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Swelling-Resistant, Crosslinked Polyvinyl Alcohol Membranes with High ZIF-8 Nanofiller Loadings as Effective Solid Electrolytes for Alkaline Fuel Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12050865. [PMID: 35269354 PMCID: PMC8912677 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The present work investigates the direct mixing of aqueous zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) suspension into a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (GA) to form swelling-resistant, mechanically robust and conductivity retentive composite membranes. This drying-free nanofiller incorporation method enhances the homogeneous ZIF-8 distributions in the PVA/ZIF-8/GA composites to overcome the nanofiller aggregation problem in the mixed matrix membranes. Various ZIF-8 concentrations (25.4, 40.5 and 45.4 wt.%) are used to study the suitability of the resulting GA-crosslinked composites for direct alkaline methanol fuel cell (DAMFC). Surface morphological analysis confirmed homogeneous ZIF-8 particle distribution in the GA-crosslinked composites with a defect- and crack-free structure. The increased ionic conductivity (21% higher than the ZIF-free base material) and suppressed alcohol permeability (94% lower from the base material) of PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA resulted in the highest selectivity among the prepared composites. In addition, the GA-crosslinked composites’ selectivity increased to 1.5−2 times that of those without crosslink. Moreover, the ZIF-8 nanofillers improved the mechanical strength and alkaline stability of the composites. This was due to the negligible volume swelling ratio (<1.4%) of high (>40%) ZIF-8-loaded composites. After 168 h of alkaline treatment, the PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA composite had almost negligible ionic conductivity loss (0.19%) compared with the initial material. The maximum power density (Pmax) of PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA composite was 190.5 mW cm−2 at 60 °C, an increase of 181% from the PVA/GA membrane. Moreover, the Pmax of PVA/40.5%ZIF-8/GA was 10% higher than that without GA crosslinking. These swelling-resistant and stable solid electrolytes are promising in alkaline fuel cell applications.
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MCM-41/PVA Composite as a Separator for Zinc-Air Batteries. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197052. [PMID: 32992723 PMCID: PMC7582340 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane separators are one of the critical components in zinc–air batteries (ZABs). In the control of mass transfer, and hence, electrochemical reaction, membrane separators have an important role to play. This work addresses the issue of battery performance in a ZAB via a new composite membrane separator based on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). To enhance the electrolyte uptake and ionic conductivity, mesoporous Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41 (MCM-41) is incorporated as a filler in the membrane while maintaining its integrity. The presence of MCM-41 is seen to reduce the number of cycles of secondary ZABs due to the uninvited drawbacks of increased zincate crossover and reduced triple phase boundary at the air cathode, which is pivotal for oxygen reduction reaction. Overall, results suggest that the application of the MCM-41/PVA composite has the potential for use as a separator in high-capacity primary ZABs.
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Rosli NAH, Loh KS, Wong WY, Yunus RM, Lee TK, Ahmad A, Chong ST. Review of Chitosan-Based Polymers as Proton Exchange Membranes and Roles of Chitosan-Supported Ionic Liquids. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21020632. [PMID: 31963607 PMCID: PMC7014316 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21020632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Perfluorosulphonic acid-based membranes such as Nafion are widely used in fuel cell applications. However, these membranes have several drawbacks, including high expense, non-eco-friendliness, and low proton conductivity under anhydrous conditions. Biopolymer-based membranes, such as chitosan (CS), cellulose, and carrageenan, are popular. They have been introduced and are being studied as alternative materials for enhancing fuel cell performance, because they are environmentally friendly and economical. Modifications that will enhance the proton conductivity of biopolymer-based membranes have been performed. Ionic liquids, which are good electrolytes, are studied for their potential to improve the ionic conductivity and thermal stability of fuel cell applications. This review summarizes the development and evolution of CS biopolymer-based membranes and ionic liquids in fuel cell applications over the past decade. It also focuses on the improved performances of fuel cell applications using biopolymer-based membranes and ionic liquids as promising clean energy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Adiera Hanna Rosli
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.H.R.); (W.Y.W.); (R.M.Y.)
| | - Kee Shyuan Loh
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.H.R.); (W.Y.W.); (R.M.Y.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Wai Yin Wong
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.H.R.); (W.Y.W.); (R.M.Y.)
| | - Rozan Mohamad Yunus
- Fuel Cell Institute, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia; (N.A.H.R.); (W.Y.W.); (R.M.Y.)
| | - Tian Khoon Lee
- Department of Chemistry–Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 538, SE-751 21 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Azizan Ahmad
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, UKM Bangi 43600, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Seng Tong Chong
- College of Energy Economics and Social Sciences, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia;
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Effects of nano-ZnO and nano-SiO2 particles on properties of PVA/xylan composite films. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 132:978-986. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.03.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Ma WT, Kumar SR, Hsu CT, Shih CM, Tsai SW, Yang CC, Liu YL, Lue SJ. Magnetic field-assisted alignment of graphene oxide nanosheets in a polymer matrix to enhance ionic conduction. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.05.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Liao GM, Yang CC, Hu CC, Teng LW, Hsieh CH, Lue SJ. Optimal loading of quaternized chitosan nanofillers in functionalized polyvinyl alcohol polymer membrane for effective hydroxide ion conduction and suppressed alcohol transport. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Hsu PY, Hu TY, Kumar SR, Chang CH, Wu KCW, Tung KL, Lue SJ. Highly Zeolite-Loaded Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite Membranes for Alkaline Fuel-Cell Electrolytes. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E102. [PMID: 30966138 PMCID: PMC6415070 DOI: 10.3390/polym10010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Having a secure and stable energy supply is a top priority for the global community. Fuel-cell technology is recognized as a promising electrical energy generation system for the twenty-first century. Polyvinyl alcohol/zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (PVA/ZIF-8) composite membranes were successfully prepared in this work from direct ZIF-8 suspension solution (0⁻45.4 wt %) and PVA mixing to prevent filler aggregation for direct methanol alkaline fuel cells (DMAFCs). The ZIF-8 fillers were chosen for the appropriate cavity size as a screening aid to allow water and suppress methanol transport. Increased ionic conductivities and suppressed methanol permeabilities were achieved for the PVA/40.5% ZIF-8 composites, compared to other samples. A high power density of 173.2 mW cm-2 was achieved using a KOH-doped PVA/40.5% ZIF-8 membrane in a DMAFC at 60 °C with 1⁻2 mg cm-2 catalyst loads. As the filler content was raised beyond 45.4 wt %, adverse effects resulted and the DMAFC performance (144.9 mW cm-2) was not improved further. Therefore, the optimal ZIF-8 content was approximately 40.5 wt % in the polymeric matrix. The specific power output was higher (58 mW mg-1) than most membranes reported in the literature (3⁻18 mW mg-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Ya Hsu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, and Green Technology Research Center, Chang Gung University, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
| | - Ting-Yu Hu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, and Green Technology Research Center, Chang Gung University, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
| | - Selvaraj Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, and Green Technology Research Center, Chang Gung University, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hao Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Da-an, Taipei City 106, Taiwan.
| | - Kevin C-W Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Da-an, Taipei City 106, Taiwan.
| | - Kuo-Lun Tung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Da-an, Taipei City 106, Taiwan.
| | - Shingjiang Jessie Lue
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, and Green Technology Research Center, Chang Gung University, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Guishan District, Taoyuan City 333, Taiwan.
- Department of Safety, Health and Environmental Engineering, Ming-Chi University of Technology, Taishan District, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan.
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Gradiently distributed iron oxide@graphene oxide nanofillers in quaternized polyvinyl alcohol composite to enhance alkaline fuel cell power density. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Experimental and One-Dimensional Mathematical Modeling of Different Operating Parameters in Direct Formic Acid Fuel Cells. ENERGIES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/en10121972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Surfactant-Assisted Perovskite Nanofillers Incorporated in Quaternized Poly (Vinyl Alcohol) Composite Membrane as an Effective Hydroxide-Conducting Electrolyte. ENERGIES 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/en10050615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Li Y, Wang H, Wu Q, Xu X, Lu S, Xiang Y. A poly(vinyl alcohol)-based composite membrane with immobilized phosphotungstic acid molecules for direct methanol fuel cells. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Reorientation of Magnetic Graphene Oxide Nanosheets in Crosslinked Quaternized Polyvinyl Alcohol as Effective Solid Electrolyte. ENERGIES 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/en9121003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Fabrication and Characterization of Chitosan Nanoparticle-Incorporated Quaternized Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Composite Membranes as Solid Electrolytes for Direct Methanol Alkaline Fuel Cells. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2015.11.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Fumed Silica Nanoparticles Incorporated in Quaternized Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Nanocomposite Membrane for Enhanced Power Densities in Direct Alcohol Alkaline Fuel Cells. ENERGIES 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/en9010015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Liao GM, Yang CC, Hu CC, Pai YL, Lue SJ. Novel quaternized polyvinyl alcohol/quaternized chitosan nano-composite as an effective hydroxide-conducting electrolyte. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2015.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Poly(vinyl alcohol)/silica nanoparticles based anion-conducting nanocomposite membrane for fuel-cell applications. Macromol Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-015-3033-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Das G, Lee SH, Lee KS, Yoon YS. A Unique Cross-Linking Strategy to Prepare Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)-Based Anion Conducting Membrane for Fuel Cell Applications. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2015. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2014.977894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)/silane cross-linked sulfonated poly(styrene–ethylene/butylene–styrene) (sSEBS) composite membrane for direct alcohol and formic acid fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.03.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Yang JM, Wang NC, Chiu HC. Preparation and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol)/sodium alginate blended membrane for alkaline solid polymer electrolytes membrane. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Lo CF, Wu JF, Li HY, Hung WS, Shih CM, Hu CC, Liu YL, Lue SJ. Novel polyvinyl alcohol nanocomposites containing carbon nano-tubes with Fe3O4 pendants for alkaline fuel cell applications. J Memb Sci 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
Pure PVA and composite thin films of poly vinyl alcohol (PVA)/Titanium dioxide (TiO2) were prepared on pre-cleaned glass substrates by Dip Coating Technique (DCT) and Metal Organic Deposition Technique (MODT). EDS and FTIR spectrum were used to identify the composition of the prepared films. The vibrational peaks observed at 1260 cm-1 and 851 cm-1 are assigned to C–C stretching and CH rocking of PVA. The characteristic band appearing at 1432 cm-1 is assigned to C–H bend of CH2 of PVA. The bands observed around 847 cm-1 and 601cm-1 belong to the asymmetric stretching of Ti–O–Ti groups. The last band at 460 cm-1 is due to the bending mode of Ti–O–Ti. The bands covered by Ti-O were located at 540, 700 and 950 cm-1. From the FTIR spectra, it is observed that some of the peaks of composite films were shifted and some of them were disappeared with respect to the pure compounds. This results manifested the conclusion about the specific interactions in composite polymer matrices and hence the complexation. Thus, complex formation in the composite polymer matrices has been confirmed from this analysis. The thickness of the coated films were measured by using an electronic thickness measuring instrument (Tesatronic-TTD-20), gravimetric method and cross checked by optical spectrophotometer. XRD spectra indicated the amorphous nature of the films. Surface morphology of the coated films was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The surface revealed no pits and pin holes on the surface. Both as grown and annealed films showed predominantly amorphous nature. The observed surface morphology and thermal stability indicated that these films could be used as dielectric layer in organic thin film transistors.
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Huang CC, Liu YL, Pan WH, Chang CM, Shih CM, Chu HY, Chien CH, Juan CH, Lue SJ. Direct borohydride fuel cell performance using hydroxide-conducting polymeric nanocomposite electrolytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/polb.23250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chieh Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Chang Gung University; Kwei-shan, Taoyuan Taiwan 333 Republic of China
| | - Ying-Ling Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Tsing Hua University; Hsinchu Taiwan 300 Republic of China
| | - Wen-Han Pan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Chang Gung University; Kwei-shan, Taoyuan Taiwan 333 Republic of China
| | - Chia-Ming Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and R&D Center for Membrane Technology; Chung Yuan University; Chungli Taiwan 320 Republic of China
| | - Chao-Ming Shih
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Chang Gung University; Kwei-shan, Taoyuan Taiwan 333 Republic of China
| | - Heng-Yi Chu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Chang Gung University; Kwei-shan, Taoyuan Taiwan 333 Republic of China
| | - Chun-Hui Chien
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Chang Gung University; Kwei-shan, Taoyuan Taiwan 333 Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Hsin Juan
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Chang Gung University; Kwei-shan, Taoyuan Taiwan 333 Republic of China
| | - Shingjiang Jessie Lue
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; Chang Gung University; Kwei-shan, Taoyuan Taiwan 333 Republic of China
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Preparation and characterization of polyvinyl alcohol/chitosan blended membrane for alkaline direct methanol fuel cells. J Memb Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2012.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pan WH, Lue SJ, Chang CM, Liu YL. Alkali doped polyvinyl alcohol/multi-walled carbon nano-tube electrolyte for direct methanol alkaline fuel cell. J Memb Sci 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2011.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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