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Sequeira RC, Godad A. Understanding Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3: A Novel Avenue for Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:4203-4221. [PMID: 38064104 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03839-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the most prevalent form of age-related dementia. Even though a century has passed since the discovery of AD, the exact cause of the disease still remains unknown. As a result, this poses a major hindrance in developing effective therapies for treating AD. Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is one of the kinases that has been investigated recently as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of AD. It is also known as human tau protein kinase and is a proline-directed serine-threonine kinase. Since dysregulation of this kinase affects all the major characteristic features of the disease, such as tau phosphorylation, amyloid formation, memory, and synaptic function, it is thought to be a major player in the pathogenesis of AD. In this review, we present the most recent information on the role of this kinase in the onset and progression of AD, as well as significant findings that identify GSK-3 as one of the most important targets for AD therapy. We further discuss the potential of treating AD by targeting GSK-3 and give an overview of the ongoing studies aimed at developing GSK-3 inhibitors in preclinical and clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnita C Sequeira
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Gate No.1, Mithibai College Campus, Vaikunthlal Mehta Rd, Vile Parle West, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India
| | - Angel Godad
- SVKM's Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Gate No.1, Mithibai College Campus, Vaikunthlal Mehta Rd, Vile Parle West, Mumbai, Maharashtra, 400056, India.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Institute of Chemical Technology, Mumbai, India.
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Gao D, Li P, Gao F, Feng Y, Li X, Li D, Li Y, Xiao Y. Preparation and Multitarget Anti-AD Activity Study of Chondroitin Sulfate Lithium in AD Mice Induced by Combination of D-Gal/AlCl 3. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:9466166. [PMID: 36411758 PMCID: PMC9675613 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9466166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that both CS and LiCl possess anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) activities. We prepared chondroitin sulfate-Li (CS-Li) and investigated its effect on AD and explored the possible mechanisms both in vitro and in vivo. We found that CS-Li could inhibit amyloid β (Aβ) aggregation and protect SH-SY5Y cells from Aβ 1-42-induced cytotoxicity in vitro. In D-gal and AlCl3-induced AD mouse model, CS-Li improves the spatial learning and memory abilities of AD mice, reverses the nuclear pyknosis and cell edema, and increases the survival rate of neurons in hippocampus of mice. Moreover, CS-Li significantly increased the levels of GSH-Px, Na+/K+-ATPase, and ChAT and decreased the levels of MDA and AchE in AD mice. Western blot results demonstrated that CS-Li could decrease the hyperphosphorylation of tau (Ser396/Ser404) by regulating the expression of p-GSK-3β (Ser9) and PP2A and inhibit the expression of proinflammatory factors through inhibiting NF-κB nuclear translocation by activating the MAPK signaling pathways. In a word, CS-Li can delay AD development through multitarget processes, including Aβ aggregation inhibition, oxidative stress damage, tau hyperphosphorylation, and inflammatory response, thereby improves learning and memory abilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debo Gao
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000 Shandong, China
| | - Pingli Li
- Phase I Clinical Trial Center, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Clinical Research and Evaluation of Innovative Drugs, Shandong University, Jinan 25000, China
| | - Fei Gao
- Taibang Biologic Group Co., Ltd., Taian, 271000 Shandong, China
| | - Yangjun Feng
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000 Shandong, China
| | - Xiaolin Li
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000 Shandong, China
| | - Delong Li
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000 Shandong, China
| | - Yuqin Li
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000 Shandong, China
| | - Yuliang Xiao
- Second Affiliated Hospital, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Taian, 271000 Shandong, China
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Lamsal Lamichhane S, Ramesh V, Opara CO, Khan FY, Kabiraj G, Kauser H, Palakeel JJ, Ali M, Chaduvula P, Chhabra S, Mohammed L. Treatment Modalities for Dementia in Down’s Syndrome: A Literature Review. Cureus 2022; 14:e27881. [PMID: 36110433 PMCID: PMC9462651 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.27881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Down's syndrome (DS) is the most well-known chromosomal abnormality characterized by an extra chromosome 21 and multiple systemic issues. The higher production of amyloid precursor protein (APP), the precursor peptide of beta-amyloid, predisposes persons with DS to early Alzheimer's disease (AD). The prevalence of dementia has increased as a function of the extended life expectancy of persons with DS. Because we know little about the treatment of dementia in persons with DS, this review focuses on the pathophysiology and management strategies to improve the overall quality of life.
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Arciniegas Ruiz SM, Eldar-Finkelman H. Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3 Inhibitors: Preclinical and Clinical Focus on CNS-A Decade Onward. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:792364. [PMID: 35126052 PMCID: PMC8813766 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.792364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The protein kinase, GSK-3, participates in diverse biological processes and is now recognized a promising drug discovery target in treating multiple pathological conditions. Over the last decade, a range of newly developed GSK-3 inhibitors of diverse chemotypes and inhibition modes has been developed. Even more conspicuous is the dramatic increase in the indications that were tested from mood and behavior disorders, autism and cognitive disabilities, to neurodegeneration, brain injury and pain. Indeed, clinical and pre-clinical studies were largely expanded uncovering new mechanisms and novel insights into the contribution of GSK-3 to neurodegeneration and central nerve system (CNS)-related disorders. In this review we summarize new developments in the field and describe the use of GSK-3 inhibitors in the variety of CNS disorders. This remarkable volume of information being generated undoubtedly reflects the great interest, as well as the intense hope, in developing potent and safe GSK-3 inhibitors in clinical practice.
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Toricelli M, Pereira AAR, Souza Abrao G, Malerba HN, Maia J, Buck HS, Viel TA. Mechanisms of neuroplasticity and brain degeneration: strategies for protection during the aging process. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:58-67. [PMID: 32788448 PMCID: PMC7818866 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.286952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a dynamic and progressive process that begins at conception and continues until death. This process leads to a decrease in homeostasis and morphological, biochemical and psychological changes, increasing the individual’s vulnerability to various diseases. The growth in the number of aging populations has increased the prevalence of chronic degenerative diseases, impairment of the central nervous system and dementias, such as Alzheimer’s disease, whose main risk factor is age, leading to an increase of the number of individuals who need daily support for life activities. Some theories about aging suggest it is caused by an increase of cellular senescence and reactive oxygen species, which leads to inflammation, oxidation, cell membrane damage and consequently neuronal death. Also, mitochondrial mutations, which are generated throughout the aging process, can lead to changes in energy production, deficiencies in electron transport and apoptosis induction that can result in decreased function. Additionally, increasing cellular senescence and the release of proinflammatory cytokines can cause irreversible damage to neuronal cells. Recent reports point to the importance of changing lifestyle by increasing physical exercise, improving nutrition and environmental enrichment to activate neuroprotective defense mechanisms. Therefore, this review aims to address the latest information about the different mechanisms related to neuroplasticity and neuronal death and to provide strategies that can improve neuroprotection and decrease the neurodegeneration caused by aging and environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Toricelli
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arthur Antonio Ruiz Pereira
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Souza Abrao
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Helena Nascimento Malerba
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Julia Maia
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hudson Sousa Buck
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Santa Casa de Sao Paulo School of Medical Sciences, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Tania Araujo Viel
- Laboratory of Neurobiology of Aging, School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, Universidade de São Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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