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Cohen IJ. Comment on: Episodes of acute methotrexate-related neurotoxicity linked to compromised long-term neurocognitive function. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2024:e31233. [PMID: 39054729 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.31233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Cohen
- Rina Zaizov, Department of Pediatric Hematology‑Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Sackler, Petach Tikva, Israel
- Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel
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2
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Cohen IJ. Folinic Acid Over: Rescue of Intermediate Dose Methotrexate. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2024; 24:269-270. [PMID: 38135635 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2023.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Cohen
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petah Tikva, Israel.
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Haran A, Even-Zohar NG, Haran M, Lebel E, Aumann S, Shaulov A, Gatt M, Nachmias B. Impact of Folinic Acid Dosing on Efficacy and Toxicity of High-Dose Methotrexate in Central Nervous System Lymphoma. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA, MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2024; 24:187-193.e1. [PMID: 38008594 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2023.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/28/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION High-dose methotrexate (HDMTX)-based regimens are the treatment of choice in primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). Folinic acid (FA) rescue is used to mitigate the toxic effects of MTX on normal cells. However, the optimal dosing of FA in PCNSL remains uncertain. METHODS We analyzed the relationship between FA dosing and treatment efficacy and toxicity in a cohort of 36 PCNSL patients treated at our institute between the years 2014 and 2022. A combination of univariate and multivariate analyses using known prognostic factors were used to determine the association between FA dosing and treatment outcomes. RESULTS We found that higher per-treatment cumulative FA doses were associated with inferior progression-free survival (PFS), with a hazard ratio (HR) of 2.2 for each 100 mg/m2 increase in FA dose. We identified a threshold of 350 mg/m2/treatment, above which there was a significant reduction in PFS. Notably, lower FA doses did not result in increased toxicity. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that optimizing FA dosing to avoid very high rescue doses may improve treatment outcomes in PCNSL patients receiving HDMTX. Further prospective studies are warranted to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnon Haran
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
| | - Noa Gross Even-Zohar
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Michal Haran
- Department of Hematology, Kaplan Medical Center, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eyal Lebel
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Shlomzion Aumann
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Adir Shaulov
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Moshe Gatt
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Boaz Nachmias
- Department of Hematology, Hadassah Medical Center and Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12000, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
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A Comprehensive Review of Neuropsychologic Studies Supports the Concept That Adequate Folinic Acid Rescue Prevents Post Methotrexate Neurotoxicity. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2023; 45:1-11. [PMID: 36598958 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000002604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To review all studies providing evidence of the correlation between folinic acid (FA) rescue inadequacy and long-term cognitive damage in neuropsychological studies of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia or osteogenic sarcoma treated under protocols using high-dose methotrexate and FA rescue. METHODS A comprehensive literature search was performed of all databases of the Web of Science Citation Index, during 1990-2020, for the terms: neuropsychological, neurocognitive, and cognitive, together with acute lymphoblastic (and lymphocytic) leukemia and osteogenic sarcoma. English-language peer-reviewed articles on neuropsychological assessments of children who had been treated with high-dose methotrexate without irradiation, and which included details of methotrexate and FA schedules, were selected. In addition, a personal database of over 500 reprints of articles from over 130 journals was reviewed on the subjects of methotrexate and FA and their side effects. RESULTS Three groups of studies were found and analyzed, with (1) no evidence of cognitive deterioration, (2) evidence of cognitive deterioration, and (3) more than 1 protocol grouped together, preventing separate analysis of any protocols, Protocols without cognitive deterioration reported adequate FA rescue, and those with cognitive deterioration reported inadequate FA rescue. CONCLUSION Neuropsychological evaluation supported inadequate FA being the cause of neurocognitive damage after high-dose methotrexate and that adequate FA rescue prevents this complication.
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Jiang R, Mei S, Zhao Z. Leucovorin (folinic acid) rescue for high-dose methotrexate: A review. J Clin Pharm Ther 2022; 47:1452-1460. [PMID: 35929573 DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
High-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) is active against various malignancies; it possesses serious toxicities and is associated with patient characteristics, dosage regimens, comedications, and physiological status. There are many strategies to overcome HDMTX-induced toxicities, such as hydration, alkalization, leucovorin rescue, and haemodialysis. Leucovorin rescue is a cornerstone for toxicity prevention in HDMTX treatment. However, the leucovorin dose adjustment and the existence of leucovorin overrescue are still controversial. At present, various methods for calculating leucovorin doses in different tumour types have been proposed, including empirical calculations based on MTX plasma concentration, the Bleyer nomogram, and other methods. Nonetheless, leucovorin rescue protocols differ greatly across tumour types and medical institutions. Further studies are needed to investigate the optimal dosage regimen for leucovorin rescue in various tumours using HDMTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqi Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenghui Mei
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China.,Department of Clinical Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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Reduced dose folinic acid rescue after rapid high-dose methotrexate clearance is not associated with increased toxicity in a pediatric cohort. Support Care Cancer 2021; 30:127-133. [PMID: 34235555 PMCID: PMC8636410 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-021-06395-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Low doses of folinic acid (FA) rescue after high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) have been associated with increased toxicity, whereas high doses may be related to a decreased antileukemic effect. The optimal dosage and duration of FA rescue remain controversial. This study was designed to investigate, whether a shorter duration of FA rescue in the setting of rapid HD-MTX clearance is associated with increased toxicity. Methods We reviewed the files of 44 children receiving a total of 350 HD-MTX courses during treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia according to the NOPHO ALL-2000 protocol. Following a 5 g/m2 HD-MTX infusion, pharmacokinetically guided FA rescue commenced at hour 42. As per local guidelines, the patients received only one or two 15 mg/m2 doses of FA in the case of rapid MTX clearance (serum MTX ≤ 0.2 μmol/L at hour 42 or hour 48, respectively). Data on MTX clearance, FA dosing, inpatient time, and toxicities were collected. Results Rapid MTX clearance was observed in 181 courses (51.7%). There was no difference in the steady-state MTX concentration, nephrotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, neutropenic fever, or neurotoxicity between courses followed by rapid MTX clearance and those without. One or two doses of FA after rapid MTX clearance resulted in a 7.8-h shorter inpatient time than if a minimum of three doses of FA would have been given. Conclusion A pharmacokinetically guided FA rescue of one or two 15 mg/m2 doses of FA following HD-MTX courses with rapid MTX clearance results in a shorter hospitalization without an increase in toxic effects.
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Barreto JN, Peterson KT, Barreto EF, Mara KC, Dierkhising RA, Leung N, Witzig TE, Thompson CA. Early, empiric high-dose leucovorin rescue in lymphoma patients treated with sequential doses of high-dose methotrexate. Support Care Cancer 2021; 29:5293-5301. [PMID: 33661366 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-021-06106-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In patients exposed to high-dose methotrexate (HDMTX; >1g/m2) with a history of elevated methotrexate (MTX) concentrations during previous doses, it is unclear whether prescribing high-dose leucovorin (HDLV) rescue limits future high levels or reduces the likelihood of acute kidney injury (AKI). METHODS This retrospective, single-center study longitudinally followed adult lymphoma patients treated with HDMTX between 1/1/2011 and 10/31/2017 from diagnosis until 30 days after the last HDMTX dose. Endpoints included elevated MTX concentrations at 48 h (>1.0 μmol/L) and incident AKI after each HDMTX dose. RESULTS The 321 included patients had a median (IQR) age of 65 (57, 72) years, 190 (59%) were male, and 293 (91%) were Caucasian. There were 1558 HDMTX doses [median (IQR) 3 (2, 6) doses per patient] prescribed with 265 (83%) patients receiving more than one MTX dose. Those receiving HDLV rescue were more likely to have an elevated MTX concentration after that dose (OR = 2.69, 95% CI: 1.75-4.11, p < 0.001). Receiving HDLV rescue was associated with a greater likelihood of AKI after MTX (OR = 2.18, 95% CI: 1.38-3.43, p < 0.001). Hospital LOS was longer in those prescribed empiric HDLV rescue after MTX than those prescribed standard leucovorin with an estimated difference of 1.1 days, (95% CI: 0.5-1.7, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION Sequential HDMTX doses are associated with a significant incidence of elevated MTX levels and AKI during lymphoma management. HDLV rescue prescribed during subsequent MTX doses in patients with a previously elevated level was not associated with improved safety outcomes. The optimal supportive care strategy following HDMTX administration requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason N Barreto
- Department of Pharmacy, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA.
| | - Kristen T Peterson
- Department of Pharmacy, Duke University Medical Center, 2301 Erwin Road, Durham, NC, 27710, USA
| | - Erin F Barreto
- Department of Pharmacy, Robert D. and Patricia E. Kern Center for the Science of Health Care Delivery, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Kristin C Mara
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Ross A Dierkhising
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Nelson Leung
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Thomas E Witzig
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Carrie A Thompson
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
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Cohen IJ. Folinic acid over rescue of high dose methotrexate: How problematic citations conserve discredited concepts. Med Hypotheses 2021; 146:110467. [PMID: 33401105 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2020.110467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The outdated axiom that the dose of Folinic acid (FA) rescue used after high dose Methotrexate (HDMTX) should be kept to a minimum in order to prevent a reduction of prognosis ("over rescue") continues to be expressed even though the concept has been seriously challenged. Study aim The ways "problematic citations" are used to support an old theory, such as this, was examined. RESULTS Ten patterns of "problematic citation" use were identified. In 8 of these patterns the articles used were scientifically sound and the problem was with the articles citing them. However in 2 other pattens, the articles and their conclusions were flawed and citing them, apparently, resulted from accepting the presented data or conclusions as sound and valid. The patterns were 1. Claims based on data that are not present in the cited article. 2. Selective inclusion of data from cited articles. 3. Citation of misleading data presented only in the abstract. 4. Reporting trends as statistically significant. 5. Copying the citations used by others without checking the article. 6. Acceptance of illusionary truth in spite of knowledge to the contrary. 7. Citation of reports not relevant to the population under discussion 8. Presenting opinions as facts without any citation. 9. Selective presentation of data sets that support the thesis while ignoring the data sets that show the opposite results. 10. Use of a title expressing what the authors intended to show but not what was found. IMPLICATIONS The containing acceptance of this old insupportable conjecture, in part, because of "problematic citations" has resulted in unnecessary neurocognitive damage to patients and may have resulted in the misconception that it is the outcome of HDMTX that may have lead to its abandonment in favour of more toxic therapies. Realisation that this is a significant problem in data analysis should lead authors and reviewers to be even more carefully in checking all references. The importance of high-quality reviews is clearly evident. The effect of "Canonization of false facts" is a serious impairment to the acceptance of new hypotheses that better express reality and could lead to improved treatment results. Authors are advised only to cite articles they have read in entirety not relying on the title, abstract or previous use and to check the content of citations before submission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Cohen
- The Sackler Faculty of Medicine Tel Aviv University Ramat Aviv Israel, The Rina Zaizov Hematology-Oncology Division Schneider Children's Medical Centre of Israel, 139 Shir Hashirim St. Elkanah, 44814 Petah Tikvah, Israel.
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9
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Gennarini L, Cole PD. Safety of limited therapeutic monitoring after high-dose methotrexate in developing countries. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28540. [PMID: 32573929 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Gennarini
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital at Montefiore, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Peter D Cole
- Division of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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10
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Dhingra H, Kalra M, Mahajan A. Safe administration of high-dose methotrexate with minimal drug level monitoring: Experience from a center in north India. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2020; 67:e28394. [PMID: 32813334 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.28394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-dose methotrexate (HDMTX) is recommended to be administered with serial monitoring of methotrexate (MTX) levels, which may not be universally feasible in resource-limited settings. In this study, we evaluated the overall experience of administration of HDMTX at our center by monitoring a single drug level at 54 h from the start of MTX infusion. METHODS This retrospective study was performed at a tertiary level hospital in north India, over a 5-year period (2011-2015). All patients <18 years of age with newly diagnosed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and T-non-Hodgkin lymphoma (T-NHL) were enrolled in the study. Details of HDMTX and all significant toxicities requiring prolonged or repeat hospitalization were retrieved from the medical records. All eligible patients received HDMTX as per the recommendations followed by at least three doses of leucovorin rescue, before drug levels were sent at 54 h. Subsequent leucovorin doses were adjusted accordingly. RESULTS The records of 598 cycles of HDMTX in 184 patients were reviewed. A total of 531 of 598 cycles (88.7%) were managed with monitoring only a single plasma drug level at 54 h from the beginning of infusion. Delayed MTX clearance was seen in 260 of 598 cycles (43.5%). Only three episodes (0.5%) were associated with significant toxicity. There were no deaths. CONCLUSIONS The strategy of monitoring MTX concentration at 54 h was safe in our cohort. Although recommended, dynamic monitoring of plasma drug levels may not always predict toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himani Dhingra
- Senior Resident, Department of Pediatric Hematology-oncology and BMT, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Manas Kalra
- Senior Consultant, Department of Pediatric Hematology-oncology and BMT, Sir Gangaram Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Amita Mahajan
- Senior Consultant and head of the Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology and BMT, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi, India
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Oosterom N, Fiocco M, Kloos RQH, van der Sluis IM, Pieters R, van Zelst BD, Smith DEC, van den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, de Jonge R, Heil SG. The evaluation of red blood cell folate and methotrexate levels during protocol M in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:940. [PMID: 32998716 PMCID: PMC7526241 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-07422-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After High-Dose Methotrexate (HD-MTX), folinic acid rescue therapy (Leucovorin) is administered to reduce side effects in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients. Leucovorin and MTX are structural analogues, possibly competing for cellular transport and intracellular metabolism. We hypothesize that Leucovorin accumulates during consecutive courses, which might result in a lower MTX uptake. METHODS We prospectively measured red blood cell (RBC) folate and MTX levels during four HD-MTX and Leucovorin courses in 43 patients treated according the DCOG ALL-11 protocol with 2-weekly HD-MTX (5 g/m2/dose) and Leucovorin (15 mg/m2/dose) using LC-MS/MS. We estimated a linear mixed model to assess the relationship between these variables over time. RESULTS Both RBC MTX-PG and folate levels increased significantly during protocol M. MTX-PG2-5 levels increased most substantially after the first two HD-MTX courses (until median 113.0 nmol/L, IQR 76.8-165.2) after which levels plateaued during the 3d and 4th course (until median 141.3 nmol/L, IQR 100.2-190.2). In parallel, folate levels increased most substantially after the first two HD-MTX courses (until median 401.6 nmol/L, IQR 163.3-594.2) after which levels plateaued during the 3d and 4th course (until median 411.5 nmol/L, IQR 240.3-665.6). The ratio folate/MTX-PG decreased significantly over time, which was mostly due to the relatively higher increase (delta) of MTX-PG. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the increase in RBC folate levels does not seem to have a large effect on RBC MTX levels. Future studies, assessing competition of Leucovorin and MTX on other cellular mechanisms which might negatively affect treatment efficacy, are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Oosterom
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Postbus 113, 3720 AC Bilthoven, Utrecht, The Netherlands. .,Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - M Fiocco
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Postbus 113, 3720 AC Bilthoven, Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Mathematical Institute, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Medical Statistics, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R Q H Kloos
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, Erasmus Medical Center-Sophia's Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I M van der Sluis
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Postbus 113, 3720 AC Bilthoven, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - R Pieters
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Postbus 113, 3720 AC Bilthoven, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B D van Zelst
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D E C Smith
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - R de Jonge
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - S G Heil
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Peng C, Li X, Huang H, Liu T, Wang Z, Fang X, Hong H, Li F, Ren Q, Liu S, Tian Y, Lin T. A prospective, crossover randomized trial of the optimal timing for leucovorin rescue after high-dose methotrexate management in adult non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients. Leuk Lymphoma 2020; 61:1842-1849. [PMID: 32316801 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2020.1747061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the optimal time of leucovorin rescue for HDMTX in non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) patients. Ninety-eight patients treated with HDMTX were randomly assigned to receive leucovorin at either 18 or 24 h after initiation of HDMTX infusion during the first cycle and switched to the other mode in the second cycle. All courses achieved an efficacious MTX concentration. Compared to the 18th hour group, the 24th hour group exhibited an increase in incidence of thrombocytopenia (48% versus 34.7%, p = .036) and grade III/IV neutropenia (34.7% versus 21.4%, p = .039). No bleeding occurred and the incidence of fever with grade III/IV neutropenia was low with no difference observed between the two groups. We recommend that with the HDMTX generally used most adult patients with NHL may have greater therapeutic benefit and acceptable toxicity with their LV rescue started at 24 h instead of 18 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xueying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Medical Oncology, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - He Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tingzhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Gastrointestinal Institute, Department of Medical Hematology, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaojie Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huangming Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quanguang Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tongyu Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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13
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The importance of adequate methotrexate and adequate folinic acid rescue doses in the treatment of primary brain lymphoma. J Neurooncol 2018; 140:757. [PMID: 30242556 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2999-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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14
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Davidson A, Howard SC. Delivering modern anticancer therapies in low- and middle-income settings: We can be evidence based. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2018; 65:e27347. [PMID: 30051579 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.27347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan Davidson
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Haematology-Oncology Service, Red Cross War Memorial Children's Hospital, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Scott C Howard
- The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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15
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More severe toxicity of genetic polymorphisms on MTHFR activity in osteosarcoma patients treated with high-dose methotrexate. Oncotarget 2017; 9:11465-11476. [PMID: 29545912 PMCID: PMC5837742 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
5,10-Methylenetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR), a key enzyme for folate metabolism, catalyses the irreversible conversion of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, which is located at the end of the short arm (1p36.3). Two common non-synonymous variants, the C677T (Ala222Val) and A1298C (Glu429Ala), were mainly described with decreased enzymatic activity and an alteration of intracellular folate distribution. Osteosarcomas are currently treated with high dose of methotrexate (MTX). The decreased enzyme activity of MTHFR theoretically could increase the drug action of MTX and at the same time increase toxic and side effect. Germline variants of C677T and A1298C were studied in 59 osteosarcoma patients, with whom the A1298C is detected with particularly low rate of mutant genotype (N = 1, 0.8%) and could not proceed with statistical calculations. 15 patients were wild type of C677T (CC, 25.4%), 20 were heterozygous mutant genotype (CT, 33.9%) and 24 were homozygous mutant genotype (TT, 40.7%). Patients harboring the TT/CT genotype had the same progression-free survival and tumor necrosis rate in comparison with patients having the CC genotype (P = 0.349 and P = 0.465 respectively). And the C677T polymorphisms had no significant correlation with MTX initial plasma concentration (P = 0.867; r = 0.024) and delayed elimination (P = 0.305; r = −0.136). However patients with mutant genotype of C677T were associated with higher degree of liver toxicity (P = 0.043) and fever reaction of MTX (P = 0.050) while G3/G4 hematologic toxicity were more likely to be noticed with TT than CT/CC (P = 0.095). The study suggests that genetic polymorphism of MTHFR C677T in the MTX metabolic pathway seems to be associated with the trend for more side effects statistically, but has no obvious effect on histologic response and survival.
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Cohen IJ. Neurotoxicity after high-dose methotrexate (MTX) is adequately explained by insufficient folinic acid rescue. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 79:1057-1065. [PMID: 28455583 DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3304-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To challenge the view that the dose of folinic acid rescue after high-dose methotrexate (MTX) has no significance in the prevention of neurotoxicity and to present the minority view that neurotoxicity can be prevented by an adequate dose of folinic acid, without compromising treatment results. Several fallacies that led to the misunderstanding of post MTX neurotoxicity are presented. METHODS Data mining using search engines was used to find relevant publications, and an e-mail survey of more than 60 authors of articles in this field was performed. All relevant articles identified were read in their entirety. RESULTS Examples of clinical studies with neurotoxicity following inadequate rescue are given. Some studies demonstrated no neurotoxicity when adequate doses of folinic acid rescue were started 24-36 h after the start of HDMTX rescue even after mega doses of MTX. Rescue started after 42 h was associated with neurotoxicity except in patients with low serum MTX levels after 24 and 36 h. ALL protocols with neurotoxicity, especially BFM-like protocols, are presented. Protocol is reported in which single protocol changes prevented neurotoxicity. CONCLUSIONS From the published data, when folinic acid rescue is given in a sufficiently high enough dose and is started 24-36 h after the beginning of the methotrexate exposure, and virtually all forms of post MTX neurotoxicity can be prevented without compromising therapeutic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Joseph Cohen
- The Rina Zaizov Department of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Schneider Children's Medical Center of Israel, Petach Tikva, Israel.
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Ramat Aviv, Israel.
- , 139 Shir Hashirim St., 44814, Elkana, Israel.
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Schmiegelow K, Müller K, Mogensen SS, Mogensen PR, Wolthers BO, Stoltze UK, Tuckuviene R, Frandsen T. Non-infectious chemotherapy-associated acute toxicities during childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia therapy. F1000Res 2017; 6:444. [PMID: 28413626 PMCID: PMC5389408 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.10768.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During chemotherapy for childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia, all organs can be affected by severe acute side effects, the most common being opportunistic infections, mucositis, central or peripheral neuropathy (or both), bone toxicities (including osteonecrosis), thromboembolism, sinusoidal obstruction syndrome, endocrinopathies (especially steroid-induced adrenal insufficiency and hyperglycemia), high-dose methotrexate-induced nephrotoxicity, asparaginase-associated hypersensitivity, pancreatitis, and hyperlipidemia. Few of the non-infectious acute toxicities are associated with clinically useful risk factors, and across study groups there has been wide diversity in toxicity definitions, capture strategies, and reporting, thus hampering meaningful comparisons of toxicity incidences for different leukemia protocols. Since treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia now yields 5-year overall survival rates above 90%, there is a need for strategies for assessing the burden of toxicities in the overall evaluation of anti-leukemic therapy programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kjeld Schmiegelow
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Klaus Müller
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Signe Sloth Mogensen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernille Rudebeck Mogensen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Benjamin Ole Wolthers
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ulrik Kristoffer Stoltze
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ruta Tuckuviene
- Department of Pediatrics, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Thomas Frandsen
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Reply: Methotrexate neurotoxicity due to drug interactions: an inadequate folinic acid effect. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 79:841-842. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Developing more effective, non-neurotoxic, methotrexate-based therapy in infants with brain tumors. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2016; 78:217-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-016-3053-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Reply to: methotrexate administration directly into the fourth ventricle in children with malignant fourth ventricular brain tumors: a pilot clinical trial. J Neurooncol 2016; 127:405. [DOI: 10.1007/s11060-015-2053-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Cohen EIJ. Intraventricular methotrexate in addition to intravenous high dose methotrexate with folinic acid rescue: is it worth the bother? Eur J Cancer 2016; 56:179-180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2015.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Shkalim-Zemer V, Ash S, Toledano H, Kollender Y, Issakov J, Yaniv I, Cohen IJ. Highly effective reduced toxicity dose-intensive pilot protocol for non-metastatic limb osteogenic sarcoma (SCOS 89). Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2015; 76:909-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-015-2865-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Zhang HN, He XL, Wang C, Wang Y, Chen YJ, Li JX, Niu CH, Gao P. Impact of SLCO1B1 521T > C variant on leucovorin rescue and risk of relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated with high-dose methotrexate. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2014; 61:2203-7. [PMID: 25130190 DOI: 10.1002/pbc.25191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies suggest that SLCO1B1 c.521T > C variant decreases the clearance of methotrexate (MTX) and elevates its plasma concentration, hence leucovorin doses may need to be adjusted. However, high leucovorin doses may affect the cure rate in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Hitherto neither the appropriate dose of leucovorin in carriers of SLCO1B1 c.521T > C variant nor the impact of SLCO1B1 polymorphism on the risk of ALL relapse has been clarified. PROCEDURE A double-blind and controlled study was conducted in 136 children with ALL. They were genotyped for rs4149056 single nucleotide polymorphism into wild-type group and variant group, and received MTX at 3-5 g/m(2) . Plasma concentration MTX and its metabolite were determined by HPLC. The toxicity of MTX, dose of leucovorin and 5-year relapse rate of ALL were recorded. RESULTS Compared with wild-type group, area under the concentration time curve of MTX increased by 4.2-fold and peripheral clearance rate decreased significantly in variant group. Patients carrying rs4149056 C allele endured a remarkable longer time above the MTX safety threshold and suffered from a higher frequency of toxicity, so 2.2-fold leucovorin was given. However, no association was found between SLCO1B1 c.521T > C variant and the relapse risk in five years. CONCLUSIONS The SLCO1B1 c.521T > C variant was an important determinant of MTX disposition and their carriers were exposed to increased intensity and time of MTX. An appropriate leucovorin dose raise in variant group was beneficial to reducing the serious toxicity. The c.521T > C variant wasn't associated with the risk of ALL relapse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Nian Zhang
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Wuhan Children's Hospital, Hubei, China
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Inadequate folinic acid rescue after methotrexate causing neurocognitive and neuroradiological central nervous system late effects in children with acute lymphatic leukemia. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2014; 36:501. [PMID: 24577554 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0000000000000139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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