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Therapeutic Apheresis, Circulating PLD, and Mucocutaneous Toxicity: Our Clinical Experience through Four Years. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12100940. [PMID: 33008072 PMCID: PMC7600532 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer treatment has been greatly improved by the combined use of targeted therapies and novel biotechnological methods. Regarding the former, pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) has a preferential accumulation within cancer tumors, thus having lower toxicity on healthy cells. PLD has been implemented in the targeted treatment of sarcoma, ovarian, breast, and lung cancer. In comparison with conventional doxorubicin, PLD has lower cardiotoxicity and hematotoxicity; however, PLD can induce mucositis and palmo-plantar erythrodysesthesia (PPE, hand-foot syndrome), which limits its use. Therapeutical apheresis is a clinically proven solution against early PLD toxicity without hindering the efficacy of the treatment. The present review summarizes the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of PLD and the beneficial effects of extracorporeal apheresis on the incidence of PPE during chemoradiotherapy in cancer patients.
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Ngoune R, Contini C, Hoffmann MM, von Elverfeldt D, Winkler K, Putz G. Optimizing Antitumor Efficacy and Adverse Effects of Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin by Scheduled Plasmapheresis: Impact of Timing and Dosing. Curr Drug Deliv 2018; 15:1261-1270. [PMID: 29779479 PMCID: PMC6327121 DOI: 10.2174/1567201815666180518125839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background: Nanoscale drug delivery systems accumulate in solid tumors preferentially by the enhanced permeation and retention effect (EPR-effect). Nevertheless, only a miniscule fraction of a given dosage reaches the tumor, while >90% of the given drug ends up in otherwise healthy tissues, lead-ing to the severe toxic reactions observed during chemotherapy. Once accumulation in the tumor has reached its maximum, extracorporeal elimination of circulating nanoparticles by plasmapheresis can dimin-ish toxicities. Objective: In this study, we investigated the effect of dosing and plasmapheresis timing on adverse events and antitumor efficacy in a syngeneic rat tumor model. Methods: MAT-B-III cells transfected with a luciferase reporter plasmid were inoculated into female Fisher rats, and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) was used for treatment. Plasmapheresis was performed in a discontinuous manner via centrifugation and subsequent filtration of isolated plasma. Results: Bioluminescence measurements of tumor growth could not substitute caliper measurements of tumor size. In the control group, raising the dosage above 9 mg PLD/kg body weight did not increase therapeutic efficacy in our fully immunocompetent animal model. Plasmapheresis was best done 36 h after injecting PLD, leading to similar antitumor efficacy with significantly less toxicity. Plasmapheresis 24 h after injection interfered with therapeutic efficacy, while plasmapheresis after 48 h led to fewer side effects but also to increased weight loss. Conclusion: Long-circulating nanoparticles offer the unique possibility to eliminate the excess of circulat-ing particles after successful accumulation in tumors by EPR, thereby reducing toxicities and likely toxici-ty-related therapeutic limitations
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo Ngoune
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christine Contini
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Michael M Hoffmann
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dominik von Elverfeldt
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Diagnostic Radiology Medical Physics, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Karl Winkler
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Putz
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Freiburg, Germany
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Blaha M, Martinkova J, Lanska M, Filip S, Malakova J, Kubecek O, Bezouska J, Spacek J. Plasma filtration for the controlled removal of liposomal therapeutics – From the apheretic site of view. ATHEROSCLEROSIS SUPP 2017; 30:286-293. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosissup.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Shi NQ, Qi XR. Taming the Wildness of "Trojan-Horse" Peptides by Charge-Guided Masking and Protease-Triggered Demasking for the Controlled Delivery of Antitumor Agents. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:10519-10529. [PMID: 28290666 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b01056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Cell-penetrating peptide (CPP), also called "Trojan Horse" peptide, has become a successful approach to deliver various payloads into cells for achieving the intracellular access. However, the "Trojan Horse" peptide is too wild, not just to "Troy", but rather widely distributed in the body. Thus, there is an urgent need to tame the wildness of "Trojan Horse" peptide for targeted delivery of antineoplastic agents to the tumor site. To achieve this goal, we exploit a masked CPP-doxorubicin conjugate platform for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutic drugs using charge-guided masking and protease-triggered demasking strategies. In this platform, the cell-penetrating function of the positively CPP (d-form nonaarginine) is abrogated by a negatively shielding peptide (masked CPP), and between them is a cleavable substrate peptide by the protease (MMP-2/9). Protease-triggered demasking would occur when the masked CPP reached the MMP-2/9-riched tumor. The CPP-doxorubicin conjugate (CPP-Dox) and the masked CPP-Dox conjugate (mCPP-Dox) were used as models for the evaluation of masking and demasking processes. It was found that exogenous MMP-2/9 could effectively trigger the reversion of CPP-cargo in this conjugate, and this trigger adhered to the Michaelis-Menten kinetics profile. This conjugate was sensitive to the trigger of endogenous MMP-2/9 and could induce enhanced cytotoxicity toward MMP-2/9-rich tumor cells. In vivo antitumor efficacy revealed that this masked conjugate had considerable antitumor activity and could inhibit the tumor growth at a higher level relative to CPP-cargo. Low toxicity in vivo showed the noticeably decreased wildness of this conjugate toward normal tissues and more controllable entry of antitumor agents into "Troy". On the basis of analyses in vitro and in vivo, this mCPP-cargo conjugate delivery system held an improved selectivity toward MMP-2/9-rich tumors and would be a promising strategy for tumor-targeted treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian-Qiu Shi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Jilin Medical University , Jilin City 132013, P. R. China
| | - Xian-Rong Qi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery System, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing 100191, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs , Beijing, 100191 P. R. China
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Ngoune R, Peters A, von Elverfeldt D, Winkler K, Pütz G. Accumulating nanoparticles by EPR: A route of no return. J Control Release 2016; 238:58-70. [PMID: 27448444 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2016.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based drug delivery to ease anticancer therapy relies primarily on the enhanced permeability and retention effect (EPR). The leaky vascular structure in tumors allows extravasation of nanoparticles, often termed passive targeting. Long term retention of nanoparticles is attributed to the lack of lymphatic drainage, and unidirectional extravasation has been implied. Fluorescent liposomes with a plasma half-life of 29h were injected into tumor-bearing rats, and biodistribution in tumor, skin, paws and ears was monitored via in vivo fluorescence measurements. To calculate tissue accumulation, an algorithm was developed to subtract the blood signal from the total fluorescence recorded. Accumulation in tumor tissue was much higher than that in other tissues monitored, initially exhibiting very rapid accumulation followed by a long plateau phase with little change. Discontinuous plasmapheresis was established that was as effective as highly sophisticated clinical plasmapheresis. We observed no difference in the tumor tissue's accumulation when plasmapheresis was performed 22h after liposome injection. In contrast, plasmapheresis led to a significant inhibition of further accumulation in other tissues. When the liposomes' blood concentration was rapidly lowered, we detected no drop in tumor fluorescence. Thus extravasation via EPR is most likely a route of no return. These data support the emerging view of a more dynamic model of EPR, where gaps or entire vessels may open and close over time, or accumulated liposomes become entangled within the pores, hampering further accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romeo Ngoune
- University Freiburg Medical Center, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Annette Peters
- University Freiburg Medical Center, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Dominik von Elverfeldt
- University Freiburg Medical Center, Department of Diagnostic Radiology Medical Physics, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Karl Winkler
- University Freiburg Medical Center, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Gerhard Pütz
- University Freiburg Medical Center, Institute for Clinical Chemistry, Freiburg, Germany.
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Extracorporeal apheresis system - A nanoparticle drugs' elimination method to enhance the benefit of cytostatic therapy in cancer patients. J Appl Biomed 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Kubeček O, Bláha M, Diaz-Garcia D, Filip S. Extracorporeal Elimination of Circulating Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin (PLD) to Enhance the Benefit of Cytostatic Therapy in Platinum-Resistant Ovarian Cancer Patients. ACTA MEDICA (HRADEC KRÁLOVÉ) 2015; 58:3-8. [PMID: 26454800 DOI: 10.14712/18059694.2015.84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the fifth most common malignancy in the world's female population and with the highest lethality index among gynecological tumors. The prognosis of metastatic disease is usually poor, especially in platinum-resistant cases. There are several options for the treatment of metastatic disease resistant to platinum derivates (e.g. paclitaxel, topotecan and pegylated liposomal doxorubicin), all of which are considered equipotent. Pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) is a liposomal form of the anthracycline antibiotic doxorubicin. It is characterized by more convenient pharmacokinetics and a different toxicity profile. Cardiotoxicity, the major adverse effect of conventional doxorubicin, is reduced in PLD as well as hematotoxicity, alopecia, nausea and vomiting. Skin toxicity and mucositis, however, emerge as serious issues since they represent dose and schedule-limiting toxicities. The pharmacokinetics of PLD (prolonged biological half-life and preferential distribution into tumor tissue) provide new possibilities to address these toxicity issues. The extracorporeal elimination of circulating liposomes after PLD saturation in the tumor tissue represents a novel and potent strategy to diminish drug toxicity. This article intends to review PLD characteristics and the importance of extracorporeal elimination to enhance treatment tolerance and benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondřej Kubeček
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Charles University in Prague, Medical Faculty and University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Milan Bláha
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine - Haematology, Charles University in Prague, Medical Faculty and University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Diaz-Garcia
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Charles University in Prague, Medical Faculty and University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Filip
- Department of Oncology and Radiotherapy, Charles University in Prague, Medical Faculty and University Hospital in Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
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A pharmaceutical study of doxorubicin-loaded PEGylated nanoparticles for magnetic drug targeting. Int J Pharm 2012; 423:16-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Eckes J, Schmah O, Siebers JW, Groh U, Zschiedrich S, Rautenberg B, Hasenburg A, Jansen M, Hug MJ, Winkler K, Pütz G. Kinetic targeting of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin: a new approach to reduce toxicity during chemotherapy (CARL-trial). BMC Cancer 2011; 11:337. [PMID: 21816044 PMCID: PMC3175222 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-11-337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The therapeutic success of chemotherapeutic agents is often limited by severe adverse effects. To reduce toxicity of these drugs, nanoscale particle-based drug delivery systems (DDS) are used. DDS accumulate to some extent in tumor tissues, but only a very small portion of a given dose reaches this target. Accumulation of DDS in tumor tissues is supposed to be much faster than in certain other tissues in which side effects occur ("Kinetic Targeting"). Once saturation in tumor tissue is achieved, most of the administered DDS still circulate in the plasma. The extracorporeal elimination of these circulating nanoparticles would probably reduce toxicity. METHODS For the CARL-trial (Controlled Application and Removal of Liposomal chemotherapeutics), pegylated liposomal doxorubicin (PLD) was used as chemotherapeutic agent and double filtration plasmapheresis (DFPP) was performed for extracorporeal elimination of liposomes. PLD was given as 40 mg/m2 every 3 weeks in combination with vinorelbine 2 × 25 mg/m2 (neoadjuvant treatment of breast cancer, 12 patients), or as 40 mg/m2 every 4 weeks (recurrent ovarian cancer, 3 patients). Primary endpoints were the efficiency and safety profile of DFPP, and secondary endpoints were side effects and tumor response. RESULTS DFPP eliminated ~62% of circulating PLD, corresponding to ~45% of the total dose (n = 57 cycles). AUC of doxorubicin was reduced by 50%. No leakage of doxorubicin was detected during elimination, and no relevant DFPP-related side effects occurred. Reduction in tumor size > 30% occurred in 10/12 (neoadjuvant) and in 1/3 patients (recurrent). Only five grade 2 events and one grade 3 event (mucositis, neutropenia or leucopenia) and a single palmar-plantar erythrodysesthesia grade 2 were reported. CONCLUSION Extracorporeal elimination of PLD by DFPP is safe and efficient. CARL can diminish the main dose-limiting side effects of PLD, and probably many different DDS alike. TRIAL REGISTRATION DRKS00000163.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Eckes
- Medical Practice, Altdorfstr. 10, Emmendingen, Germany
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Pütz G, Schmah O, Eckes J, Hug MJ, Winkler K. Controlled application and removal of liposomal therapeutics: Effective elimination of pegylated liposomal doxorubicin by double-filtration plasmapheresis in vitro. J Clin Apher 2010; 25:54-62. [DOI: 10.1002/jca.20229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Current awareness: Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pds.1654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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