences in relation to the number of infected men and women, and the same is in favor of the patients are female. The number of patients with ischemic stroke, 954 of them or 48.38% was male and 1,018 or 51.62% were female. Of the 10 possible risk factors, factor 6 has a statistically significant canonical factor value, of which hypertension-CVI and the level of P = 0009 *, p = secondary hypertension, 0034 *, hypertensive heart disease, p =, * 0021, Diabetes mellitus of P = 0029 *, p = Anemia, 0052 * and C-reactive protein (CRP) of p = 0049 *, respectively, these canonical factors carry the entire amount of information about the relations impact of certain risk factors in the onset and development of the brain shock. CONCLUSION We conclude that there is a statistically significant correlation between the studied risk factors in the genesis of the origin and development of different types of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Aziz Sukalo
- "Farmavita", Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Izet Masic
- Medical Faculty, University of Sarajevo, Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina
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Bi LL, Chen M, Pei L, Shu S, Jin HJ, Yan HL, Wei N, Wang S, Yang X, Yan HH, Xu MM, Yao CY, Li N, Tang N, Wu JH, Zhu HZ, Li H, Cai Y, Guo Y, Shi Y, Tian Q, Zhu LQ, Lu YM. Infralimbic Endothelin1 Is Critical for the Modulation of Anxiety-Like Behaviors. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:2054-2064. [PMID: 25899174 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9163-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Endothelin1 (ET1) is a potent vasoconstrictor that is also known to be a neuropeptide that is involved in neural circuits. We examined the role of ET1 that has been implicated in the anxiogenic process. We found that infusing ET1 into the IL cortex increased anxiety-like behaviors. The ET(A) receptor (ET(A)R) antagonist (BQ123) but not the ET(B) receptor (ET(B)R) antagonist (BQ788) alleviated ET1-induced anxiety. ET1 had no effect on GABAergic neurotransmission or NMDA receptor (NMDAR)-mediated neurotransmission, but increased AMPA receptor (AMPAR)-mediated excitatory synaptic transmission. The changes in AMPAR-mediated excitatory postsynaptic currents were due to presynaptic mechanisms. Finally, we found that the AMPAR antagonists (CNQX) and BQ123 reversed ET1's anxiogenic effect, with parallel and corresponding electrophysiological changes. Moreover, infusing CNQX + BQ123 into the IL had no additional anxiolytic effect compared to CNQX treatment alone. Altogether, our findings establish a previously unknown anxiogenic action of ET1 in the IL cortex. AMPAR-mediated glutamatergic neurotransmission may underlie the mechanism of ET1-ET(A)R signaling pathway in the regulation of anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Bi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. .,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
| | - Ming Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Pei
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shu Shu
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hui-Juan Jin
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hong-Lin Yan
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Wei
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Shan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Huan-Huan Yan
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Meng-Meng Xu
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Cheng-Ye Yao
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Na Tang
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wu
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hou-Ze Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - You Cai
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qing Tian
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ling-Qiang Zhu
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - You-Ming Lu
- Department of Pathophysiology and Key Laboratory of Neurological Diseases of Ministry of Education, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China. .,Institute of Brain Research, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China.
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Eggers AE. Redrawing Papez’ circuit: A theory about how acute stress becomes chronic and causes disease. Med Hypotheses 2007; 69:852-7. [PMID: 17376605 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2007.01.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2007] [Accepted: 01/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The diseases of chronic stress include migraine, essential hypertension, depression, and the metabolic syndrome. A theory is presented to explain how acute stress becomes chronic and causes these inter-related conditions. The theory is based on a new "circuit of emotion", which is derived from Papez' famous theory of emotion. The hypothesis is as follows: There is a basic circuit of emotion which runs from the hippocampus (defined as the dentate gyrus plus the CA regions), where emotion arises, to the amygdala and from there to serotonergic pacemaker cells in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). The DRN projects back to the dentate gyrus in two ways: a direct route without a stop and an indirect route via pacemaker cells in the entorhinal cortex. The purpose of the direct route is to promote neurogenesis in the subgranular zone of the dentate; the indirect route has two purposes: to imprint ongoing moments of consciousness onto new dentate cells for retention as memory and to provide a negative feedback loop for regulation of the whole process. The hippocampus, the amygdala, and the DRN all project to the hypothalamus, which are branches off the basic loop that subserve the autonomic expression of emotion. Pathologic overdrive of the DRN causes overdrive of the entorhinal cortex, which leads to excitotoxic cell death of neurons in the hippocampus involved in the negative feedback loop. The disinhibited amygdala and DRN are then free to orchestrate the syndromes of chronic stress. Recovery from chronic stress requires repopulation of the dentate gyrus and restoration of the feedback loop. Excitotoxic cell death in the hippocampus results from either extraordinary acute stress or increased susceptibility to DRN overdrive, as might be caused, for example, by genetic factors, age, high cortisol levels, or incomplete recovery from previous damage. Three goals for therapeutic intervention are identified: inhibition of pacemaker cells in the DRN (which can be targeted by ethosuximide and other drugs that block serotonergic pacemaker currents), inhibition of pacemaker cells in the entorhinal cortex (which can be targeted by anti-epileptic drugs that block pacemaker currents in the entorhinal cortex, e.g. phenytoin), and restoration of serotonin levels in the dentate gyrus (which can be accomplished with anti-depressants). It is logical to use drugs from all three categories, either alone on in combination, to treat any of the four diseases of chronic stress. This leads to novel therapeutic recommendations, e.g. the use of ethosuximide, mood-stabilizers, and anti-depressants in synergy to treat essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnold E Eggers
- Department of Neurology, SUNY-Downstate Medical Center, 450 Clarkson Avenue, Box 1213, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.
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