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Peter S, Aderibigbe BA. Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin Hybrid Compounds: Potential Anticancer Agents. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:644-665. [PMID: 38357952 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266288319240206052223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The concept of utilizing drug repurposing/repositioning in the development of hybrid molecules is an important strategy in drug discovery. Fluoroquinolones, a class of antibiotics, have been reported to exhibit anticancer activities. Although anticancer drug development is achieving some positive outcomes, there is still a need to develop new and effective anticancer drugs. Some limitations associated with most of the available anticancer drugs are drug resistance and toxicity, poor bio-distribution, poor solubility, and lack of specificity, thereby reducing their therapeutic outcomes. OBJECTIVES Fluoroquinolones, a known class of antibiotics, have been explored by hybridizing them with other pharmacophores and evaluating their anticancer activity in silico and in vitro. Hence, this review provides an update on new anticancer drugs containing fluoroquinolones moiety, Ciprofloxacin and Norfloxacin between 2020 and 2023, their structural relationship activity, and the future strategies to develop potent chemotherapeutic agents. METHODS Fluoroquinolones were mostly hybridized via the N-4 of the piperazine ring on position C-7 with known pharmacophores characterized, followed by biological studies to evaluate their anticancer activity. RESULTS The hybrid molecules displayed promising and interesting anticancer activities. Factors such as the nature of the linker, the presence of electron-withdrawing groups, nature, and position of the substituents influenced the anticancer activity of the synthesized compounds. CONCLUSION The hybrids were selective towards some cancer cells. However, further in vivo studies are needed to fully understand their mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijongesonke Peter
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Blessing A Aderibigbe
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, Eastern Cape, South Africa
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Kloskowski T, Frąckowiak S, Adamowicz J, Szeliski K, Rasmus M, Drewa T, Pokrywczyńska M. Quinolones as a Potential Drug in Genitourinary Cancer Treatment-A Literature Review. Front Oncol 2022; 12:890337. [PMID: 35756639 PMCID: PMC9213725 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.890337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Quinolones, broad-spectrum antibiotics, are frequently prescribed by urologists for many urological disorders. The mechanism of their bactericidal activity is based on the inhibition of topoisomerase II or IV complex with DNA, which consequently leads to cell death. It has been observed that these antibiotics also act against the analogous enzymes present in eukaryotic cells. Due to their higher accumulation in urine and prostate tissue than in serum, these drugs seem to be ideal candidates for application in genitourinary cancer treatment. In this study, an extensive literature review has been performed to collect information about concentrations achievable in urine and prostate tissue together with information about anticancer properties of 15 quinolones. Special attention was paid to the application of cytotoxic properties of quinolones for bladder and prostate cancer cell lines. Data available in the literature showed promising properties of quinolones, especially in the case of urinary bladder cancer treatment. In the case of prostate cancer, due to low concentrations of quinolones achievable in prostate tissue, combination therapy with other chemotherapeutics or another method of drug administration is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kloskowski
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Sylwia Frąckowiak
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jan Adamowicz
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Kamil Szeliski
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marta Rasmus
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Tomasz Drewa
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Marta Pokrywczyńska
- Chair of Urology and Andrology, Department of Regenerative Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Chrzanowska A, Struga M, Roszkowski P, Koliński M, Kmiecik S, Jałbrzykowska K, Zabost A, Stefańska J, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Wrzosek M, Bielenica A. The Effect of Conjugation of Ciprofloxacin and Moxifloxacin with Fatty Acids on Their Antibacterial and Anticancer Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23116261. [PMID: 35682940 PMCID: PMC9181188 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23116261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Novel conjugates (CP) of moxifloxacin (MXF) with fatty acids (1m–16m) were synthesized with good yields utilizing amides chemistry. They exhibit a more pronounced cytotoxic potential than the parent drug. They were the most effective for prostate cancer cells with an IC50 below 5 µM for respective conjugates with sorbic (2m), oleic (4m), 6-heptenoic (10m), linoleic (11m), caprylic (15m), and stearic (16m) acids. All derivatives were evaluated against a panel of standard and clinical bacterial strains, as well as towards mycobacteria. The highest activity towards standard isolates was observed for the acetic acid derivative 14m, followed by conjugates of unsaturated crotonic (1m) and sorbic (2m) acids. The activity of conjugates tested against an expanded panel of clinical coagulase-negative staphylococci showed that the compound (14m) was recognized as a leading structure with an MIC of 0.5 μg/mL denoted for all quinolone-susceptible isolates. In the group of CP derivatives, sorbic (2) and geranic (3) acid amides exhibited the highest bactericidal potential against clinical strains. The M. tuberculosis Spec. 210 strain was the most sensitive to sorbic (2m) conjugate and to conjugates with medium- and long-chain polyunsaturated acids. To establish the mechanism of antibacterial action, selected CP and MXF conjugates were examined in both topoisomerase IV decatenation assay and the DNA gyrase supercoiling assay, followed by suitable molecular docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Chrzanowska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.C.); (M.S.); (K.J.)
| | - Marta Struga
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.C.); (M.S.); (K.J.)
| | - Piotr Roszkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, Pasteura 1, 02-093 Warszawa, Poland
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Michał Koliński
- Bioinformatics Laboratory, Mossakowski Medical Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, 5 Pawinskiego St., 02-106 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Sebastian Kmiecik
- Biological and Chemical Research Centre, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Warsaw, 02-089 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Karolina Jałbrzykowska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.C.); (M.S.); (K.J.)
| | - Anna Zabost
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Z.); (E.A.-K.)
| | - Joanna Stefańska
- Centre for Preclinical Research, Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland;
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, 01-138 Warsaw, Poland; (A.Z.); (E.A.-K.)
| | - Małgorzata Wrzosek
- Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Anna Bielenica
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, Ul. Banacha 1, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (A.C.); (M.S.); (K.J.)
- Correspondence: (P.R.); (A.B.)
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Moyano Rodríguez E, Gomez-Mendoza M, Pérez-Ruiz R, Peñín B, Sampedro D, Caamaño A, de la Peña O’Shea VA. Controlled Synthesis of Up-Conversion NaYF 4:Yb,Tm Nanoparticles for Drug Release under Near IR-Light Therapy. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1953. [PMID: 34944769 PMCID: PMC8699023 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Up-Conversion materials have received great attention in drug delivery applications in recent years. A specifically emerging field includes the development of strategies focusing on photon processes that promote the development of novel platforms for the efficient transport and the controlled release of drug molecules in the harsh microenvironment. Here, modified reaction time, thermal treatment, and pH conditions were controlled in the synthesis of NaYF4:Yb,Tm up-converted (UC) material to improve its photoluminescence properties. The best blue-emission performance was achieved for the UC3 sample prepared through 24 h-synthesis without thermal treatment at a pH of 5, which promotes the presence of the β-phase and smaller particle size. NaYF4:Yb,Tm has resulted in a highly efficient blue emitter material for light-driven drug release under near-IR wavelength. Thus, NaYF4:Yb,Tm up-converted material promotes the N-O bond cleavage of the oxime ester of Ciprofloxacin (prodrug) as a highly efficient photosensitized drug delivery process. HPLC chromatography and transient absorption spectroscopy measurements were performed to evaluate the drug release conversion rate. UC3 has resulted in a very stable and easily recovered material that can be used in several reaction cycles. This straightforward methodology can be extended to other drugs containing photoactive chromophores and is present as an alternative for drug release systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edelweiss Moyano Rodríguez
- Signal Theory and Communications and Telematic System and Computing, Rey Juan Carlos University, Cam/del Molino 5, 28942 Madrid, Spain;
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, C/Ramón de la Sagra, 3, 28935 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-M.); (R.P.-R.)
| | - Miguel Gomez-Mendoza
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, C/Ramón de la Sagra, 3, 28935 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-M.); (R.P.-R.)
| | - Raúl Pérez-Ruiz
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, C/Ramón de la Sagra, 3, 28935 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-M.); (R.P.-R.)
- Departamento de Química, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera S/N, 46022 Valencia, Spain
| | - Beatriz Peñín
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (B.P.); (D.S.)
| | - Diego Sampedro
- Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química (CISQ), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006 Logroño, Spain; (B.P.); (D.S.)
| | - Antonio Caamaño
- Signal Theory and Communications and Telematic System and Computing, Rey Juan Carlos University, Cam/del Molino 5, 28942 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Víctor A. de la Peña O’Shea
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, C/Ramón de la Sagra, 3, 28935 Madrid, Spain; (M.G.-M.); (R.P.-R.)
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Ciprofloxacin and Levofloxacin as Potential Drugs in Genitourinary Cancer Treatment-The Effect of Dose-Response on 2D and 3D Cell Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111970. [PMID: 34769400 PMCID: PMC8584631 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Introducing new drugs for clinical application is a very difficult, long, drawn-out, and costly process, which is why drug repositioning is increasingly gaining in importance. The aim of this study was to analyze the cytotoxic properties of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin on bladder and prostate cell lines in vitro. Methods: Bladder and prostate cancer cell lines together with their non-malignant counterparts were used in this study. In order to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of both drugs on tested cell lines, MTT assay, real-time cell growth analysis, apoptosis detection, cell cycle changes, molecular analysis, and 3D cultures were examined. Results: Both fluoroquinolones exhibited a toxic effect on all of the tested cell lines. In the case of non-malignant cell lines, the cytotoxic effect was weaker, which was especially pronounced in the bladder cell line. A comparison of both fluoroquinolones showed the advantage of ciprofloxacin (lower doses of drug caused a stronger cytotoxic effect). Both fluoroquinolones led to an increase in late apoptotic cells and an inhibition of cell cycle mainly in the S phase. Molecular analysis showed changes in BAX, BCL2, TP53, and CDKN1 expression in tested cell lines following incubation with ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. The downregulation of topoisomerase II genes (TOP2A and TOP2B) was noticed. Three-dimensional (3D) cell culture analysis confirmed the higher cytotoxic effect of tested fluoroquinolone against cancer cell lines. Conclusions: Our results suggest that both ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin may have great potential, especially in the supportive therapy of bladder cancer treatment. Taking into account the low costs of such therapy, fluoroquinolones seem to be ideal candidates for repositioning into bladder cancer therapeutics.
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Dying for love: Perimenopausal degeneration of vaginal microbiome drives the chronic inflammation-malignant transformation of benign prostatic hyperplasia to prostatic adenocarcinoma. Med Hypotheses 2017; 101:44-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2017.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Suresh N, Nagesh HN, Chandra Sekhar KVG, Kumar A, Shirazi AN, Parang K. Synthesis of novel ciprofloxacin analogues and evaluation of their anti-proliferative effect on human cancer cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6292-5. [PMID: 24138941 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Revised: 09/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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