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Tryon-Tasson N, Ryoo D, Eor P, Anderson JL. Silver-mediated separations: A comprehensive review on advancements of argentation chromatography, facilitated transport membranes, and solid-phase extraction techniques and their applications. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464133. [PMID: 37329654 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of silver(I) ions in chemical separations, also known as argentation separations, is a powerful approach for the selective separation and analysis of many natural and synthetic organic compounds. In this review, a comprehensive discussion of the most common argentation separation techniques, including argentation-liquid chromatography (Ag-LC), argentation-gas chromatography (Ag-GC), argentation-facilitated transport membranes (Ag-FTMs), and argentation-solid phase extraction (Ag-SPE) is provided. For each of these techniques, notable advancements, optimized separations, and innovative applications are discussed. The review begins with an explanation of the fundamental chemistry underlying argentation separations, mainly the reversible π-complexation between silver(I) ions and carbon-carbon double bonds. Within Ag-LC, the use of silver(I) ions in thin-layer chromatography, high-performance liquid chromatography, as well as preparative LC are explored. This discussion focuses on how silver(I) ions are employed in the stationary and mobile phase to separate unsaturated compounds. For Ag-GC and Ag-FTMs, different silver compounds and supporting media are discussed, often with relation to olefin-paraffin separations. Ag-SPE has been widely employed for the selective extraction of unsaturated compounds from complex matrices in sample preparation. This comprehensive review of Ag-LC, Ag-GC, Ag-FTMs, and Ag-SPE techniques emphasizes the immense potential of argentation separations in separations science and serves as a valuable resource for researchers seeking to learn, optimize, and utilize argentation separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Tryon-Tasson
- Ames National Laboratory-USDOE, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Donghyun Ryoo
- Ames National Laboratory-USDOE, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Philip Eor
- Ames National Laboratory-USDOE, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Jared L Anderson
- Ames National Laboratory-USDOE, Ames, IA 50011, USA; Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
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Ryoo D, Eor P, Bara JE, Anderson JL. Comparison of olefin/paraffin separation by ionic liquid and polymeric ionic liquid stationary phases containing silver(I) ion using one-dimensional and multidimensional gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1698:463996. [PMID: 37087854 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.463996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Silver(I) ions have been used in various studies as components within polymer membranes or ionic liquids (ILs) to enable separation of olefins from paraffins. Polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) are a class of polymers synthesized from IL monomers and typically possess higher thermal and chemical stability than the ILs from which they are formed. Until now, very little is known about the difference in strength of silver(I) ion-olefin interactions when they take place in an IL compared to a PIL. In this work, the chromatographic separation of olefins by stationary phases composed of silver(I) bis[(trifluoromethyl)sulfonyl]imide ([Ag+][NTf2-]) incorporated into the 1-hexyl-3-methylimidazolium NTf2 ([HMIM+][NTf2-]) IL and poly(1-hexyl-3-vinylimidazolium NTf2) (poly([HVIM+][NTf2-])) PIL at varying concentrations was investigated. Olefins were more highly retained by silver(I) ions in PILs than in ILs as the silver(I) salt concentration in the stationary was increased. The potential separation power of silver(I)-containing IL and PIL stationary phases in comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) was compared to the conventional one-dimensional system. The separation selectivity of alkenes and alkynes from paraffins was significantly increased, while dienes and aromatic compounds showed insignificant changes in retention. The chemical structural features of IL and PIL that enhance silver(I) ion stability and olefin separation were investigated by using silver(I) trifluoromethanesulfonate ([Ag+][OTf-]), 1-decyl-3-methylimidazolium NTf2 ([DMIM+][NTf2-]) IL, poly(1-decyl-3-vinylimidazolium NTf2 (poly([DVIM+][NTf2-])) PIL, [HMIM+][OTf-] IL and poly([HVIM+][OTf-]) PIL. Longer alkyl substituents appended to the IL (and PIL) cation increased the strength of silver(I) olefin interaction, and [OTf-] anions in the IL (and PIL) tended to preserve silver(I) ion from thermal reduction, while also retaining olefins less than the [NTf2-]-containing columns. In general, silver(I) ions in PILs possessing analogous chemical structures to ILs exhibited higher silver(I) ion-olefin interaction strength but were less thermally stable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghyun Ryoo
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Philip Eor
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | - Jason E Bara
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama, 35487, USA
| | - Jared L Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA.
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Cong S, Feng X, Guo L, Peng D, Wang J, Chen J, Zhang Y, Shen X, Yang G. Rational Design of Mixed Matrix Membranes Modulated by Trisilver Complex for Efficient Propylene/Propane Separation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2206858. [PMID: 36748960 PMCID: PMC10074071 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202206858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The application of membrane-based separation processes for propylene/propane (C3 H6 /C3 H8 ) is extremely promising and attractive as it is poised to reduce the high operation cost of the established low temperature distillation process, but major challenges remain in achieving high gas selectivity/permeability and long-term membrane stability. Herein, a C3 H6 facilitated transport membrane using trisilver pyrazolate (Ag3 pz3 ) as a carrier filler is reported, which is uniformly dispersed in a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM-1) matrix at the molecular level (≈15 nm), verified by several analytical techniques, including 3D-reconstructed focused ion beam scanning electron microscropy (FIB-SEM) tomography. The π-acidic Ag3 pz3 combines preferentially with π-basic C3 H6 , which is confirmed by density functional theory calculations showing that the silver ions in Ag3 pz3 form a reversible π complex with C3 H6 , endowing the membranes with superior C3 H6 affinity. The resulting membranes exhibit superior stability, C3 H6 /C3 H8 selectivity as high as ≈200 and excellent C3 H6 permeability of 306 Barrer, surpassing the upper bound selectivity/permeability performance line of polymeric membranes. This work provides a conceptually new approach of using coordinatively unsaturated 0D complexes as fillers in mixed matrix membranes, which can accomplish olefin/alkane separation with high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shenzhen Cong
- School of Chemical EngineeringZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Xiaoquan Feng
- School of Chemical EngineeringZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Lili Guo
- College of ChemistryZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Donglai Peng
- School of Material & Chemical EngineeringZhengzhou University of Light IndustryZhengzhou450001China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Chemical EngineeringZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Jinghuo Chen
- College of ChemistryZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Yatao Zhang
- School of Chemical EngineeringZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Xiangjian Shen
- School of Chemical EngineeringZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
| | - Guang Yang
- College of ChemistryZhengzhou UniversityZhengzhou450001China
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Xu M, Dou H, Peng F, Yang N, Xiao X, Tantai X, Sun Y, Jiang B, Zhang L. Ultra-stable copper decorated deep eutectic solvent based supported liquid membranes for olefin/paraffin separation: In-depth study of carrier stability. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Thomas AM, de Grooth J, Wood JA. Synthetic guidelines for highly selective mixed matrix membranes. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.120311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Xu M, Jiang B, Dou H, Yang N, Xiao X, Tantai X, Sun Y, Zhang L. Double-salt ionic liquid derived facilitated transport membranes for ethylene/ethane separation. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Xu M, Jiang B, Dou H, Yang N, Xiao X, Tantai X, Sun Y, Zhang L. Customized facilitated transport membranes by mixed strategy for ethylene/ethane separation. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yang K, Ban Y, Yang W. Layered MOF membranes modified with ionic liquid/AgBF4 composite for olefin/paraffin separation. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gouveia AS, Bumenn E, Rohtlaid K, Michaud A, Vieira TM, Alves VD, Tomé LC, Plesse C, Marrucho IM. Ionic liquid-based semi-interpenetrating polymer network (sIPN) membranes for CO2 separation. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.118437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Current and future trends in polymer membrane-based gas separation technology: A comprehensive review. J IND ENG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2021.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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11
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CO2/H2 separation through poly(ionic liquid)–ionic liquid membranes: The effect of multicomponent gas mixtures, temperature and gas feed pressure. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.118113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Dou H, Xu M, Wang B, Zhang Z, Luo D, Shi B, Wen G, Mousavi M, Yu A, Bai Z, Jiang Z, Chen Z. Analogous Mixed Matrix Membranes with Self‐Assembled Interface Pathways. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202014893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haozhen Dou
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo 200 University Ave. W Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Mi Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo 200 University Ave. W Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Baoyu Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Food Science Zhengzhou University of Technology Zhengzhou 450044 China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo 200 University Ave. W Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo 200 University Ave. W Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Benbing Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Guobin Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo 200 University Ave. W Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Mahboubeh Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo 200 University Ave. W Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Aiping Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo 200 University Ave. W Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Zhengyu Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453007 China
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo 200 University Ave. W Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
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Dou H, Xu M, Wang B, Zhang Z, Luo D, Shi B, Wen G, Mousavi M, Yu A, Bai Z, Jiang Z, Chen Z. Analogous Mixed Matrix Membranes with Self‐Assembled Interface Pathways. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:5864-5870. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202014893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haozhen Dou
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo 200 University Ave. W Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Mi Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo 200 University Ave. W Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Baoyu Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Food Science Zhengzhou University of Technology Zhengzhou 450044 China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo 200 University Ave. W Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo 200 University Ave. W Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Benbing Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Guobin Wen
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo 200 University Ave. W Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Mahboubeh Mousavi
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo 200 University Ave. W Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Aiping Yu
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo 200 University Ave. W Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
| | - Zhengyu Bai
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions Henan Normal University Xinxiang 453007 China
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Collaborative Innovation Centre of Chemical Science and Engineering Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education Tianjin University Tianjin 300350 China
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering University of Waterloo 200 University Ave. W Waterloo Ontario N2L 3G1 Canada
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Rashid TU. Ionic liquids: Innovative fluids for sustainable gas separation from industrial waste stream. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.114916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Ren Y, Liang X, Dou H, Ye C, Guo Z, Wang J, Pan Y, Wu H, Guiver MD, Jiang Z. Membrane-Based Olefin/Paraffin Separations. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2001398. [PMID: 33042752 PMCID: PMC7539199 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202001398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Efficient olefin/paraffin separation is a grand challenge because of their similar molecular sizes and physical properties, and is also a priority in the modern chemical industry. Membrane separation technology has been demonstrated as a promising technology owing to its low energy consumption, mild operation conditions, tunability of membrane materials, as well as the integration of physical and chemical mechanisms. In this work, inspired by the physical mechanism of mass transport in channel proteins and the chemical mechanism of mass transport in carrier proteins, recent progress in channel-based and carrier-based membranes toward olefin/paraffin separations is summarized. Further, channel-based membranes are categorized into membranes with network structures and with framework structures according to the morphology of channels. The separation mechanisms, separation performance, and membrane stability in channel-based and carrier-based membranes are elaborated. Future perspectives toward membrane-based olefin/paraffin separation are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxiong Ren
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Xu Liang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Haozhen Dou
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Chumei Ye
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Zheyuan Guo
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Jianyu Wang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Yichang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Materials‐Oriented Chemical EngineeringCollege of Chemical EngineeringNanjing Tech UniversityNanjing210009P. R. China
| | - Hong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Michael D. Guiver
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of EnginesSchool of Mechanical EngineeringTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
| | - Zhongyi Jiang
- Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of EducationSchool of Chemical Engineering and TechnologyTianjin UniversityTianjin300072P. R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin)Tianjin300072P. R. China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin UniversityInternational Campus of Tianjin UniversityBinhai New CityFuzhou350207P. R. China
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Arregoitia-Sarabia C, González-Revuelta D, Fallanza M, Gorri D, Ortiz I. Polymer inclusion membranes containing ionic liquids for the recovery of n-butanol from ABE solutions by pervaporation. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.117101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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18
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Impact of ionic liquids on silver thermoplastic polyurethane composite membranes for propane/propylene separation. ARAB J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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A Bibliometric Survey of Paraffin/Olefin Separation Using Membranes. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:membranes9120157. [PMID: 31779146 PMCID: PMC6950670 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9120157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bibliometric studies allow to collect, organize and process information that can be used to guide the development of research and innovation and to provide basis for decision-making. Paraffin/olefin separations constitute an important industrial issue because cryogenic separation methods are frequently needed in industrial sites and are very expensive. As a consequence, the use of membrane separation processes has been extensively encouraged and has become an attractive alternative for commercial separation processes, as this may lead to reduction of production costs, equipment size, energy consumption and waste generation. For these reasons, a bibliometric survey of paraffin/olefin membrane separation processes is carried out in the present study in order to evaluate the maturity of the technology for this specific application. Although different studies have proposed the use of distinct alternatives for olefin/paraffin separations, the present work makes clear that consensus has yet to be reached among researchers and technicians regarding the specific membranes and operation conditions that will make these processes scalable for large-scale commercial applications.
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Ying W, Peng X. Graphene oxide nanoslit-confined AgBF 4/ionic liquid for efficiently separating olefin from paraffin. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 31:085703. [PMID: 31675744 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab53af] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Facilitated transport membrane for separating light olefins, using transition metals like silver and copper as carriers, is a promising way to replace traditional energy-consuming methods. Here, we construct ionic liquid (IL) to fill the nanoslits of laminated graphene oxide (GO) membrane with silver ions as a carrier to separate ethylene/ethane. The nanoslits of GO membrane efficiently prevent the loss of silver ion IL solution. The IL further slows down the reduction of silver ions. The membrane with silver concentration of 0.25 M shows the best performance with a selectivity of 54 for ethylene/ethane and ethylene permeance of 2.9 GPU. This performance is superior to other silver ion IL solution membranes and competitive among the reported facilitated transport membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, People's Republic of China
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Sanchez CM, Song T, Brennecke JF, Freeman BD. Hydrogen Stable Supported Ionic Liquid Membranes with Silver Carriers: Propylene and Propane Permeability and Solubility. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b04886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Constanza Miguel Sanchez
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Tangqiumei Song
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Joan F. Brennecke
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Benny D. Freeman
- McKetta Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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23
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Zarca R, Ortiz A, Gorri D, Biegler LT, Ortiz I. Optimization of multistage olefin/paraffin membrane separation processes through rigorous modeling. AIChE J 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.16588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Zarca
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Cantabria Santander Spain
| | - Alfredo Ortiz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Cantabria Santander Spain
| | - Daniel Gorri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Cantabria Santander Spain
| | - Lorenz T. Biegler
- Department of Chemical Engineering Carnegie‐Mellon University Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering University of Cantabria Santander Spain
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Campos ACC, dos Reis RA, Ortiz A, Gorri D, Ortiz I. A Perspective of Solutions for Membrane Instabilities in Olefin/Paraffin Separations: A Review. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b02013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Antoniel Carlos C. Campos
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Cantabria, Av. Los Castros s/n., 39005 Santander, Spain
- Institute of Chemistry, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Campus Maracanã, P H L C, São Francisco Xavier St., 524, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil, 20550-900
| | - Rodrigo A. dos Reis
- Institute of Chemistry, Rio de Janeiro State University (UERJ), Campus Maracanã, P H L C, São Francisco Xavier St., 524, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil, 20550-900
| | - Alfredo Ortiz
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Cantabria, Av. Los Castros s/n., 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Daniel Gorri
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Cantabria, Av. Los Castros s/n., 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Cantabria, Av. Los Castros s/n., 39005 Santander, Spain
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Lee S, Kim TY, Kang YS. Trifunctional Monomolecular Medium for Silver Nanoparticle Preparation Preserving Olefin Carrier Activity for Facilitated Olefin Transport Membrane. Macromol Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13233-018-6060-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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28
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Amedi HR, Aghajani M. Economic Estimation of Various Membranes and Distillation for Propylene and Propane Separation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Reza Amedi
- Department of Gas Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology (PUT), Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Masoud Aghajani
- Department of Gas Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology (PUT), Ahvaz, Iran
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29
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Xi T, Tang L, Hao W, Yao L, Cui P. Morphology and pervaporation performance of ionic liquid and waterborne polyurethane composite membranes. RSC Adv 2018; 8:7792-7799. [PMID: 35539130 PMCID: PMC9078503 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra13761c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Blending an aromatic-selective ionic liquid (IL, namely 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [emim][PF6]) with waterborne polyurethane (WPU) enabled us to obtain [emim][PF6]-modified waterborne polyurethane composite membranes. We characterized the structure and properties of the [emim][PF6]/WPU composite membranes by ATR-FTIR, DSC, UV, SEM, EDX, swelling tests, and pervaporation testing. Characterization of the change in the morphology of the membranes in response to the IL loading indicated that a preferential interaction between the IL and soft segments of WPU was induced by hydrogen bonding. This interaction inhibited a potential interaction with benzene (Bz), which initially lowered the permeability. However, at high IL loading, the IL incorporation became ineffective owing to macrophase separation, which caused an increase in the permeability, as indicated by the SEM results. Swelling testing of the [emim][PF6]/WPU composite membranes showed that the membranes exhibited preferential adsorption of Bz, and the swelling degree of the composite membranes in Bz solvent increased from 58% to 98% and remained almost constant in cyclohexane solvent as the IL content was increased. The [emim][PF6]/WPU composite membranes enhanced the separation selectivity of Bz/Cy for an IL loading < 10 wt%. The best separation factor was 8.4, and the total flux was 0.19 kg (m2 h)−1 (50 wt% Bz/Cy mixtures at 50 °C) at w([emim][PF6]) : w(WPU) = 10 : 100. In addition, the composite membrane exhibited excellent stability over long-term operation. These results demonstrated that the [emim][PF6]/WPU composite membranes could be effective for separation of Bz/Cy mixtures by the pervaporation method. Possible model of interactions in [emim][PF6]/WPU composite membranes.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Xi
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Controllable Chemistry Reaction & Material Chemical
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Tang
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Controllable Chemistry Reaction & Material Chemical
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
| | - Wentao Hao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Controllable Chemistry Reaction & Material Chemical
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lulu Yao
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Controllable Chemistry Reaction & Material Chemical
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Cui
- School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Controllable Chemistry Reaction & Material Chemical
- Hefei University of Technology
- Hefei
- People's Republic of China
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30
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Jiang B, Tao W, Dou H, Sun Y, Xiao X, Zhang L, Yang N. A Novel Supported Liquid Membrane Based on Binary Metal Chloride Deep Eutectic Solvents for Ethylene/Ethane Separation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b03843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Jiang
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Wenjun Tao
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haozhen Dou
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yongli Sun
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Xiaoming Xiao
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Luhong Zhang
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering (Tianjin), Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Na Yang
- School
of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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31
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Zarca R, Ortiz A, Gorri D, Ortiz I. Generalized predictive modeling for facilitated transport membranes accounting for fixed and mobile carriers. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Synthesis, characterization, and CO2 separation performance of polyether sulfone/[EMIM][Tf2N] ionic liquid-polymeric membranes (ILPMs). J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Jiang B, Dou H, Zhang L, Wang B, Sun Y, Yang H, Huang Z, Bi H. Novel supported liquid membranes based on deep eutectic solvents for olefin-paraffin separation via facilitated transport. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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34
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Preparation and characterization of novel Ionic liquid/Pebax membranes for efficient CO 2 /light gases separation. J IND ENG CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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35
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Zarca R, Ortiz A, Gorri D, Ortiz I. A practical approach to fixed-site-carrier facilitated transport modeling for the separation of propylene/propane mixtures through silver-containing polymeric membranes. Sep Purif Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.02.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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36
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Ghasemi Estahbanati E, Omidkhah M, Ebadi Amooghin A. Interfacial Design of Ternary Mixed Matrix Membranes Containing Pebax 1657/Silver-Nanopowder/[BMIM][BF 4] for Improved CO 2 Separation Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:10094-10105. [PMID: 28225597 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this research, Pebax1657 as an organic phase and silver nanoparticles as an inorganic phase were used for preparation of binary mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). Silver nanoparticles as a filler could enter the polymer chains and enhance the gas permeability by increasing the fractional free volume of membranes. Afterward, ternary MMMs were fabricated by addition of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM][BF4]) ionic liquid, in order to have better polymer/filler adhesion and eliminate interfacial defects and nonselective voids. In addition, positively polarized silver nanoparticles in the presence of the IL could interact with PEO segment of the polymer and increase the CO2 affinity of membranes, which results in increasing the CO2/light gases permselectivity of MMMs. Gas permeation properties of MMMs were studied at a temperature of 35 °C and operating pressures from 2 to 10 bar. Moreover, fabricated membranes were characterized by fourier transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). The analysis revealed that there is a proper adhesion between positively charged surface of nanoparticles and the polymer, and both filler and IL decrease the crystallinity of the membranes, which could enhance the polar gas transport properties. Gas permeation results showed significant enhancement in CO2 permeability (325 Barrer) for binary membrane (Pebax 1657/1%Ag) at 35 °C and 10 bar. Moreover, ternary MMM (Pebax 1657/0.5%Ag/50%IL) encountered significant increase in both permeability and selectivity in comparison with neat membrane. Indeed, the CO2 permeability increased from 110 Barrer to 180 (about 64%). Moreover, the related CO2/CH4 and CO2/N2 selectivities were increased from 20.8 to 61.0 (more than 193%) and from 78.6 to 187.5 (about 139%), respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammadreza Omidkhah
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University , P.O. Box 14115-143, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abtin Ebadi Amooghin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Arak University , Arak 38156-8-8349, Iran
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37
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An H, Park S, Kwon HT, Jeong HK, Lee JS. A new superior competitor for exceptional propylene/propane separations: ZIF-67 containing mixed matrix membranes. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Synthesis and gas separation properties of poly(ionic liquid)-ionic liquid composite membranes containing a copper salt. J Memb Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2016.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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Zarca R, Ortiz A, Gorri D, Ortiz I. Facilitated Transport of Propylene Through Composite Polymer-Ionic Liquid Membranes. Mass Transfer Analysis. CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND PROCESS MODELING 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/cppm-2015-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Separation of light gaseous olefins from paraffin’s of the refinery process off-gasses has been traditionally performed by cryogenic distillation, which is a highly capital and energy intensive operation. This handicap creates an incentive for the investigation of alternative olefin/paraffin separation technologies. In this regard, membrane technology supposes a potential solution for process intensification. Previous works of our research group reported the use of facilitated transport composite membranes integrating the use of PVDF-HFP polymer, BMImBF4 ionic liquid and AgBF4 silver salt. In this type of membranes, the silver cations react selectively and reversibly with the olefin, allowing the separation via mobile and fixed carrier mechanisms. Ionic liquids were selected as membrane additives because in addition to their negligible vapor pressure that avoids solvent losses by evaporation, they provide stability to the metallic cation dissolved inside, and modify the structure improving the facilitated transport. This technology offers a commercial attractive separation alternative thanks to their modular form of operation, high values of selectivity and permeability and low operational costs. In the present work, propane/propylene permeation experiments involving the use ionic liquids and different membrane compositions were performed. Moreover, basing on the transport and equilibrium parameters previously obtained, a mathematical model description of the system will be proposed fitting the remaining parameters and allowing the design and optimization of the propane/propylene separation process at industrial levels.
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40
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Shaplov AS, Morozova SM, Lozinskaya EI, Vlasov PS, Gouveia ASL, Tomé LC, Marrucho IM, Vygodskii YS. Turning into poly(ionic liquid)s as a tool for polyimide modification: synthesis, characterization and CO2 separation properties. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5py01553g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
A synthetic method for the transformation of polyimides into poly(ionic liquid)s with improved properties is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S. Shaplov
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS)
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Sofia M. Morozova
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS)
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Elena I. Lozinskaya
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS)
- Moscow
- Russia
| | - Petr S. Vlasov
- Department of Macromolecular Chemistry
- Saint-Petersburg State University
- Saint-Petersburg
- Russia
| | - Andreia S. L. Gouveia
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- 2780-157 Oeiras
- Portugal
| | - Liliana C. Tomé
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- 2780-157 Oeiras
- Portugal
| | - Isabel M. Marrucho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier
- Universidade Nova de Lisboa
- 2780-157 Oeiras
- Portugal
| | - Yakov S. Vygodskii
- A.N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds Russian Academy of Sciences (INEOS RAS)
- Moscow
- Russia
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41
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Lakshmi DS, Cundari T, Furia E, Tagarelli A, Fiorani G, Carraro M, Figoli A. Preparation of Polymeric Membranes and Microcapsules Using an Ionic Liquid as Morphology Control Additive. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/masy.201400214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Shanthana Lakshmi
- Institute on Membrane Technology, ITM-CNR; via P. Bucci, cubo 17/C 87030 Rende (CS) Italy
| | - Teresa Cundari
- Chemistry and Chemical Technologies Department; University of Calabria; 12c 87030 Rende Italy
| | - Emilia Furia
- Chemistry and Chemical Technologies Department; University of Calabria; 12c 87030 Rende Italy
| | - Antonio Tagarelli
- Chemistry and Chemical Technologies Department; University of Calabria; 12c 87030 Rende Italy
| | - Giulia Fiorani
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova and ITM-CNR Via Marzolo; 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Mauro Carraro
- Department of Chemical Sciences; University of Padova and ITM-CNR Via Marzolo; 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Alberto Figoli
- Institute on Membrane Technology, ITM-CNR; via P. Bucci, cubo 17/C 87030 Rende (CS) Italy
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42
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Ma X, Williams S, Wei X, Kniep J, Lin Y. Propylene/Propane Mixture Separation Characteristics and Stability of Carbon Molecular Sieve Membranes. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b02721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Ma
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Suzanne Williams
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Xiaotong Wei
- Membrane Technology and Research, Inc., Newark, California 94560, United States
| | - Jay Kniep
- Membrane Technology and Research, Inc., Newark, California 94560, United States
| | - Y.S. Lin
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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43
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Song D, Kang YS, Kang SW. Highly permeable and stabilized olefin transport membranes based on a poly(ethylene oxide) matrix and Al(NO3)3. J Memb Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2014.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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44
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45
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Kárászová M, Kacirková M, Friess K, Izák P. Progress in separation of gases by permeation and liquids by pervaporation using ionic liquids: A review. Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Zarca G, Ortiz I, Urtiaga A. Facilitated-transport supported ionic liquid membranes for the simultaneous recovery of hydrogen and carbon monoxide from nitrogen-enriched gas mixtures. Chem Eng Res Des 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2013.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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