Effects of membrane alterations on bacterial retention

Impact of textile dyes on health and ecosystem: a review of structure, causes, and potential solutions

The rapid growth of population and industrialization have intensified the problem of water pollution globally. To meet the challenge of industrialization, the use of synthetic dyes in the textile industry, dyeing and printing industry, tannery and paint industry, paper and pulp industry, cosmetic and food industry, dye manufacturing industry, and pharmaceutical industry has increased exponentially. Among these industries, the textile industry is prominent for the water pollution due to the hefty consumption of water and discharge of coloring materials in the effluent. The discharge of this effluent into the aquatic reservoir affects its biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), and pH. The release of the effluents without any remedial treatment will generate a gigantic peril to the aquatic ecosystem and human health. The ecological-friendly treatment of the dye-containing wastewater to minimize the detrimental effect on human health and the environment is the need of the hour. The purpose of this review is to evaluate the catastrophic effects of textile dyes on human health and the environment. This review provides a comprehensive insight into the dyes and chemicals used in the textile industry, focusing on the typical treatment processes for their removal from industrial wastewaters, including chemical, biological, physical, and hybrid techniques.

Use of bacterial isolates in the treatment of textile dye wastewater: A review

The textile industry uses large amounts of dyes like reactive, azo, anthraquinone, and triphenylmethane to colour textiles. Dyes that are not used up during the colouration process usually end up in water bodies as waste leading to the pollution of the water bodies. This makes the industry to be one of the major contributors to water pollution in the world. Bacterial agents isolated from various sources like dye contaminated soil and textile wastewater have shown to have the ability to effectively decolourise and degrade these dye pollutants leading to improved water quality. This review discusses bacterial isolates that have been used successfully to degrade and decolourise textile dyes, their mode of dye removal as well as the factors that affect their dye degradation ability. It further looks at the latest wastewater treatment technologies that incorporate bacterial microorganisms to treat dye wastewater.