1
|
Karnik M, Beeraka NM, Uthaiah CA, Nataraj SM, Bettadapura ADS, Aliev G, Madhunapantula SV. A Review on SARS-CoV-2-Induced Neuroinflammation, Neurodevelopmental Complications, and Recent Updates on the Vaccine Development. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:4535-4563. [PMID: 34089508 PMCID: PMC8179092 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02399-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a devastating viral infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The incidence and mortality of COVID-19 patients have been increasing at an alarming rate. The mortality is much higher in older individuals, especially the ones suffering from respiratory distress, cardiac abnormalities, renal diseases, diabetes, and hypertension. Existing evidence demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 makes its entry into human cells through angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) followed by the uptake of virions through cathepsin L or transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2). SARS-CoV-2-mediated abnormalities in particular cardiovascular and neurological ones and the damaged coagulation systems require extensive research to develop better therapeutic modalities. As SARS-CoV-2 uses its S-protein to enter into the host cells of several organs, the S-protein of the virus is considered as the ideal target to develop a potential vaccine. In this review, we have attempted to highlight the landmark discoveries that lead to the development of various vaccines that are currently under different stages of clinical progression. Besides, a brief account of various drug candidates that are being tested to mitigate the burden of COVID-19 was also covered. Further, in a dedicated section, the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection on neuronal inflammation and neuronal disorders was discussed. In summary, it is expected that the content covered in this article help to understand the pathophysiology of COVID-19 and the impact on neuronal complications induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection while providing an update on the vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Medha Karnik
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Narasimha M Beeraka
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Chinnappa A Uthaiah
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Suma M Nataraj
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anjali Devi S Bettadapura
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gjumrakch Aliev
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), St. Trubetskaya, 8, bld. 2, Moscow, 119991, Russia
- Institute of Physiologically Active Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia
- Research Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupy Street, Moscow, 117418, Russia
- GALLY International Research Institute, 7733 Louis Pasteur Drive, San Antonio, TX, #330, USA
| | - SubbaRao V Madhunapantula
- Center of Excellence in Molecular Biology and Regenerative Medicine (CEMR), Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
- Special Interest Group in Cancer Biology and Cancer Stem Cells (SIG-CBCSC), JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sharma A, Shah M, Lakshmi S, Sane H, Captain J, Gokulchandran N, Khubchandani P, Pradeep MK, Gote P, Tuppekar B, Kulkarni P, Paranjape A, Pradhan R, Varghese R, Kasekar S, Nair V, Khanbande U. A pilot study for treatment of COVID-19 patients in moderate stage using intravenous administration of ozonized saline as an adjuvant treatment-registered clinical trial. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 96:107743. [PMID: 33984718 PMCID: PMC8084612 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Objective Ozone therapy has tremendous therapeutic potential owing to its antiviral, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and potential to improve oxygenation. A pilot clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the safety and efficacy of intravenous ozonised saline treatment in patients with moderate COVID-19 pneumonia. Patients and Methods 10 patients were administered 200 ml freshly prepared ozonised saline intravenously over 1 h once a day for 8 days along with standard medical treatment. Clinical symptoms were monitored everyday and laboratory biomarkers, radiological findings at 1,3,6,10 days. Telephonic follow up was done for all after discharge till Day 14. 7 out of 10 patients required oxygen supplementation at recruitment. Results There was severe adverse event recorded in the study group. All patients improved from moderate to mild category in average 8 days and were discharged in average 9.7 days. None deteriorated to severe stage. All clinical symptoms resolved within 6 days and oxygen supplementation requirement reduced to none within 4.1 days. There was statistically significant reduction in CRP (p = 0.003), D-Dimer (p = 0.049), IL6 (p = 0.002) and statistically significant improvement (p = 0.001) in SpO2/FiO2 ratio. Change in LDH was borderline statistically not significant (p = 0.058). All patients showed significant resolution of bilateral interstitial infiltrates at the end of 10 days. Conclusion Resolved clinical symptoms, improved oxygenation, clearance of infiltrates on Chest X-ray and improvement in biomarkers in a short period with non-progression of the disease showed that IV ozonised saline therapy was safe and effective to prevent disease progression in COVID-19, making it an effective novel therapeutic tool.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alok Sharma
- Department of Medical Services and Clinical Research, NeuroGen Brain & Spine Institute, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Mili Shah
- Training and Education, Ozone Forum of India, Mumbai, India
| | - Satya Lakshmi
- National Institute of Naturopathy, Ministry of AYUSH, Pune, India
| | - Hemangi Sane
- Department of Research & Development, NeuroGen Brain & Spine Institute, Navi Mumbai, India
| | | | - Nandini Gokulchandran
- Department of Medical Services and Clinical Research, NeuroGen Brain & Spine Institute, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Pallavi Khubchandani
- Department of Medical Services and Clinical Research, NeuroGen Brain & Spine Institute, Navi Mumbai, India
| | | | - Prakash Gote
- Department of Medical Services and Clinical Research, NeuroGen Brain & Spine Institute, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Balaji Tuppekar
- Department of Medical Services and Clinical Research, NeuroGen Brain & Spine Institute, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Pooja Kulkarni
- Department of Research & Development, NeuroGen Brain & Spine Institute, Navi Mumbai, India.
| | - Amruta Paranjape
- Department of Research & Development, NeuroGen Brain & Spine Institute, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Radhika Pradhan
- Department of Research & Development, NeuroGen Brain & Spine Institute, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Ritu Varghese
- Department of Research & Development, NeuroGen Brain & Spine Institute, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Sushil Kasekar
- Department of Medical Services and Clinical Research, NeuroGen Brain & Spine Institute, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Vivek Nair
- Department of Medical Services and Clinical Research, NeuroGen Brain & Spine Institute, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Ummeammara Khanbande
- Department of Medical Services and Clinical Research, NeuroGen Brain & Spine Institute, Navi Mumbai, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Martínez-Sánchez G, Schwartz A, Di Donna V. Potential Cytoprotective Activity of Ozone Therapy in SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9050389. [PMID: 32384798 PMCID: PMC7278582 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9050389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) in China at the end of 2019 has caused a large global outbreak. Systemic ozone therapy (OT) could be potentially useful in the clinical management of several complications secondary to SARS-CoV-2. The rationale and mechanism of action has already been proven clinically in other viral infections and has been shown in research studies to be highly effective at decreasing organ damage mediated by inflammation and oxidative stress. This review summarizes the OT studies that illustrate the possible cytoprotective mechanism of action of ozone and its physiological by-products in target organs affected by SARS-CoV-2. (2) Methods: This review encompasses a total of 74 peer-reviewed original articles. It is mainly focused on ozone as a modulator of the NF-κB/Nrf2 pathways and IL-6/IL-1β expression. (3) Results: In experimental models and the few existent clinical studies, homeostasis of the free radical and antioxidant balance by OT was associated with a modulation of NF-κB/Nrf2 balance and IL-6 and IL-1β expression. These molecular mechanisms support the cytoprotective effects of OT against tissue damage present in many inflammatory diseases, including viral infections. (4) Conclusions: The potential cytoprotective role of OT in the management of organ damage induced by COVID-19 merits further research. Controlled clinical trials are needed.
Collapse
|
4
|
Bocci V. The Actual Six Therapeutic Modalities. OZONE 2010. [PMCID: PMC7498887 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9234-2_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Velio Bocci
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Bocci V. Preparation of Ozonated Water and Oil for the Topical Therapy – Ozone as a Drinking Water Disinfectant: Ozone Disinfection to Prevent Nosocomial Infections. OZONE 2010. [PMCID: PMC7498877 DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9234-2_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the world, there are millions of people affected by dirty traumatic lesions, infected wounds, chronic torpid ulcers, bed sores, burns, herpetic lesions, fungal infections and insect stings, who suffer for a long time because the conventional topical treatments based on antibiotics and anti-inflammatory drugs are not sufficiently effective. Unfortunately, most physicians and nurses are not aware of the potency and efficacy of both ozonated water and oil. When possible, by enclosing a leg inside a polythene bag, we can also use the gas mixture: oxygen-ozone, but we must avoid the risk of breathing ozone and not all generators are equipped with a suction pump connected to an ozone destructor. On the other hand, it is easy to apply a gauze compress soaked with ozonated water or oil to any part of the body.
Collapse
|
6
|
Abstract
The reader may be eager to examine in which diseases ozonetherapy can be proficiently used and she/he will be amazed by the versatility of this complementary approach (Table 9 1). The fact that the medical applications are numerous exposes the ozonetherapist to medical derision because superficial observers or sarcastic sceptics consider ozonetherapy as the modern panacea. This seems so because ozone, like oxygen, is a molecule able to act simultaneously on several blood components with different functions but, as we shall discuss, ozonetherapy is not a panacea. The ozone messengers ROS and LOPs can act either locally or systemically in practically all cells of an organism. In contrast to the dogma that “ozone is always toxic”, three decades of clinical experience, although mostly acquired in private clinics in millions of patients, have shown that ozone can act as a disinfectant, an oxygen donor, an immunomodulator, a paradoxical inducer of antioxidant enzymes, a metabolic enhancer, an inducer of endothelial nitric oxide synthase and possibly an activator of stem cells with consequent neovascularization and tissue reconstruction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Velio Bocci
- Department of Physiology, University of Siena, via A. Moro 2, 53100 Siena, Italy
| |
Collapse
|