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Lee Y, Kwon S, Kim M. Importance-performance analysis of sodium reduction practices by school nutrition teachers and dietitians in the Republic of Korea. Nutr Res Pract 2023; 17:812-825. [PMID: 37529268 PMCID: PMC10375335 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2023.17.4.812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES This study investigated the importance and performance level of sodium reduction practices in school meal service by school nutrition teachers and dietitians, and compared them according to school level and placement of the school nutrition teacher. SUBJECTS/METHODS An online survey was conducted with 608 nutrition teachers and dietitians in schools in the Republic of Korea from September 28 to November 12, 2021 (response rate: 57%). The questionnaire comprised 11 items related to sodium reduction practices (purchasing, food preparation and serving, and education). The importance and performance level of each item was rated on a 5-point scale. The mean differences were analyzed using t-tests or one-way analyses of variance and Duncan's post-hoc tests. An importance-performance analysis was performed on sodium reduction practices. RESULTS Participating in sodium reduction education, sodium reduction education for cooks, and sodium reduction education for students were assessed to have high importance but low performance. Overall, the higher the school level, the lower was the importance level of sodium reduction practices. The performance in kindergartens and elementary schools was higher than that in middle and high schools. The importance in the purchasing category perceived by dietitians was lower as compared to nutrition teachers. In addition, the performance in the purchasing, food preparation and serving, and education categories perceived by dietitians was lower than those of nutrition teachers. CONCLUSION Sodium reduction education for nutrition teachers and dietitians, cooks, and students should prioritize practicing sodium reduction in school meal service. Specific guidelines for managing sodium reduction at all stages-purchasing, food preparation, and serving-should also be developed. The results could be used as basic data to reduce the sodium content in school meals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngmi Lee
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Korea
| | - Sooyoun Kwon
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Shingu University, Seongnam 13174, Korea
| | - Meeyoung Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Kongju National University, Yesan 32439, Korea
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Zhang Y, Xu Y, Ding H, Yu W, Chen L. Prenatal exposure of female mice to perfluorononanoic acid delays pubertal activation of the reproductive endocrine axis through enhanced hepatic FGF21 production. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 269:128776. [PMID: 33131727 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The developmental toxicity of perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, has been associated with the activation of PPARα. This study investigated influence of prenatal exposure to PFNA in pubertal activation of reproductive endocrine axis in female mice and explored underlying molecular mechanisms. Herein, we show that when PFNA (3 mg kg-1 body weight) was orally administered during gestational days 1-18, dams showed an increase in liver weight and hepatic FGF21 synthesis via PPARα activation, and their female offspring (PFNA mice) showed an increase in liver weight and hepatic FGF21 synthesis from postnatal day (PND) 1 to PND21, which were corrected by the administration of the PPARα antagonist GW6471 from PND1-14 (pup-GW). Expression of vasopressin (VAP) in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) was reduced in PND14-30 PFNA mice, and could be rescued by pup-GW. Pubertal activation of kisspeptin neurons in anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) and hypothalamic GnRH neurons in PND21-30 PFNA mice was obviously suppressed, but were recovered by pup-GW or PND21-30 application of VAP. The times of vaginal opening and first estrus were delayed in PFNA mice with a decrease in ovary size and the numbers of primary, secondary and antral follicles, and corpora lutea, which were relieved by pup-GW or application of VAP. The findings indicate that prenatal exposure to PFNA through increased FGF21 production in postnatal female offspring impedes postnatal activation of SCN-VAP neurons, which suppresses pubertal onset in AVPV-kisspeptin neurons and reproductive endocrine axis, leading to delayed puberty and dysfunction of ovaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Ye Xu
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Hong Ding
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China; Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenfeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Endemic and Ethnic Diseases of Education Ministry, Guizhou Medical University, Guian New District, Guizhou, 550025, China.
| | - Ling Chen
- Department of Physiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China.
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Ayala ME, Gonzáles A, Olivarez RM, Aragón-Martínez A. Fluoxetine treatment of prepubertal male rats uniformly diminishes sex hormone levels and, in a subpopulation of animals, negatively affects sperm quality. Reprod Fertil Dev 2018; 30:1329-1341. [DOI: 10.1071/rd17384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluoxetine (Flx) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor that alters the male reproductive system when administered at the adult stage or after maternal exposure. In the present study we evaluated the effects of Flx administration on reproductive parameters during juvenile–peripubertal development when treated male rats reached adulthood. Groups of rats were treated daily with Flx (5 mg kg−1, i.p.) or saline (0.9% NaCl), or were left untreated. Rats were treated between 30 and 53 days of age and were killed at 65 days of age. Serotonin concentrations were determined in the hypothalamus, hypophysis and testis. Gonadotrophins, sex steroids and sperm quality (membrane integrity, sperm with functional mitochondria, sperm density, sperm motility and morphological abnormalities) were also evaluated. Flx did not affect bodyweight, but significantly diminished LH, FSH, progesterone and testosterone serum concentrations. After graphical analysis, a subgroup of rats was identified whose sperm quality parameters were greatly affected by Flx. In the present study we show that Flx administered to juvenile rats disrupts the hypothalamic–hypophyseal–testicular axis and its effects on sperm quality are not homogeneous in adults. In contrast, Flx altered concentrations of gonadotrophins and sexual steroids in all treated rats. These results suggest caution should be exercised in the prescription of Flx to prepubertal males.
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Pitynski-Miller D, Ross M, Schmill M, Schambow R, Fuller T, Flynn FW, Skinner DC. A high salt diet inhibits obesity and delays puberty in the female rat. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 41:1685-1692. [PMID: 28674441 PMCID: PMC5675756 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Processed foods are considered major contributors to the worldwide obesity epidemic. In addition to high sugar and fat contents, processed foods contain large amounts of salt. Owing to the correlations with rising adiposity, salt has recently been proposed to be obesogenic. This study investigated three hypotheses: (i) high salt contributes to weight gain and adiposity in juvenile female rats, (ii) puberty onset would be altered because salt is known to affect neuronal systems involved in activating the reproductive system, and (iii) enhanced adiposity will act synergistically with salt to drive early puberty onset. DESIGN Female weanling rats (post-natal day 21, n=105) were fed a low fat/low salt diet, low fat/high salt diet, high fat/low salt diet or a high salt/high fat diet for 24 days. Metabolic measures, including weight gain, food intake, fecal output, activity and temperature were recorded in subsets of animals. RESULTS Body weight, retroperitoneal and perirenal fat pad weight, and adipocyte size were all lower in animals fed high fat/high salt compared with animals fed high fat alone. Leptin levels were reduced in high fat/high salt fed animals compared with high fat/low salt-fed animals. Daily calorie intake was higher initially but declined with adjusted food intake and was not different among groups after 5 days. Osmolality and corticosterone were not different among groups. Fecal analysis showed excess fat excretion and a decreased digestive efficiency in animals fed high fat/low salt but not in animals fed high fat/high salt. Although respiratory exchange ratio was reduced by high dietary fat or salt, aerobic-resting metabolic rate was not affected by the diet. High salt delayed puberty onset, regardless of dietary fat content. CONCLUSIONS Salt delays puberty and prevents the obesogenic effect of a high fat diet. The reduced weight gain evident in high salt-fed animals is not due to differences in food intake or digestive efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dori Pitynski-Miller
- Neuroscience Program, 1000 E University Ave, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - Micah Ross
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, 1000 E University Ave, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - Margaret Schmill
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, 1000 E University Ave, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - Rachel Schambow
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, 1000 E University Ave, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - Teresa Fuller
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, 1000 E University Ave, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - Francis W. Flynn
- Neuroscience Program, 1000 E University Ave, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, 1000 E University Ave, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
| | - Donal C. Skinner
- Neuroscience Program, 1000 E University Ave, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
- Department of Zoology & Physiology, 1000 E University Ave, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY 82071
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Luo L, Yao Z, Ye J, Tian Y, Yang C, Gao X, Song M, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhang X, Fang F. Identification of differential genomic DNA Methylation in the hypothalamus of pubertal rat using reduced representation Bisulfite sequencing. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2017; 15:81. [PMID: 28985764 PMCID: PMC5639587 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-017-0301-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There are many variables affecting the onset of puberty in animals, including genetic, nutritional, and environmental factors. Recent studies suggest that epigenetic regulation, especially DNA methylation, plays a majorrole in the regulation of puberty. However, there have been no reports on DNA methylation of the pubertal genome. METHODS We investigated DNA methylation in the female rat hypothalamus at prepuberty and puberty using reduced representation bisulfite sequencing technology. The identified genes and signaling pathways exhibiting changes to DNA methylation in pubertal rats were determined by Gene Ontogeny and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis. RESULTS The distribution of the three types of methylated C bases in promoter and CpG island (CGI) regions in the hypothalamus was as follows: 87.79% CG, 3.05% CHG, 9.16% CHH for promoters, and 88.35% CG, 3.21% CHG, 88.35% CHH for CGI in prepubertal rats; and 90.78% CG, 2.13% CHG, 7.09% CHH for promoters, and 88.59% CG, 88.59% CHG, 8.35% CHH for CGI in pubertal animals. CG showed the highest percentage of methylation, and was the highest methylation state in CGI. Compared to prepubertal hyoyhalamus samples, we identified ten genes with altered methylation in promoter regions in the pubertal hypothalamus samples, and 43 genes with altered methylation in the CGI. Changes in DNA methylation were found in gonadotropin-releasing hormone signaling pathways, and the oocyte meiosis pathway. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrate changes in DNA methylation occur in female rats from prepuberty to puberty suggestng DNA methylation may play a crucial role in the regulation of puberty onset. This study provides essential information for future studies on the role of epigenetics in the regulation of puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Luo
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
| | - Zhiqiu Yao
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
| | - Jing Ye
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
| | - Yuan Tian
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
| | - Chen Yang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
| | - Xiaoxiao Gao
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
| | - Min Song
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
| | - Ya Liu
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
| | - Yunhai Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
| | - Yunsheng Li
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
| | - Fugui Fang
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resources Protection and Breeding, College of Animal Sciences and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory for Local Livestock and Poultry Genetic Resource Conservation and Bio-Breeding, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
- Department of Animal Veterinary Science, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiang West Road, Hefei, Anhui 230036 China
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