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Chandrababu K, Radhakrishnan V, Anjana AS, Rajan R, Sivan U, Krishnan S, Baby Chakrapani PS. Unravelling the Parkinson's puzzle, from medications and surgery to stem cells and genes: a comprehensive review of current and future management strategies. Exp Brain Res 2024; 242:1-23. [PMID: 38015243 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06735-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, prevalent in the elderly population. Neuropathological hallmarks of PD include loss of dopaminergic cells in the nigro-striatal pathway and deposition of alpha-synuclein protein in the neurons and synaptic terminals, which lead to a complex presentation of motor and non-motor symptoms. This review focuses on various aspects of PD, from clinical diagnosis to currently accepted treatment options, such as pharmacological management through dopamine replacement and surgical techniques such as deep brain stimulation (DBS). The review discusses in detail the potential of emerging stem cell-based therapies and gene therapies to be adopted as a cure, in contrast to the present symptomatic treatment in PD. The potential sources of stem cells for autologous and allogeneic stem cell therapy have been discussed, along with the progress evaluation of pre-clinical and clinical trials. Even though recent techniques hold great potential to improve the lives of PD patients, we present the importance of addressing the safety, efficacy, ethical, cost, and regulatory concerns before scaling them to clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnapriya Chandrababu
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University for Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, 682 022, India
| | - Vineeth Radhakrishnan
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - A S Anjana
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University for Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, 682 022, India
| | - Rahul Rajan
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University for Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, 682 022, India
| | - Unnikrishnan Sivan
- Faculty of Fisheries Engineering, Kerala University of Fisheries and Ocean Studies, Kochi, Kerala, India
| | - Syam Krishnan
- Comprehensive Care Centre for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India
| | - P S Baby Chakrapani
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Biotechnology, Cochin University for Science and Technology, Kochi, Kerala, 682 022, India.
- Centre for Excellence in Neurodegeneration and Brain Health (CENBH), Kochi, Kerala, India.
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Ye X, Li M, Bian W, Wu A, Zhang T, Li J, Zhou P, Cui H, Ding YQ, Liao M, Sun C. RBP-J deficiency promoted the proliferation and differentiation of CD133-positive cells in vitro and in vivo studies. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:3839-3860. [PMID: 35661443 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although Notch signaling pathway could control the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs), it is largely unknown about the effect of Notch signaling pathway on the neurogenesis of CD133-positive cells. By using the primary cultured ependymal cells and the transgenic mouse, we found that CD133 immunoreactivity was exclusively localized in the ependymal layer of ventricles, moreover, most CD133-positive cells were co-labeled with Nestin. In addition, recombination signal binding protein J (RBP-J), a key nuclear effector of Notch signaling pathway, was highly active in CD133-positive cells. CD133-positive cells can differentiate into the immature and mature neurons, in particular, the number of CD133-positive cells differentiating into the immature and mature neurons was significantly increased following the deficiency or interference of RBP-J in vivo or in vitro. By using real-time qPCR and western blot, we found that RBP-J and Hes1 were down-regulated while Notch1 was up-regulated in the expression levels of mRNAs and proteins following the deficiency or interference of RBP-J. These results demonstrated RBP-J deficiency promoted the proliferation and differentiation of CD133-positive cells. Therefore, we speculated that RBP-J could maintain CD133-positive cells in the characteristics of NSCs possibly by regulating Notch1/RBP-J/Hes1 pathway. It will provide a novel molecular insight into the function of RBP-J, as well as facilitate a future investigation of CD133-positive cells with respect to their potential application in neurodegenerative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ye
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Mengyi Li
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wei Bian
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Anting Wu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Junwei Li
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhou
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huairui Cui
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu-Qiang Ding
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Min Liao
- Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Chenyou Sun
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Institute of Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Zhou H, Lu S, Li K, Yang Y, Hu C, Wang Z, Wang Q, He Y, Wang X, Ye D, Guan Q, Zang J, Liu C, Qu S, Luan Z. Study on the Safety of Human Oligodendrocyte Precursor Cell Transplantation in Young Animals and Its Efficacy on Myelination. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:587-600. [PMID: 33823616 PMCID: PMC8165470 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2021.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) can differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes during embryonic development, thereby representing an important potential source for myelin repair or regeneration. To the best of our knowledge, there are very few OPCs from human sources (human-derived OPCs [hOPCs]). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the safety and remyelination capacity of hOPCs developed in our laboratory, transplanted into the lateral ventricles of young animals. Several acute and chronic toxicity experiments were conducted in which different doses of hOPCs were transplanted into the lateral ventricles of Sprague–Dawley rats of different ages. The toxicity, biodistribution, and tumor formation ability of the injected hOPCs were examined by evaluating the rats' vital signs, developmental indicators, neural reflexes, as well as by hematology, immunology, and pathology. In addition, the hOPCs were transplanted into the corpus callosum of the shiverer mouse to verify cell myelination efficacy. Overall, our results show that transplanted hOPCs into young mice are nontoxic to their organ function or immune system. The transplanted cells engrafted in the brain and did not appear in other organs, nor did they cause tissue proliferation or tumor formation. In terms of efficacy, the transplanted hOPCs were able to form myelin in the corpus callosum, alleviate the trembling phenotype of shiverer mice, and promote normal development. The transplantation of hOPCs is safe; they can effectively form myelin in the brain, thereby providing a theoretical basis for the future clinical transplantation of hOPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng Zhou
- The Second Clinical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Pediatrics, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Siliang Lu
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ke Li
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yinxiang Yang
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Caiyan Hu
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaoyan Wang
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Ying He
- The Second Clinical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Pediatrics, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaohua Wang
- The Second Clinical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Pediatrics, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Dou Ye
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qian Guan
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Zang
- Laboratory of Pediatrics, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Chang Liu
- The Second Clinical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Pediatrics, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Suqing Qu
- The Second Clinical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Pediatrics, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Zuo Luan
- The Second Clinical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Laboratory of Pediatrics, The Sixth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
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Mohammed I, Ijaz S, Mokhtari T, Gholaminejhad M, Mahdavipour M, Jameie B, Akbari M, Hassanzadeh G. Subventricular zone-derived extracellular vesicles promote functional recovery in rat model of spinal cord injury by inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome complex formation. Metab Brain Dis 2020; 35:809-818. [PMID: 32185593 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00563-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is the destruction of spinal cord motor and sensory resulted from an attack on the spinal cord, which can cause significant physiological damage. The inflammasome is a multiprotein oligomer resulting in inflammation; the NLRP3 inflammasome composed of NLRP3, apoptosis-associated speck-like protein (ASC), procaspase-1, and cleavage of procaspase-1 into caspase-1 initiates the inflammatory response. Subventricular Zone (SVZ) is the origin of neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) in the adult brain. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are tiny lipid membrane bilayer vesicles secreted by different types of cells playing an important role in cell-cell communications. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of intrathecal transplantation of EVs on the NLRP3 inflammasome formation in SCI rats. Male wistar rats were divided into three groups as following: laminectotomy group, SCI group, and EVs group. EVs was isolated from SVZ, and characterized by western blot and DLS, and then injected into the SCI rats. Real-time PCR and western blot were carried out for gene expression and protein level of NLRP3, ASC, and Caspase-1. H&E and cresyl violet staining were performed for histological analyses, as well as BBB test for motor function. The results indicated high level in mRNA and protein level in SCI group in comparison with laminectomy (p < 0.001), and injection of EVs showed a significant reduction in the mRNA and protein levels in EVs group compared to SCI (p < 0.001). H&E and cresyl violet staining showed recovery in neural cells of spinal cord tissue in EVs group in comparison with SCI group. BBB test showed the promotion of motor function in EVs group compared to SCI in 14 days (p < 0.05). We concluded that the injection of EVs could recover the motor function in rats with SCI and rescue the neural cells of spinal cord tissue by suppressing the formation of the NLRP3 inflammasome complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Mohammed
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sahar Ijaz
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Mokhtari
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Beijing, China
- Department of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Morteza Gholaminejhad
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marzieh Mahdavipour
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Behnamedin Jameie
- Neuroscience Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Akbari
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Petersen ED, Zenchak JR, Lossia OV, Hochgeschwender U. Neural Stem Cells Derived Directly from Adipose Tissue. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:637-647. [PMID: 29649413 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells (NSCs) are characterized as self-renewing cell populations with the ability to differentiate into the multiple tissue types of the central nervous system. These cells can differentiate into mature neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. This category of stem cells has been shown to be a promisingly effective treatment for neurodegenerative diseases and neuronal injury. Most treatment studies with NSCs in animal models use embryonic brain-derived NSCs. This approach presents both ethical and feasibility issues for translation to human patients. Adult tissue is a more practical source of stem cells for transplantation therapies in humans. Some adult tissues such as adipose tissue and bone marrow contain a wide variety of stem cell populations, some of which have been shown to be similar to embryonic stem cells, possessing many pluripotent properties. Of these stem cell populations, some are able to respond to neuronal growth factors and can be expanded in vitro, forming neurospheres analogous to cells harvested from embryonic brain tissue. In this study, we describe a method for the collection and culture of cells from adipose tissue that directly, without going through intermediates such as mesenchymal stem cells, results in a population of NSCs that are able to be expanded in vitro and be differentiated into functional neuronal cells. These adipose-derived NSCs display a similar phenotype to those directly derived from embryonic brain. When differentiated into neurons, cells derived from adipose tissue have spontaneous spiking activity with network characteristics similar to that of neuronal cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Petersen
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University , College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
| | - Jessica R Zenchak
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University , College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
| | - Olivia V Lossia
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University , College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
| | - Ute Hochgeschwender
- Program in Neuroscience, Central Michigan University , College of Medicine, Mount Pleasant, Michigan
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6
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Newborn dopaminergic neurons are associated with the migration and differentiation of SVZ-derived neural progenitors in a 6-hydroxydopamin-injected mouse model. Neuroscience 2017; 352:64-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.03.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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7
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Uhlendorf TL, Nuryyev RL, Kopyov AO, Ochoa J, Younesi S, Cohen RW, Kopyov OV. Efficacy of Two Delivery Routes for Transplanting Human Neural Progenitor Cells (NPCs) Into the Spastic Han-Wistar Rat, a Model of Ataxia. Cell Transplant 2016; 26:259-269. [PMID: 27938495 DOI: 10.3727/096368916x693527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
An emerging avenue for recalcitrant neurodegenerative disease treatment is neural progenitor cell (NPC) transplantation. In this study, we investigated the effectiveness of two different delivery routes of human-derived NPC inoculation: injection into the common carotid artery or unilateral stereotactic implantation into the degenerating cerebellum and hippocampus of spastic Han-Wistar (sHW) rats, a model of ataxia. At 30 days of age, sHW mutants were implanted with osmotic pumps preloaded with cyclosporine. Ten days after pump implantation, the animals were given either 3,000,000 live human-derived NPCs (hNPCs; n = 12) or 3,000,000 dead NPCs (dNPCs; n = 12) injected into the common carotid artery, or were given two unilateral implantations of 500,000 hNPCs into the cerebellum and 500,000 hNPCs into the hippocampus of each sHW rat (n = 12) or 500,000 dNPCs by unilateral implantation into the cerebellum and hippocampus (n = 12). We also compared treated sHW rats to untreated sHW rats: normal rats (n = 12) and sibling sHW rats (n = 12). Motor activity and animal weights were monitored every 5 days to ascertain effectiveness of the two types of delivery methods compared to the untreated mutant and normal animals. Mutant rats with hNPC implantations, but not dNPC or carotid artery injections, showed significant deceleration of motor deterioration (p < 0.05). These mutants with hNPC implantations also retained weight longer than dNPC mutants did (p < 0.05). At the end of the experiment, animals were sacrificed for histological evaluation. Using fluorescent markers (Qtracker) incorporated into the hNPC prior to implantation and human nuclear immunostaining, we observed few hNPCs in the brains of carotid artery-injected mutants. However, significant numbers of surviving hNPCs were seen using these techniques in mutant cerebellums and hippocampi implanted with hNPC. Our results show that direct implantation of hNPCs reduced ataxic symptoms in the sHW rat, demonstrating that stereotactic route of stem cell delivery correlates to improved clinical outcomes.
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Yuan TF, Gu S, Shan C, Marchado S, Arias-Carrión O. Oxidative Stress and Adult Neurogenesis. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2016; 11:706-9. [PMID: 26100529 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-015-9603-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
There is a growing evidence that adult neurogenesis is critical for brain function. The reactive oxygen species (ROS) is accumulated during adult neurogenesis as a physiological mechanism; while ROS overload impairs adult neurogenesis during ageing, neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Here we propose that targeting oxidative stress provides a novel way to regulate adult neurogenesis and manage different brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ti-Fei Yuan
- School of Psychology, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China,
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He S, Luan Z, Qu S, Qiu X, Xin D, Jia W, Shen Y, Yu Z, Xu T. Ultrasound guided neural stem cell transplantation through the lateral ventricle for treatment of cerebral palsy in children. Neural Regen Res 2014; 7:2529-35. [PMID: 25337105 PMCID: PMC4200709 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.32.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
A total of 24 children with cerebral palsy were enrolled in this study and underwent ultrasound guided transplantation of neural stem cells through the lateral ventricle. Neural stem cells (3.8 × 106–7.3 × 107) were injected into the lateral ventricles. Mild injury of lateral ventricular blood vessels occurred in only two cases (8.3%). Seven cases (29.2%) experienced a fever. Clinical manifestations were improved to varying degrees in eight cases (28.0%) within 3 months after transplantation. Patient condition did not worsen, and no patient experienced severe adverse reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng He
- Department of Ultrasonography, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zuo Luan
- Department of Ultrasonography, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Suqing Qu
- Department of Ultrasonography, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xuan Qiu
- Department of Ultrasonography, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Daqing Xin
- Department of Ultrasonography, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Wenkai Jia
- Department of Ultrasonography, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yanhua Shen
- Department of Ultrasonography, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Zehui Yu
- Department of Ultrasonography, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Ultrasonography, Navy General Hospital of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100048, China
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Adami R, Scesa G, Bottai D. Stem cell transplantation in neurological diseases: improving effectiveness in animal models. Front Cell Dev Biol 2014; 2:17. [PMID: 25364724 PMCID: PMC4206985 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2014.00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases afflict a growing proportion of the human population. There are two reasons for this: first, the average age of the population (especially in the industrialized world) is increasing, and second, the diagnostic tools to detect these pathologies are now more sophisticated and can be used on a higher percentage of the population. In many cases, neurological disease has a pharmacological treatment which, as in the case of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Epilepsy, and Multiple Sclerosis can reduce the symptoms and slow down the course of the disease but cannot reverse its effects or heal the patient. In the last two decades the transplantation approach, by means of stem cells of different origin, has been suggested for the treatment of neurological diseases. The choice of slightly different animal models and the differences in methods of stem cell preparation make it difficult to compare the results of transplantation experiments. Moreover, the translation of these results into clinical trials with human subjects is difficult and has so far met with little success. This review seeks to discuss the reasons for these difficulties by considering the differences between human and animal cells (including isolation, handling and transplantation) and between the human disease model and the animal disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffaella Adami
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Milan Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scesa
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Milan Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Bottai
- Department of Health Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Milan Milan, Italy
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Giordano R, Canesi M, Isalberti M, Isaias IU, Montemurro T, Viganò M, Montelatici E, Boldrin V, Benti R, Cortelezzi A, Fracchiolla N, Lazzari L, Pezzoli G. Autologous mesenchymal stem cell therapy for progressive supranuclear palsy: translation into a phase I controlled, randomized clinical study. J Transl Med 2014; 12:14. [PMID: 24438512 PMCID: PMC3912501 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-12-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Progressive Supranuclear Palsy (PSP) is a sporadic and progressive neurodegenerative disease which belongs to the family of tauopathies and involves both cortical and subcortical structures. No effective therapy is to date available. Methods/design Autologous bone marrow (BM) mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) from patients affected by different type of parkinsonisms have shown their ability to improve the dopaminergic function in preclinical and clinical models. It is also possible to isolate and expand MSC from the BM of PSP patients with the same proliferation rate and immuphenotypic profile as MSC from healthy donors. BM MSC can be efficiently delivered to the affected brain regions of PSP patients where they can exert their beneficial effects through different mechanisms including the secretion of neurotrophic factors. Here we propose a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind phase I clinical trial in patients affected by PSP with MSC delivered via intra-arterial injection. Discussion To our knowledge, this is the first clinical trial to be applied in a no-option parkinsonism that aims to test the safety and to exploit the properties of autologous mesenchymal stem cells in reducing disease progression. The study has been designed to test the safety of this “first-in-man” approach and to preliminarily explore its efficacy by excluding the placebo effect. Trial registration NCT01824121
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosaria Giordano
- Cell Factory, Unit of Cell Therapy and Cryobiology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca' Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milano, Italy.
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Aligholi H, Hassanzadeh G, Azari H, Rezayat SM, Mehr SE, Akbari M, Attari F, Khaksarian M, Gorji A. A new and safe method for stereotactically harvesting neural stem/progenitor cells from the adult rat subventricular zone. J Neurosci Methods 2013; 225:81-9. [PMID: 24378338 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult neural stem/progenitor cells (NS/PCs) are one of the outstanding cell sources for therapeutic purposes in the central nervous system diseases. Autologous transplantation of NS/PCs still is a matter of controversy due to the safety issue as well as efficiency of harvesting these cells from the live mammalian brain subventricular zone (SVZ). NEW METHOD In this new and safe method, a 16-guage semi-automatic biopsy needle was used stereotactically to remove a piece of SVZ. Then, the proliferation and differentiation capacity of obtained cells were assessed. In addition, the safety of the biopsy procedure was analyzed employing the Morris water maze, modified neurologic severity score, passive avoidance and open field tests. RESULTS Despite being very small in size, the SVZ specimen could generate a large number of progeny with the ability to differentiate into neuronal and glial cells. The biopsy procedure introduced in this study did not have any impact on the behavioral and neurological processes. COMPARISON WITH EXISTING METHOD(S) existing SVZ biopsy methods were uncontrollable techniques which harvested brain tissue by aspiration using a syringe not a semi-automatic biopsy needle. Also, previous methods were not evaluated in terms of behavior and cognition. CONCLUSIONS This study revealed a considerable safety and efficacy for the stereotactical removal of the adult rat SVZ to harvest NS/PCs for autologous transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Aligholi
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam-al-Anbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Hassanzadeh
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hassan Azari
- Neural Stem Cell & Regenerative Neuroscience Laboratory, Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Shiraz, Iran; Shiraz Stem Cell Institute, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Rezayat
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shahram Ejtemaei Mehr
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Akbari
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Attari
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Shefa Neuroscience Research Center, Khatam-al-Anbia Hospital, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Khaksarian
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Gorji
- Epilepsy Research Center, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 27a, 48149 Münster, Germany; Department of Neurosurgery and Neurology, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 27a, 48149 Münster, Germany
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13
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Arai Y, Huttner WB, Calegari F. Neural Stem Cells. Regen Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5690-8_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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14
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Lu X, Wang L, Yang Z, Lu H. Strategies of polyhydroxyalkanoates modification for the medical application in neural regeneration/nerve tissue engineering. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2013.46097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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15
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Ramos-Zúñiga R, González-Pérez O, Macías-Ornelas A, Capilla-González V, Quiñones-Hinojosa A. Ethical implications in the use of embryonic and adult neural stem cells. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:470949. [PMID: 22997522 PMCID: PMC3444931 DOI: 10.1155/2012/470949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent and growth of technological advances have led to new routes of knowledge. Thereby, we currently face new challenges. We have just started to get a glimpse of the structural and functional role of neural stem cells in differentiation and migration processes, the origin of synaptic networks, and subsequent readjustments in specific circuits. A whole range of treatment possibilities originates from this knowledge that potentially can be used for different neurological diseases in humans. Although this is an encouraging scenario, it implies that the human brain is the object of such study, as well as its potential manipulation and transplantation. It is, therefore, pertinent that ethical principles should be followed in such research to have proper balance between what can be done and what should be done, according to every specific context. Hence, it is wise to consider ethical implications in every research project, along with potential clinical applications, under the principle of causing no harm, following risk and benefit rules in decision making and with respect of the human condition as a priority.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Ramos-Zúñiga
- Department of Neurosciences, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, 44630 Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - Oscar González-Pérez
- Department of Neurosciences, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, 44630 Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - Ana Macías-Ornelas
- Department of Neurosciences, CUCS, Universidad de Guadalajara, 44630 Guadalajara, JAL, Mexico
| | - Vivian Capilla-González
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Stem Cells Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 4940, USA
| | - Alfredo Quiñones-Hinojosa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brain Tumor Stem Cells Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 4940, USA
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16
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Ganz J, Lev N, Melamed E, Offen D. Cell replacement therapy for Parkinson's disease: how close are we to the clinic? Expert Rev Neurother 2012; 11:1325-39. [PMID: 21864078 DOI: 10.1586/ern.11.74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cell replacement therapy (CRT) offers great promise as the future of regenerative medicine in Parkinson´s disease (PD). Three decades of experiments have accumulated a wealth of knowledge regarding the replacement of dying neurons by new and healthy dopaminergic neurons transplanted into the brains of animal models and affected patients. The first clinical trials provided the proof of principle for CRT in PD. In these experiments, intrastriatal transplantation of human embryonic mesencephalic tissue reinnervated the striatum, restored dopamine levels and showed motor improvements. Sequential controlled studies highlighted several problems that should be addressed prior to the wide application of CRT for PD patients. Moreover, owing to ethical and practical problems, embryonic stem cells require replacement by better-suited stem cells. Several obstacles remain to be surpassed, including identifying the best source of stem cells for A9 dopaminergic neuron generation, eliminating the risk of tumor formation and the development of graft-induced dyskinesias, and standardizing dopaminergic cell production in order to enable clinical application. In this article, we present an update on CRT for PD, reviewing the research milestones, various stem cells used and tailored differentiation methods, and analyze the information gained from the clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Ganz
- Laboratory of Neuroscience, Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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17
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Zhu YH, Bulavin DV. Wip1-dependent signaling pathways in health and diseases. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2012; 106:307-25. [PMID: 22340722 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396456-4.00001-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal regulation of protein phosphorylation is key to the control of different molecular networks. This regulation is achieved in part through dephosphorylation of numerous signaling molecules, and emerging evidence highlights the importance of a new member of the PP2C family of phosphatase, Wild-type p53 induced phosphatase 1 (Wip1), in regulating stress-induced and DNA damage-induced networks. In recent years, analysis of Wip1 has focused primarily on its role in tumorigenesis because of its overexpression in human tumors and a profound tumor-resistant phenotype of Wip1-deficient mice. Recently, Wip1 has also been shown to play an important role in several physiological processes including adult neurogenesis and organismal aging. This review addresses how Wip1 phosphatase regulates different signaling networks in a spatial and temporal manner and how these differences contribute to various biological outcomes in the context of physiological and pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Hua Zhu
- Cell Cycle Control and Tumorigenesis Group, Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Proteos, Singapore
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18
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Dong J, Liu B, Song L, Lu L, Xu H, Gu Y. Neural stem cells in the ischemic and injured brain: endogenous and transplanted. Cell Tissue Bank 2011; 13:623-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s10561-011-9283-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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19
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Neural Stem Cells. Regen Med 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/978-90-481-9075-1_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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20
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A neurospheroid network-stamping method for neural transplantation to the brain. Biomaterials 2010; 31:8939-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2010.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Arias-Carrión O, Yamada E, Freundlieb N, Djufri M, Maurer L, Hermanns G, Ipach B, Chiu WH, Steiner C, Oertel WH, Höglinger GU. Neurogenesis in substantia nigra of parkinsonian brains? JOURNAL OF NEURAL TRANSMISSION. SUPPLEMENTUM 2009:279-85. [PMID: 20411786 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-211-92660-4_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The clinical motor dysfunction in Parkinson's disease is primarily the consequence of a progressive degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the nigrostriatal pathway. The degeneration of this tract provokes a depletion of dopamine in the striatum, where it is required as a permissive factor for normal motor function. Despite intense investigations, no effective therapy is available to prevent the onset or to halt the progression of the neuronal cell loss. Therefore, recent years have seen research into the mechanisms of endogenous repair processes occurring in the adult brain, particularly in the substantia nigra. Neurogenesis occurs in the adult brain in a constitutive manner under physiological circumstances within two regions: the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles. In contrast to these two so-called neurogenic areas, the remainder of the brain is considered to be primarily nonneurogenic in nature, implying that no new neurons are produced there under normal conditions. The occurrence of adult neurogenesis in the substantia nigra under the pathological conditions of Parkinson's disease, however, remains controversial. Here, we review the published evidence of whether adult neurogenesis exists or not within the substantia nigra, where dopaminergic neurons are lost in Parkinson's disease.
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