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Siracusa R, Voltarelli VA, Trovato Salinaro A, Modafferi S, Cuzzocrea S, Calabrese EJ, Di Paola R, Otterbein LE, Calabrese V. NO, CO and H 2S: A Trinacrium of Bioactive Gases in the Brain. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115122. [PMID: 35679892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen and carbon dioxide are time honored gases that have direct bearing on almost all life forms, but over the past thirty years, and in large part due to the Nobel Prize Award in Medicine for the elucidation of nitric oxide (NO) as a bioactive gas, the research and medical communities now recognize other gases as critical for survival. In addition to NO, hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and carbon monoxide (CO) have emerged as a triumvirate or Trinacrium of gases with analogous importance and that serve important homeostatic functions. Perhaps, one of the most intriguing aspects of these gases is the functional interaction between them, which is intimately linked by the enzyme systems that produce them. Despite the need to better understand NO, H2S and CO biology, the notion that these are environmental pollutants remains ever present. For this reason, incorporating the concept of hormesis becomes imperative and must be included in discussions when considering developing new therapeutics that involve these gases. While there is now an enormous literature base for each of these gasotransmitters, we provide here an overview of their respective physiologic roles in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosalba Siracusa
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Vanessa A Voltarelli
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Angela Trovato Salinaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Sergio Modafferi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cuzzocrea
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Science, University of Messina, Messina, 98166, Italy
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Rosanna Di Paola
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy
| | - Leo E Otterbein
- Department of Surgery, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
| | - Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy.
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Calabrese V, Scuto M, Salinaro AT, Dionisio G, Modafferi S, Ontario ML, Greco V, Sciuto S, Schmitt CP, Calabrese EJ, Peters V. Hydrogen Sulfide and Carnosine: Modulation of Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Kidney and Brain Axis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121303. [PMID: 33353117 PMCID: PMC7767317 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that the dysregulation of cellular redox homeostasis and chronic inflammatory processes are implicated in the pathogenesis of kidney and brain disorders. In this light, endogenous dipeptide carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) exert cytoprotective actions through the modulation of redox-dependent resilience pathways during oxidative stress and inflammation. Several recent studies have elucidated a functional crosstalk occurring between kidney and the brain. The pathophysiological link of this crosstalk is represented by oxidative stress and inflammatory processes which contribute to the high prevalence of neuropsychiatric disorders, cognitive impairment, and dementia during the natural history of chronic kidney disease. Herein, we provide an overview of the main pathophysiological mechanisms related to high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and neurotoxins, which play a critical role in the kidney–brain crosstalk. The present paper also explores the respective role of H2S and carnosine in the modulation of oxidative stress and inflammation in the kidney–brain axis. It suggests that these activities are likely mediated, at least in part, via hormetic processes, involving Nrf2 (Nuclear factor-like 2), Hsp 70 (heat shock protein 70), SIRT-1 (Sirtuin-1), Trx (Thioredoxin), and the glutathione system. Metabolic interactions at the kidney and brain axis level operate in controlling and reducing oxidant-induced inflammatory damage and therefore, can be a promising potential therapeutic target to reduce the severity of renal and brain injuries in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Calabrese
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (S.M.); (M.L.O.); (V.G.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Maria Scuto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (S.M.); (M.L.O.); (V.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Angela Trovato Salinaro
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (S.M.); (M.L.O.); (V.G.); (S.S.)
- Correspondence: (V.C.); (A.T.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Dionisio
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Research Center Flakkebjerg, Aarhus University, Forsøgsvej 1, 4200 Slagelse, Denmark;
| | - Sergio Modafferi
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (S.M.); (M.L.O.); (V.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Maria Laura Ontario
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (S.M.); (M.L.O.); (V.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Valentina Greco
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (S.M.); (M.L.O.); (V.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Sebastiano Sciuto
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, 95125 Catania, Italy; (M.S.); (S.M.); (M.L.O.); (V.G.); (S.S.)
| | - Claus Peter Schmitt
- Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.P.S.); (V.P.)
| | - Edward J. Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA;
| | - Verena Peters
- Centre for Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, University of Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (C.P.S.); (V.P.)
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Jin X, Chen D, Wu F, Zhang L, Huang Y, Lin Z, Wang X, Wang R, Xu L, Chen Y. Hydrogen Sulfide Protects Against Ammonia-Induced Neurotoxicity Through Activation of Nrf2/ARE Signaling in Astrocytic Model of Hepatic Encephalopathy. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:573422. [PMID: 33192318 PMCID: PMC7642620 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.573422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) characterized by neuropsychiatric abnormalities is a major complication of cirrhosis with high mortality. However, the pathogenesis of HE has not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to determine endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the blood of HE patients and investigate the role of H2S in an astrocytic model of HE. Methods: Patients with and without HE were recruited to determine plasma H2S levels and blood microbial 16S rRNA gene. Rat astrocytes were employed as a model of HE by treatment of NH4Cl. Exogenous H2S was preadded. Cell viability was measured by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, and cell death was evaluated by lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. Apoptosis was determined by Hoechst 33342/Propidium Iodide (PI) Double Staining and Western blot analysis of apoptosis-related protein expression. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were assessed by flow cytometer. Expressions of Nrf2 and its downstream regulated genes were examined by immunofluorescence staining and Western blot, respectively. Nrf2 gene knockdown was performed by antisense shRNA of Nrf2 gene. Results: There was a significant decrease in H2S levels in cirrhotic patients with HE compared with without HE. Blood microbiota analyses revealed that certain strains associated with H2S production were negatively correlated with HE. In vitro, H2S markedly attenuated NH4Cl-induced cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. This effect was mediated by Nrf2/ARE signaling, and knockdown of Nrf2 expression abolished the antagonistic effect of H2S on NH4Cl-induced neurotoxicity in astrocytes. Conclusion: Levels of H2S and bacteria associated with H2S production are decreased in HE, and H2S functions as the neuroprotector against NH4Cl-induced HE by activating Nrf2/ARE signaling of astrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaozhi Jin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Dazhi Chen
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Hospital of Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Faling Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Zhuo Lin
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou, China
| | - Lanman Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Liver Diseases, Ningbo Medical Center Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Liver Diseases, The Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yongping Chen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Hepatology Institute of Wenzhou Medical University, Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Accurate Diagnosis and Treatment of Chronic Liver Diseases, Wenzhou, China
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Upadhyay KK, Jadeja RN, Vyas HS, Pandya B, Joshi A, Vohra A, Thounaojam MC, Martin PM, Bartoli M, Devkar RV. Carbon monoxide releasing molecule-A1 improves nonalcoholic steatohepatitis via Nrf2 activation mediated improvement in oxidative stress and mitochondrial function. Redox Biol 2019; 28:101314. [PMID: 31514051 PMCID: PMC6737302 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2019.101314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated signaling plays a central role in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis of hepatic cells. Carbon monoxide releasing molecule-A1 (CORM-A1) has been reported to stimulate up-regulation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 in hepatocytes. However, the role of CORM-A1 in improving lipid metabolism, antioxidant signaling and mitochondrial functions in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is unknown. In this study, we report that CORM-A1 prevents hepatic steatosis in high fat high fructose (HFHF) diet fed C57BL/6J mice, used as model of NASH. The beneficial effects of CORM-A1 in HFHF fed mice was associated with improved lipid homeostasis, Nrf2 activation, upregulation of antioxidant responsive (ARE) genes and increased ATP production. As, mitochondria are intracellular source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and important sites of lipid metabolism, we further investigated the mechanisms of action of CORM-A1-mediated improvement in mitochondrial function in palmitic acid (PA) treated HepG2 cells. Cellular oxidative stress and cell viability were found to be improved in PA + CORM-A1 treated cells via Nrf2 translocation and activation of cytoprotective genes. Furthermore, in PA treated cells, CORM-A1 improved mitochondrial oxidative stress, membrane potential and rescued mitochondrial biogenesis thru upregulation of Drp1, TFAM, PGC-1α and NRF-1 genes. CORM-A1 treatment improved cellular status by lowering glycolytic respiration and maximizing OCR. Improvement in mitochondrial respiration and increment in ATP production in PA + CORM-A1 treated cells further corroborate our findings. In summary, our data demonstrate for the first time that CORM-A1 ameliorates tissue damage in steatotic liver via Nrf2 activation and improved mitochondrial function, thus, suggesting the anti-NASH potential of CORM-A1. CORM-A1 facilitates Nrf2 translocation and regulates cellular redox homeostasis in liver. CORM-A1 improves antioxidant status and lipid metabolism in liver. CORM-A1 induces mitochondrial biogenesis, improves energetics and cellular respiration in HepG2 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil K Upadhyay
- Metabolic Endocrinology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - Ravirajsinh N Jadeja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Hitarthi S Vyas
- Metabolic Endocrinology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - Bhaumik Pandya
- Georgia Cancer Center, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Apeksha Joshi
- Metabolic Endocrinology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - Aliasgar Vohra
- Metabolic Endocrinology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India
| | - Menaka C Thounaojam
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Pamela M Martin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA
| | - Manuela Bartoli
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912, USA.
| | - Ranjitsinh V Devkar
- Metabolic Endocrinology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat, 390002, India.
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5
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Upadhyay KK, Jadeja RN, Thadani JM, Joshi A, Vohra A, Mevada V, Patel R, Khurana S, Devkar RV. Carbon monoxide releasing molecule A-1 attenuates acetaminophen-mediated hepatotoxicity and improves survival of mice by induction of Nrf2 and related genes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 360:99-108. [PMID: 30273691 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2018] [Revised: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Acute liver injury is frequently associated with oxidative stress. Here, we investigated the therapeutic potential of carbon monoxide releasing molecule A-1 (CORM A-1) in oxidative stress-mediated liver injury. Overnight-fasted mice were injected with acetaminophen (APAP; 300 mg/kg; intraperitoneally) and were sacrificed at 4 and 12 h. They showed elevated levels of serum transaminases, depleted hepatic glutathione (GSH) and hepatocyte necrosis. Mice injected with CORM A-1 (20 mg/kg) 1 h after APAP administration, had reduced serum transaminases, preserved hepatic GSH and reduced hepatocyte necrosis. Mice that received a lethal dose of APAP (600 mg/kg), died by 10 h; but those co-treated with CORM A-1 showed a 50% survival. Compared to APAP-treated mice, livers from those co-treated with CORM A-1, had upregulation of Nrf2 and ARE genes (HO-1, GCLM and NQO-1). APAP-treated mice had elevated hepatic mRNA levels of inflammatory genes (Nf-κB, TNF-α, IL1-β and IL-6), an effect blunted in those co-treated with CORM A-1. In tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-treated HepG2 cells, CORM A-1 augmented cell viability, reduced oxidative stress, activated the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and anti-oxidant response element (ARE) genes. The molecular docking profile of CO in the kelch domain of Keap1 protein suggested that CO released from CORM A-1 mediated Nrf2 activation. Collectively, these data indicate that CORM A-1 reduces oxidative stress by upregulating Nrf2 and related genes, and restoring hepatic GSH, to reduce hepatocyte necrosis and thus minimize liver injury that contributes to an overall improved survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kapil K Upadhyay
- Phytotherapeutics and Metabolic Endocrinology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India
| | - Ravirajsinh N Jadeja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, 30912,USA
| | - Jaymesh M Thadani
- Phytotherapeutics and Metabolic Endocrinology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India
| | - Apeksha Joshi
- Phytotherapeutics and Metabolic Endocrinology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India
| | - Aliasgar Vohra
- Phytotherapeutics and Metabolic Endocrinology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India
| | - Vishal Mevada
- Hemchandracharya North Gujarat University, Patan, Gujarat 384265, India
| | - Rajesh Patel
- Bioinformatics and Supercomputer lab, Department of Biosciences, Veer Narmad South Gujarat University, Surat, Gujarat 395007, India
| | - Sandeep Khurana
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition and Weight Management, Geisinger Medical Center, Danville, PA 17822, USA
| | - Ranjitsinh V Devkar
- Phytotherapeutics and Metabolic Endocrinology Division, Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara, Gujarat 390002, India.
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Yang B, Bai Y, Yin C, Qian H, Xing G, Wang S, Li F, Bian J, Aschner M, Lu R. Activation of autophagic flux and the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway by hydrogen sulfide protects against acrylonitrile-induced neurotoxicity in primary rat astrocytes. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:2093-2108. [PMID: 29725710 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2208-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), the third gasotransmitter, has been shown to act as a neuroprotective factor in numerous pathological processes; however, its underlying mechanism(s) of action remain unclear. It is widely accepted that activation of moderate autophagy and the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway play important roles in the biological self-defense systems. In the present study, we investigated whether exogenous H2S protects against the cytotoxicity of acrylonitrile (AN), a neurotoxin, in primary rat astrocytes. We found that pretreatment for 1 h with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a donor of H2S (200-800 µM), significantly attenuated the AN-induced decrease in cell viability, increase in lactate dehydrogenase release and morphological changes. Furthermore, NaHS significantly attenuated AN-induced oxidative stress by reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and increasing glutathione (GSH) concentration. Moreover, NaHS activated the autophagic flux, detectable as a change in autophagy-related proteins (Beclin-1, Atg5 and p62), the formation of acidic vesicular organelles and LC3B aggregation, confirmed by adenoviral expression of mRFP-GFP-LC3. Additionally, NaHS stimulated translocation of Nrf2 into the nucleus and increased expression of heme oxygenase-1 and γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase, downstream targets of Nrf2. Notably, the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine and Beclin-1, or Nrf2-targeted siRNA, significantly attenuated the neuroprotective effects of NaHS against AN-induced neurotoxicity. In conclusion, we identified a crucial role of autophagy and the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in H2S-mediated neuroprotection against AN-induced toxicity in primary rat astrocytes. Our findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms of H2S-mediated neuroprotection, and suggest that H2S-based donors may serve as potential new candidate drugs to treat AN-induced neurotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bobo Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Changsheng Yin
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.,Institute of Life Sciences, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hai Qian
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Guangwei Xing
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Suhua Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinsong Bian
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Rongzhu Lu
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health Laboratory Sciences, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China. .,Center for Experimental Research, Kunshan Hospital Affiliated to Jiangsu University, 91 Qianjin(W) Road, Kunshan, 215132, Jiangsu, China.
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Activation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/anitioxidant response element alleviates the nitroglycerin-induced hyperalgesia in rats. J Headache Pain 2016; 17:99. [PMID: 27778243 PMCID: PMC5078120 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-016-0694-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Antioxidants have been proven to weaken hyperalgesia in neuropathic pain. Endogenous antioxidant defense system may have a role in the prevention of hyperalgesia in migraine. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the role of nuclear factor E2-related factor 2/antioxidant response element (Nrf2/ARE) pathway in regulating the activation of the trigeminovascular system (TGVS) and hypersensitivity in nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced hyperalgesia rats. Methods The expression levels of Nrf2, HO, HO1, and NQO1 in the trigeminal nucleus caudalis (TNC) were detected by western blot. Immunofluorescence was used to demonstrate the cell-specific localization of Nrf2 in TNC. Sulforaphane, a Nrf2 activator, was administered to NTG-induced rats. Then, the number of c-Fos- and nNOS-immunoreactive neurons in TNC was evaluated using immunofluorescence, and c-Fos and nNOS protein levels were quantified using western blot. Von Frey hair testing was used to evaluate the tactile thresholds of rats at different time points in different groups. Results Total cellular and nuclear levels of the proteins Nrf2, HO1, and NQO1 were elevated in TNC after NTG injection, and Nrf2 was found to be located in the nucleus and cytoplasm of the neurons. Sulforaphane pretreatment significantly increased the nuclear Nrf2, HO1, and NQO1 levels in TNC. In addition, sulforaphane exposure effectively inhibited the expression of nNOS and c-Fos, reduced the number of nNOS and c-Fos immunoreactive neurons in TNC, and attenuated the tactile thresholds induced by NTG injection. Conclusion Oxidative stress was involved in nitroglycerin-induced hyperalgesia. Activation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway inhibited the activation of TGVS and prevented the induction of hyperalgesia. Sulforaphane might therefore be an effective agent for hyperalgesia. Further studies are needed to discover the underlying mechanisms of the process.
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