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Modrzejewska M, Durajczyk M. The Relationship between Selected Parameters and the Occurrence of Premyopia in a Group of 1155 Children Aged 8 in Northwestern Poland. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1977. [PMID: 38610742 PMCID: PMC11012722 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13071977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2024] [Revised: 03/17/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Determination of the number of pupils at risk of developing pre-myopia and selected ophthalmic parameters in a group of 1155 children aged 8. Material: Ophthalmic examinations were performed in Polish 8-year-old, /1518 individuals/; 1155 of whom presented complete data for analysis. There was a total of 554 (47.9%) girls and 602 (52.1%) boys. Examination of the anterior and posterior segment of the eye, evaluation of accommodation, convergence, heterophoria, alignment of the eyeball, muscular balance with ocular mobility in 9 directions of gaze, and spatial vision were tested. Refraction was obtained under cycloplegia. Refractions (spherical equivalent, SE). were categorized as pre-myopia (-0.50 D-+0.75 D), myopia (≤-0.5 D), emmetropia (>-0.5 D to ≤+0.5 D), mildly hyperopia (>+0.5 D to ≤+2.0 D) and hyperopia (>+2.0 D). Data analysis was performed using Statistica 13.5 software: chi-squared, Pearson's, t-Student, and U Mann-Whitney tests. p-values of <0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Pre-myopia was diagnosed in as many as 704 subjects (60.9%) with a similar frequency among both girls-328 (46.6%)-and boys with 376 (53.4%). Conclusions: Current data indicates that the growing group of myopic individuals in many industrialized countries is the sixth most common cause of blindness. Further research is crucial to understand the factors underlying accommodative and binocular mechanisms for myopia development and progression and to make recommendations for targeted interventions to slow the progression of myopia in a group of early school children.
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Zhang Y, Su M, Liang L, Shi B, Gong D, Wu Y, Zhang J, Wang M. The Guiding Significance of Ocular Biometry in Evaluating the Refractive Status of Preschool Children. Ophthalmic Res 2023; 66:1213-1221. [PMID: 37666230 PMCID: PMC10614507 DOI: 10.1159/000533782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTIONS This study aimed to analyze the correlation between refractive status and ocular biological parameters in preschool-age children (3-6 years old), establish a regression curve, guide the clinical judgment of children's refractive status, and improve the accuracy of refractive screening for this age group. METHODS A total of 508 children, aged 3-6 years, were admitted to the hospital, exhibiting symptoms of ametropia and a need for dilation optometry. Among these, 326 children were included in the statistics group, having been examined between August 2021 and October 2022, and 182 children were included in the validation group, having been examined between November 2022 and March 2023. Using IOL Master700, ocular biometry parameters were measured for all participants, including axial length (AL), keratometry readings (K1 and K2), anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), and central corneal thickness (CCT). One percent atropine sulfate eye gel was administered, and then the spherical equivalent (SE) was calculated by Bennett's formula. The correlation between SE and other ocular biometrics was analyzed, followed by the establishment of an SE prediction equation. The SE prediction equation was used to calculate the spherical equivalent (SE#) using ocular biometry data from the validation group, and the consistency between SE and SE# was evaluated. RESULTS SE showed a negative correlation with AL/CR (r = -0.936), AL (r = -0.811), ACD (r = -0.500), age (r = -0.396), and Km (r = -0.213) (p < 0.001), and positive correlation with LT (r = 0.301), LP (r = 0.176) (p < 0.001). A multiple linear regression equation was established for SE using the stepwise selection method, SE = 49.232 - 23.583 × AL/CR + 1.703 × ACD + 0.589 × Km - 0.609 × LP + 1.103 × LT (R2 = 0.997). Based on the regression equation, the predicted SE# highly correlated with SE after cycloplegia in the validation group (r = 0.998, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION The main ocular biological factors of ocular diopter in children aged 3-6 years are AL/CR, ACD, Km, LP, and LT, which are jointly influenced by multiple factors. Ocular biometry is a reliable predictor of real refraction among children aged 3-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya Zhang
- Department of Optometry, Shijiazhuang Aier Eye Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China,
| | - Ming Su
- Department of Optometry, Shijiazhuang Aier Eye Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Lingling Liang
- Department of Optometry, Shijiazhuang Aier Eye Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Bingjie Shi
- Department of Optometry, Shijiazhuang Aier Eye Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Dongmei Gong
- Department of Optometry, Shijiazhuang Aier Eye Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yidan Wu
- Department of Optometry, Shijiazhuang Aier Eye Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Junying Zhang
- Department of Optometry, Shijiazhuang Aier Eye Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Ming Wang
- Department of Optometry, Beijing Aier Intech Hospital, Beijing, China
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Cheng J, Yang Y, Kong X, Zeng L, Chen Z, Xu J, Zhang C. The Effect of 0.01% Atropine Eye Drops on the Ocular Surface in Children for the Control of Myopia-The Primary Results from a Six-Month Prospective Study. Ther Clin Risk Manag 2020; 16:735-740. [PMID: 32848404 PMCID: PMC7428402 DOI: 10.2147/tcrm.s265945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To evaluate the effect of 0.01% atropine eye drops on the ocular surface in children for the control of myopia. Methods A total of 72 participants were recruited for this prospective study. Prior to and after 1, 3, and 6 months of 0.01% atropine administration, an ocular surface disease index (OSDI) questionnaire was obtained, Keratograph 5M was used for the measurement of the tear meniscus height (TMH), noninvasive keratographic tear film break-up time (NK-BUT, the first keratographic break-up time, [NK-BUTfirst] and the average keratographic break-up time, [NK-BUTave]), bulbar redness (BR), meiboscore (MS), and anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) was used to calculate the inferior tear meniscus area (TMA). Results After using the 0.01% atropine eye drops for 1 month, 9 subjects complained of discomfort immediately after administration, but this quickly subsided, and 1 subject was temporarily dazzled. All the ocular surface symptoms were mild and occurred rarely. After 3 months, these complaints no longer occurred. Compared with the baseline values, the OSDI scores (0.08 ± 0.28), values of TMH (0.23 ± 0.04 mm), TMA (0.0420 ± 0.0444 mm2), NK-BUTfirst (9.39 ± 5.25 s), NK-BUTave (10.49 ± 4.94 s), BR (0.63 ± 0.37), and MS (0.89 ± 0.70) did not change significantly after 6 months of 0.01% atropine eye drop administration (P > 0.05). Conclusion In this 6-month prospective study, no side effects were observed on the ocular surface after using 0.01% atropine in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Cheng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health (Fudan University), Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yujing Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health (Fudan University), Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiehe Kong
- Shanghai Research Institute of Acupuncture and Meridian, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zeng
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health (Fudan University), Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health (Fudan University), Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjiang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health (Fudan University), Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoran Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Eye, Ear, Nose and Throat Hospital, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Myopia, Ministry of Health (Fudan University), Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Visual Impairment and Restoration (Fudan University), Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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Owens M, Giordullo I, Buschbeck EK. Establishment of correctly focused eyes may not require visual input in arthropods. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:jeb.216192. [PMID: 31796609 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.216192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
For proper function, vertebrate and invertebrate visual systems must be able to achieve and maintain emmetropia, a state where distant objects are in focus on the retina. In vertebrates, this is accomplished through a combination of genetic control during early development and homeostatic visual input that fine-tunes the optics of the eye. While emmetropization has long been researched in vertebrates, it is largely unknown how emmetropia is established in arthropods. We used a micro-ophthalmoscope to directly measure how the lens projects images onto the retina in the eyes of small, live arthropods, allowing us to compare the refractive states of light-reared and dark-reared arthropods. First, we measured the image-forming larval eyes of diving beetles (Thermonectus marmoratus), which are known to grow rapidly and dramatically between larval instars. Then, we measured the image-forming principal anterior-median eyes of jumping spiders (Phidippus audax) after emergence from their egg cases. Finally, we measured individual ommatidia in the compound eyes of flesh flies (Sarcophaga bullata) that had developed and emerged under either light or dark conditions. Surprisingly, and in sharp contrast to vertebrates, our data for this diverse set of arthropods suggest that visual input is inconsequential in regard to achieving well-focused eyes. Although it remains unclear whether visual input that is received after the initial development further improves focusing, these results suggest that at least the initial coordination between the lens refractive power and eye size in arthropods may be more strongly predetermined by developmental factors than is typically the case in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline Owens
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Isaiah Giordullo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Elke K Buschbeck
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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Zhao F, Ma JX. Will the long-term use of atropine eye drops in children increase the risk of dry eye? Med Hypotheses 2019; 132:109331. [PMID: 31421421 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, some studies indicates that atropine eye drops is one of the most effective interventions for myopia. Due to large demand, the use of low-concentration atropine eye drops to reduce myopia progression is popular in China. Considering that the underlying mechanism of atropine eye drops in controlling the progression of myopia is still unclear, it is reasonable to pay enough attention to whether the long-term use of atropine eye drops in children will increase the risk of dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhao
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China
| | - Jing-Xue Ma
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang 050000, China.
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