1
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Chen J, Yu B, Cong H, Shen Y. Recent development and application of membrane chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:45-65. [PMID: 36131143 PMCID: PMC9491666 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04325-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Membrane chromatography is mainly used for the separation and purification of proteins and biological macromolecules in the downstream processing process, also applications in sewage disposal. Membrane chromatography is recognized as an effective alternative to column chromatography because it significantly improves chromatography from affinity, hydrophobicity, and ion exchange; the development status of membrane chromatography in membrane matrix and membrane equipment is thoroughly discussed, and the applications of protein capture and intermediate purification, virus, monoclonal antibody purification, water treatment, and others are summarized. This review will provide value for the exploration and potential application of membrane chromatography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Hailin Cong
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Youqing Shen
- Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Bionanoengineering, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, Zhejiang, China
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2
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Kurák T, Polakovič M. Adsorption Performance of a Multimodal Anion-Exchange Chromatography Membrane: Effect of Liquid Phase Composition and Separation Mode. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1173. [PMID: 36557080 PMCID: PMC9788217 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Membrane chromatography is a modern, high-throughput separation method that finds important applications in therapeutic protein purification. Multimodal, salt-tolerant membranes are the most recent innovation in chromatographic membrane adsorbents. Due to the complex structure of their ligands and the bimodal texture of their carriers, their adsorption properties have not been sufficiently investigated. This work deals with the equilibrium and kinetic properties of a multimodal anion-exchange chromatography membrane, Sartobind STIC. Single- and two-component adsorption experiments were carried out with bovine serum albumin (BSA) and salmon DNA as model target and impurity components. The effect of the Hofmeister series ions and ionic strength on the BSA/DNA adsorption was investigated in micromembrane flow experiments. A significant difference was observed between the effects of monovalent and polyvalent ions when strong kosmotropic salts with polyvalent anions acted as strong displacers of BSA. On the contrary, DNA binding was rather high at elevated ionic strength, independent of the salt type. Two-component micromembrane experiments confirmed very high selectivity of DNA binding at a rather low sodium sulfate feed content and at pH 8. The strength of binding was examined in more than a dozen different desorption experiments. While BSA was desorbed relatively easily using high salt concentrations independent of buffer type and pH, while DNA was desorbed only in a very limited measure under any conditions. Separation experiments in a laboratory membrane module were carried out for the feed containing 1 g/L of BSA, 0.3 g/L of DNA, and 0.15 M of sodium sulfate. The negative flow-through mode was found to be more advantageous than the bind-elute mode, as BSA was obtained with 99% purity and a 97% yield. Membrane reuse was investigated in three adsorption-desorption-regeneration cycles.
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3
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Tanis-Kanbur MB, Peinador RI, Calvo JI, Hernández A, Chew JW. Porosimetric membrane characterization techniques: A review. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.118750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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4
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Smirnova NN, Krasil’nikov IV. An Effect of the Nature of Immobilized Components on the Adsorption and Mass Transfer Properties of Ultrafiltration Membranes Based on Sulfonate-containing Сopolyamide. RUSS J APPL CHEM+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070427219110144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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5
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Lin L, Sun H, Cheng Q, Huang K, He Z, Zheng T, Zhang Y. Fabrication of polyimide hollow fiber membrane with well‐defined adsorption channels and binding sites for organics separation. POLYM ENG SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ligang Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane ProcessesTianjin Polytechnic UniversityTianjin300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane ProcessesTianjin Polytechnic UniversityTianjin300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Qi Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane ProcessesTianjin Polytechnic UniversityTianjin300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane ProcessesTianjin Polytechnic UniversityTianjin300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifu He
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane ProcessesTianjin Polytechnic UniversityTianjin300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane ProcessesTianjin Polytechnic UniversityTianjin300387 People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane ProcessesTianjin Polytechnic UniversityTianjin300387 People's Republic of China
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6
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Fang LF, Matsuyama H, Zhu BK, Zhao S. Development of antifouling poly(vinyl chloride) blend membranes by atom transfer radical polymerization. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Feng Fang
- Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment (Ministry of Education), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
- Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; Kobe University, Rokkodaicho 1-1; Nada Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Hideto Matsuyama
- Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; Kobe University, Rokkodaicho 1-1; Nada Kobe 657-8501 Japan
| | - Bao-Ku Zhu
- Engineering Research Center of Membrane and Water Treatment (Ministry of Education), Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaifei Zhao
- Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering; Kobe University, Rokkodaicho 1-1; Nada Kobe 657-8501 Japan
- Department of Environmental Sciences; Macquarie University; Sydney New South Wales 2109 Australia
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7
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Yeh CC, Venault A, Yeh LC, Chinnathambi A, Alharbi SA, Higuchi A, Chang Y. Universal Bioinert Control of Polystyrene Interfaces via Hydrophobic-Driven Self-Assembled Surface PEGylation with a Well-Defined Block Sequence. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chen Yeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and R&D Center for Membrane Technology; Chung Yuan Christian University; 200 Chung Pei Road Chung-Li City 32023 Taiwan
| | - Antoine Venault
- Department of Chemical Engineering and R&D Center for Membrane Technology; Chung Yuan Christian University; 200 Chung Pei Road Chung-Li City 32023 Taiwan
| | - Lu-Chen Yeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and R&D Center for Membrane Technology; Chung Yuan Christian University; 200 Chung Pei Road Chung-Li City 32023 Taiwan
| | - Arunachalam Chinnathambi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology; College of Science; King Saud University; P. O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Sulaiman Ali Alharbi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology; College of Science; King Saud University; P. O. Box 2455 Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Akon Higuchi
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering; National Central University; Jhong-Li Taoyuan 320 Taiwan
| | - Yung Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and R&D Center for Membrane Technology; Chung Yuan Christian University; 200 Chung Pei Road Chung-Li City 32023 Taiwan
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Mustafaoglu N, Kiziltepe T, Bilgicer B. Antibody purification via affinity membrane chromatography method utilizing nucleotide binding site targeting with a small molecule. Analyst 2016; 141:6571-6582. [PMID: 27845784 PMCID: PMC5245175 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02145j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Here, we present an affinity membrane chromatography technique for purification of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies from cell culture media of hybridomas and ascites fluids. The m-NBST method utilizes the nucleotide-binding site (NBS) that is located on the Fab variable domain of immunoglobulins to enable capturing of antibody molecules on a membrane affinity column via a small molecule, tryptamine, which has a moderate binding affinity to the NBS. Regenerated cellulose membrane was selected as a matrix due to multiple advantages over traditionally used resin-based affinity systems. Rituximab was used for proof of concept experiments. Antibody purification was accomplished by first capture of injected samples while running equilibration buffer (50 mM sodium phosphate pH 7.0), followed by elution achieved by running a gradient of mild elution buffer (3 M NaCl in 50 mM phosphate pH 7.0). The results indicate that the m-NBST column efficiency for Rituximab was >98%, with a purity level of >98%. The quality and the capacity of this small molecule membrane affinity purification method is further evaluated for a number of parameters such as: injection concentrations, volumes, wash/bind time, elution gradient, antibody/protein-contaminant combinations, effects of injection buffer, post-purification antigen binding activity of antibodies, and column reusability and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Mustafaoglu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Tanyel Kiziltepe
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA and Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA
| | - Basar Bilgicer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA and Advanced Diagnostics and Therapeutics, University of Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA and Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA and Mike and Josie Harper Cancer Research Institute, University of Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA and Center for Rare & Neglected Diseases, University of Notre Dame, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
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9
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Liu Z, Wickramasinghe SR, Qian X. Membrane chromatography for protein purifications from ligand design to functionalization. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2016.1223133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zizhao Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
| | | | - Xianghong Qian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas, USA
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10
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Fu Q, Wang X, Si Y, Liu L, Yu J, Ding B. Scalable Fabrication of Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes Functionalized with Citric Acid for High-Performance Protein Adsorption. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:11819-29. [PMID: 27111287 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Fabricating protein adsorbents with high adsorption capacity and appreciable throughput is extremely important and highly desired for the separation and purification of protein products in the biomedical and pharmaceutical industries, yet still remains a great challenge. Herein, we demonstrate the synthesis of a novel protein adsorbent by in situ functionalizing eletrospun ethylene-vinyl alcohol (EVOH) nanofibrous membranes (NFM) with critic acid (CCA). Taking advantage of the merits of large specific surface area, highly tortuous open-porous structure, abundant active carboxyl groups introduced by CCA, superior chemical stability, and robust mechanical strength, the obtained CCA-grafted EVOH NFM (EVOH-CCA NFM) present an excellent integrated protein (take lysozyme as the model protein) adsorption performance with a high capacity of 284 mg g(-1), short equilibrium time of 6 h, ease of elution, and good reusability. Meanwhile, the adsorption performance of EVOH-CCA NFM can be optimized by regulating buffer pH, ionic strength, and initial concentration of protein solutions. More importantly, a dynamic binding efficiency of 250 mg g(-1) can be achieved driven solely by the gravity of protein solution, which matches well with the demands of the high yield and energy conservation in the actual protein purification process. Furthermore, the resultant EVOH-CCA NFM also possess unique selectivity for positively charged proteins which was confirmed by the method of sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Significantly, the successful synthesis of such intriguing and economic EVOH-CCA NFM may provide a promising candidate for the next generation of protein adsorbents for rapid, massive, and cost-effective separation and purification of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxia Fu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Xueqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yang Si
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Lifang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Jianyong Yu
- Nanofibers Research Center, Modern Textile Institute, Donghua University , Shanghai 200051, China
| | - Bin Ding
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Textiles, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, China
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University , Shanghai 201620, China
- Nanofibers Research Center, Modern Textile Institute, Donghua University , Shanghai 200051, China
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11
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Synthesis of adsorbents with dendronic structures for protein hydrophobic interaction chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1443:191-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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12
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13
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Leeb E, Holder A, Letzel T, Cheison SC, Kulozik U, Hinrichs J. Fractionation of dairy based functional peptides using ion-exchange membrane adsorption chromatography and cross-flow electro membrane filtration. Int Dairy J 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.idairyj.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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14
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Mandal I, Townsend M, Darton N, Bonyadi S, Slater N. A microporous walled micro-capillary film module for cation-exchange protein chromatography. J Memb Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.04.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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15
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Akashi N, Kuroda SI. Protein immobilization onto poly (vinylidene fluoride) microporous membranes activated by the atmospheric pressure low temperature plasma. POLYMER 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2014.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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16
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Kastantin M, Langdon BB, Schwartz DK. A bottom-up approach to understanding protein layer formation at solid-liquid interfaces. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2014; 207:240-52. [PMID: 24484895 PMCID: PMC4028386 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
A common goal across different fields (e.g. separations, biosensors, biomaterials, pharmaceuticals) is to understand how protein behavior at solid-liquid interfaces is affected by environmental conditions. Temperature, pH, ionic strength, and the chemical and physical properties of the solid surface, among many factors, can control microscopic protein dynamics (e.g. adsorption, desorption, diffusion, aggregation) that contribute to macroscopic properties like time-dependent total protein surface coverage and protein structure. These relationships are typically studied through a top-down approach in which macroscopic observations are explained using analytical models that are based upon reasonable, but not universally true, simplifying assumptions about microscopic protein dynamics. Conclusions connecting microscopic dynamics to environmental factors can be heavily biased by potentially incorrect assumptions. In contrast, more complicated models avoid several of the common assumptions but require many parameters that have overlapping effects on predictions of macroscopic, average protein properties. Consequently, these models are poorly suited for the top-down approach. Because the sophistication incorporated into these models may ultimately prove essential to understanding interfacial protein behavior, this article proposes a bottom-up approach in which direct observations of microscopic protein dynamics specify parameters in complicated models, which then generate macroscopic predictions to compare with experiment. In this framework, single-molecule tracking has proven capable of making direct measurements of microscopic protein dynamics, but must be complemented by modeling to combine and extrapolate many independent microscopic observations to the macro-scale. The bottom-up approach is expected to better connect environmental factors to macroscopic protein behavior, thereby guiding rational choices that promote desirable protein behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Kastantin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Blake B Langdon
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States
| | - Daniel K Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, United States.
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17
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Caramelo-Nunes C, Almeida P, Marcos J, Tomaz C. Aromatic ligands for plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid chromatographic analysis and purification: An overview. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1327:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Kumar M, McGlade D, Lawler J. Functionalized chitosan derived novel positively charged organic–inorganic hybrid ultrafiltration membranes for protein separation. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra02576h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Positively charged organic–inorganic hybrid ultrafiltration membranes for selective protein separation were fabricated from blends of PVA, functionalized600 dpi in TIF format)??> chitosan and tetraethylorthosilicate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahendra Kumar
- Membrane Technology Laboratory
- School of Biotechnology
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Declan McGlade
- Membrane Technology Laboratory
- School of Biotechnology
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9, Ireland
| | - Jenny Lawler
- Membrane Technology Laboratory
- School of Biotechnology
- Dublin City University
- Dublin 9, Ireland
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19
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Liu JW, Wang MM, Zhang Y, Han L, Chen XW, Wang JH. Polymeric ionic liquid modified reduced graphene oxide as adsorbent for highly selective isolation of acidic protein. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra09808k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel adsorbent is achieved by modifying reduced graphene oxide with polymeric ionic liquid and further assembly on SiO2 nanoparticles. This nano-hybrid exhibits selective adsorption of ovalbumin with an ultra-high sorption capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Wei Liu
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- Colleges of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang, China
| | - Meng-Meng Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- Colleges of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- Colleges of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang, China
| | - Lu Han
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- Colleges of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang, China
| | - Xu-Wei Chen
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- Colleges of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang, China
| | - Jian-Hua Wang
- Research Center for Analytical Sciences
- Colleges of Sciences
- Northeastern University
- Shenyang, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering
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