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Koenig HG. A Response to the Paal et al. Rejoinder: Religiosity and Risk of Parkinson's Disease in England and the USA. JOURNAL OF RELIGION AND HEALTH 2023; 62:4215-4221. [PMID: 36607566 DOI: 10.1007/s10943-022-01734-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
This commentary provides a response to the rejoinder by Paal et al. (Journal of Religion and Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01726-y , 2023), regarding the research of Otaiku (Journal of Religion and Health. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01603-8 , 2022) "Religiosity and risk of Parkinson's disease in England and the USA." After providing a brief overview of Otaiku's work, the commentary then addresses each of Paal et al.'s arguments. While agreeing that more research needs to be undertaken, this commentary concludes that Otaiku's research findings are well founded, suggesting that greater religiosity may lower the risk of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold G Koenig
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, and Department of Medicine, Duke University Health Systems, Box 3400, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
- Department of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
- Deparrtment of Psychiatry, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
- Center for Spirituality, Theology and Health, Duke University Health Systems, Box 3400, Durham, NC, 27710, USA.
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Fitzgerald PJ. Elevated norepinephrine may interact with alpha-synuclein to promote Parkinson's disease and DLB. Acta Neurol Scand 2022; 145:3-4. [PMID: 34854078 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Fitzgerald PJ. Diurnal build-up of norepinephrine may underlie sundowning in dementia. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2021; 206:106702. [PMID: 34052052 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2021.106702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Fitzgerald
- University of Michigan, Department of Psychiatry, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Herrera AJ, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Carrillo-Jiménez A, Oliva-Martín MJ, García-Revilla J, García-Quintanilla A, de Pablos RM, Venero JL. Relevance of chronic stress and the two faces of microglia in Parkinson's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:312. [PMID: 26321913 PMCID: PMC4536370 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
This review is aimed to highlight the importance of stress and glucocorticoids (GCs) in modulating the inflammatory response of brain microglia and hence its potential involvement in Parkinson’s disease (PD). The role of inflammation in PD has been reviewed extensively in the literature and it is supposed to play a key role in the course of the disease. Historically, GCs have been strongly associated as anti-inflammatory hormones. However, accumulating evidence from the peripheral and central nervous system have clearly revealed that, under specific conditions, GCs may promote brain inflammation including pro-inflammatory activation of microglia. We have summarized relevant data linking PD, neuroinflamamation and chronic stress. The timing and duration of stress response may be critical for delineating an immune response in the brain thus probably explain the dual role of GCs and/or chronic stress in different animal models of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio J Herrera
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana M Espinosa-Oliva
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alejandro Carrillo-Jiménez
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, Spain
| | - María J Oliva-Martín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, Spain
| | - Juan García-Revilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, Spain
| | - Alberto García-Quintanilla
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, Spain
| | - Rocío M de Pablos
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, Spain
| | - José L Venero
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Farmacia and Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBiS), Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/Universidad de Sevilla Sevilla, Spain
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Fitzgerald PJ. Noradrenaline transmission reducing drugs may protect against a broad range of diseases. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 34:15-26. [PMID: 25271382 DOI: 10.1111/aap.12019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
1 A growing body of evidence suggests that the signalling molecule, noradrenaline (NA), plays a pathophysiological role in a broad range of psychiatric, neurological and peripheral disorders. Both preclinical and clinical data suggest that elevated NA signalling may be involved in the aetiology of major diseases such as depression, Alzheimer's disease and diabetes mellitus. 2 The molecular pathways by which NA may cause the manifestation of disease remain poorly understood, although they may include G protein-coupled receptor modulation of the Ras/MAP kinase, Stat3 and PI3K pathways, among others. In both individual animals and humans, NA tone may be elevated largely due to genetics, but also because of the exposure to marked psychological stress or trauma, or other environmental factors. 3 As NA is involved in the 'fight or flight' response by the sympathetic nervous system, this transmitter may be elevated in a large number of organisms due to evolutionary selection of enhancing responses to immediate environmental dangers. Likewise, acetylcholine signalling by the parasympathetic ('rest and digest') nervous system may be relatively diminished. This putative autonomic imbalance may result in diminished engagement in homeostatic processes, resulting in the emergence and progression of a number of diseases throughout the body. 4 In this scenario, a large number of individuals may benefit from chronic use of pharmacological agents - such as clonidine, guanfacine, propranolol or prazosin - that diminish NA signalling throughout the body. If so, NA transmission lowering drugs may protect against a wide range of diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Fitzgerald
- Department of Psychology, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, USA
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Grahn PJ, Mallory GW, Berry BM, Hachmann JT, Lobel DA, Lujan JL. Restoration of motor function following spinal cord injury via optimal control of intraspinal microstimulation: toward a next generation closed-loop neural prosthesis. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:296. [PMID: 25278830 PMCID: PMC4166363 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement is planned and coordinated by the brain and carried out by contracting muscles acting on specific joints. Motor commands initiated in the brain travel through descending pathways in the spinal cord to effector motor neurons before reaching target muscles. Damage to these pathways by spinal cord injury (SCI) can result in paralysis below the injury level. However, the planning and coordination centers of the brain, as well as peripheral nerves and the muscles that they act upon, remain functional. Neuroprosthetic devices can restore motor function following SCI by direct electrical stimulation of the neuromuscular system. Unfortunately, conventional neuroprosthetic techniques are limited by a myriad of factors that include, but are not limited to, a lack of characterization of non-linear input/output system dynamics, mechanical coupling, limited number of degrees of freedom, high power consumption, large device size, and rapid onset of muscle fatigue. Wireless multi-channel closed-loop neuroprostheses that integrate command signals from the brain with sensor-based feedback from the environment and the system's state offer the possibility of increasing device performance, ultimately improving quality of life for people with SCI. In this manuscript, we review neuroprosthetic technology for improving functional restoration following SCI and describe brain-machine interfaces suitable for control of neuroprosthetic systems with multiple degrees of freedom. Additionally, we discuss novel stimulation paradigms that can improve synergy with higher planning centers and improve fatigue-resistant activation of paralyzed muscles. In the near future, integration of these technologies will provide SCI survivors with versatile closed-loop neuroprosthetic systems for restoring function to paralyzed muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Grahn
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA
| | | | | | - Jan T. Hachmann
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA
| | | | - J. Luis Lujan
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo ClinicRochester, MN, USA
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Grahn PJ, Mallory GW, Khurram OU, Berry BM, Hachmann JT, Bieber AJ, Bennet KE, Min HK, Chang SY, Lee KH, Lujan JL. A neurochemical closed-loop controller for deep brain stimulation: toward individualized smart neuromodulation therapies. Front Neurosci 2014; 8:169. [PMID: 25009455 PMCID: PMC4070176 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2014.00169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Current strategies for optimizing deep brain stimulation (DBS) therapy involve multiple postoperative visits. During each visit, stimulation parameters are adjusted until desired therapeutic effects are achieved and adverse effects are minimized. However, the efficacy of these therapeutic parameters may decline with time due at least in part to disease progression, interactions between the host environment and the electrode, and lead migration. As such, development of closed-loop control systems that can respond to changing neurochemical environments, tailoring DBS therapy to individual patients, is paramount for improving the therapeutic efficacy of DBS. Evidence obtained using electrophysiology and imaging techniques in both animals and humans suggests that DBS works by modulating neural network activity. Recently, animal studies have shown that stimulation-evoked changes in neurotransmitter release that mirror normal physiology are associated with the therapeutic benefits of DBS. Therefore, to fully understand the neurophysiology of DBS and optimize its efficacy, it may be necessary to look beyond conventional electrophysiological analyses and characterize the neurochemical effects of therapeutic and non-therapeutic stimulation. By combining electrochemical monitoring and mathematical modeling techniques, we can potentially replace the trial-and-error process used in clinical programming with deterministic approaches that help attain optimal and stable neurochemical profiles. In this manuscript, we summarize the current understanding of electrophysiological and electrochemical processing for control of neuromodulation therapies. Additionally, we describe a proof-of-principle closed-loop controller that characterizes DBS-evoked dopamine changes to adjust stimulation parameters in a rodent model of DBS. The work described herein represents the initial steps toward achieving a “smart” neuroprosthetic system for treatment of neurologic and psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Grahn
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Grant W Mallory
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Obaid U Khurram
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - B Michael Berry
- Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Jan T Hachmann
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Allan J Bieber
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA ; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kevin E Bennet
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA ; Division of Engineering, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Hoon-Ki Min
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA ; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Su-Youne Chang
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Kendall H Lee
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA ; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
| | - J L Lujan
- Department of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA ; Department of Physiology and Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic Rochester, MN, USA
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