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Lv L, Ye D, Chen J, Qian Y, Fu AN, Song J, Yang H, Liu B, Sun X, Du L, Mao Y. Circulating phosphorus concentration and risk of prostate cancer: a Mendelian randomization study. Am J Clin Nutr 2022; 115:534-543. [PMID: 34617559 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent observational studies have suggested that circulating phosphorus concentrations are positively associated with the risk of prostate cancer. However, little is known about the causal direction of the association. OBJECTIVES To explore the potential causal relation between circulating phosphorus and risk of prostate cancer, we conducted a Mendelian randomization (MR) study. METHODS Summary statistics of prostate cancer were obtained from a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) consisting of 79,148 cases and 61,106 controls. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with serum phosphorus concentration were selected from a GWAS of 291,408 individuals from the UK Biobank. MR analysis was performed using the inverse variance weighted (IVW) method, supplemented with simple median method, weighted median method, maximum likelihood-based method, MR-Egger regression, and the MR pleiotropy residual sum and outlier test. We also performed a meta-analysis of observational studies to assess the associations of dietary phosphorus intake and serum phosphorus concentration with risk of prostate cancer. RESULTS In the MR analysis, a total of 125 independent SNPs associated with serum phosphorus concentrations were used as instrumental variables. Genetically predicted serum phosphorus concentrations were associated with a 19% increased risk of prostate cancer (95% CI: 9%, 31%) per 1-SD increment of serum phosphorus by IVW (P = 1.82 × 10-4). Sensitivity analyses using alternative MR methods produced similar positive associations, and no evidence of pleiotropy was detected by MR-Egger regression (P = 0.422). For meta-analysis, 8 studies for dietary phosphorus intake and 4 for serum phosphorus concentrations were included involving a total of 669,080 participants. Consistently, high dietary phosphorus intake and serum phosphorus concentrations were associated with an 8% (95% CI: 4%, 12%) and 7% (95% CI: 1%, 14%) increase in prostate cancer risk, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggested a potential causal relation between circulating phosphorus and risk of prostate cancer. Further studies are warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanism of phosphorus in the development of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linshuoshuo Lv
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ding Ye
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
- Diseases & Population (DaP) Geninfo Lab, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Alan Nuo Fu
- Department of Pharmacovigilance Epidemiology, Amgen, Inc., Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jie Song
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hong Yang
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui Sun
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingbin Du
- Zhejiang Cancer Center, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yingying Mao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
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Inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR Pathway in Prostate Cancer Chemoprevention and Intervention. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:pharmaceutics13081195. [PMID: 34452154 PMCID: PMC8400324 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13081195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/serine-threonine kinase (Akt)/mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR)-signaling pathway has been suggested to have connections with the malignant transformation, growth, proliferation, and metastasis of various cancers and solid tumors. Relevant connections between the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, cell survival, and prostate cancer (PC) provide a great therapeutic target for PC prevention or treatment. Recent studies have focused on small-molecule mTOR inhibitors or their usage in coordination with other therapeutics for PC treatment that are currently undergoing clinical testing. In this study, the function of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, the consequence of its dysregulation, and the development of mTOR inhibitors, either as an individual substance or in combination with other agents, and their clinical implications are discussed. The rationale for targeting the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway, and specifically the application and potential utility of natural agents involved in PC treatment is described. In addition to the small-molecule mTOR inhibitors, there are evidence that several natural agents are able to target the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in prostatic neoplasms. These natural mTOR inhibitors can interfere with the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway through multiple mechanisms; however, inhibition of Akt and suppression of mTOR 1 activity are two major therapeutic approaches. Combination therapy improves the efficacy of these inhibitors to either suppress the PC progression or circumvent the resistance by cancer cells.
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High Intakes of Bioavailable Phosphate May Promote Systemic Oxidative Stress and Vascular Calcification by Boosting Mitochondrial Membrane Potential-Is Good Magnesium Status an Antidote? Cells 2021; 10:cells10071744. [PMID: 34359914 PMCID: PMC8303439 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is characterized by markedly increased risk for cardiovascular mortality, vascular calcification, and ventricular hypertrophy, and is associated with increased systemic oxidative stress. Hyperphosphatemia, reflecting diminished glomerular phosphate (Pi) clearance, coupled with a compensatory increase in fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) secretion are thought to be key mediators of this risk. Elevated serum and dietary Pi and elevated plasma FGF23 are associated with increased cardiovascular and total mortality in people with normal baseline renal function. FGF23 may mediate some of this risk by promoting cardiac hypertrophy via activation of fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 on cardiomyocytes. Elevated serum Pi can also cause a profound increase in systemic oxidative stress, and this may reflect the ability of Pi to act directly on mitochondria to boost membrane potential and thereby increase respiratory chain superoxide production. Moreover, elevated FGF23 likewise induces oxidative stress in vascular endothelium via activation of NADPH oxidase complexes. In vitro exposure of vascular smooth muscle cells to elevated Pi provokes an osteoblastic phenotypic transition that is mediated by increased mitochondrial oxidant production; this is offset dose-dependently by increased exposure to magnesium (Mg). In vivo, dietary Mg is protective in rodent models of vascular calcification. It is proposed that increased intracellular Mg opposes Pi’s ability to increase mitochondrial membrane potential; this model could explain its utility for prevention of vascular calcification and predicts that Mg may have a more global protective impact with regard to the direct pathogenic effects of hyperphosphatemia.
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McCarty MF. Nutraceutical, Dietary, and Lifestyle Options for Prevention and Treatment of Ventricular Hypertrophy and Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22073321. [PMID: 33805039 PMCID: PMC8037104 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although well documented drug therapies are available for the management of ventricular hypertrophy (VH) and heart failure (HF), most patients nonetheless experience a downhill course, and further therapeutic measures are needed. Nutraceutical, dietary, and lifestyle measures may have particular merit in this regard, as they are currently available, relatively safe and inexpensive, and can lend themselves to primary prevention as well. A consideration of the pathogenic mechanisms underlying the VH/HF syndrome suggests that measures which control oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, that support effective nitric oxide and hydrogen sulfide bioactivity, that prevent a reduction in cardiomyocyte pH, and that boost the production of protective hormones, such as fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), while suppressing fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) and marinobufagenin, may have utility for preventing and controlling this syndrome. Agents considered in this essay include phycocyanobilin, N-acetylcysteine, lipoic acid, ferulic acid, zinc, selenium, ubiquinol, astaxanthin, melatonin, tauroursodeoxycholic acid, berberine, citrulline, high-dose folate, cocoa flavanols, hawthorn extract, dietary nitrate, high-dose biotin, soy isoflavones, taurine, carnitine, magnesium orotate, EPA-rich fish oil, glycine, and copper. The potential advantages of whole-food plant-based diets, moderation in salt intake, avoidance of phosphate additives, and regular exercise training and sauna sessions are also discussed. There should be considerable scope for the development of functional foods and supplements which make it more convenient and affordable for patients to consume complementary combinations of the agents discussed here. Research Strategy: Key word searching of PubMed was employed to locate the research papers whose findings are cited in this essay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark F McCarty
- Catalytic Longevity Foundation, 811 B Nahant Ct., San Diego, CA 92109, USA
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Choudhary S, Ramasundaram P, Dziopa E, Mannion C, Kissin Y, Tricoli L, Albanese C, Lee W, Zilberberg J. Human ex vivo 3D bone model recapitulates osteocyte response to metastatic prostate cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:17975. [PMID: 30568232 PMCID: PMC6299475 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-36424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer deaths among American men. Unfortunately, there is no cure once the tumor is established within the bone niche. Although osteocytes are master regulators of bone homeostasis and remodeling, their role in supporting PCa metastases remains poorly defined. This is largely due to a lack of suitable ex vivo models capable of recapitulating the physiological behavior of primary osteocytes. To address this need, we integrated an engineered bone tissue model formed by 3D-networked primary human osteocytes, with conditionally reprogrammed (CR) primary human PCa cells. CR PCa cells induced a significant increase in the expression of fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) by osteocytes. The expression of the Wnt inhibitors sclerostin and dickkopf-1 (Dkk-1), exhibited contrasting trends, where sclerostin decreased while Dkk-1 increased. Furthermore, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was induced with a concomitant increase in mineralization, consistent with the predominantly osteoblastic PCa-bone metastasis niche seen in patients. Lastly, we confirmed that traditional 2D culture failed to reproduce these key responses, making the use of our ex vivo engineered human 3D bone tissue an ideal platform for modeling PCa-bone interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saba Choudhary
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chemistry and Biological Sciences, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Poornema Ramasundaram
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Eugenia Dziopa
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ, USA
| | - Ciaran Mannion
- Department of Pathology, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA
| | - Yair Kissin
- Insall Scott Kelly Institute for Orthopedics and Sports Medicine, New York, NY, USA.,Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, NJ, USA.,Lenox Hill Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lucas Tricoli
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Christopher Albanese
- Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Woo Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, NJ, USA
| | - Jenny Zilberberg
- Center for Discovery and Innovation, Hackensack University Medical Center, Nutley, NJ, USA.
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Vlot MC, Bijnsdorp I, den Heijer M, de Jonge R, van Moorselaar RJA, Heijboer AC. Plasma FGF23 is not elevated in prostate cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2017; 478:129-131. [PMID: 29277536 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2017.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariska C Vlot
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Irene Bijnsdorp
- Department of Urology, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martin den Heijer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Endocrinology, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert de Jonge
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - R Jeroen A van Moorselaar
- Department of Urology, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Annemieke C Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Endocrine Laboratory, VU University Medical Center, de Boelelaan 1117, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Laboratory of Endocrinology, Academic Medical Center, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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