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Application of Design of Experiments to the Analysis of Fruit Juice Deacidification Using Electrodialysis with Monopolar Membranes. Foods 2022; 11:foods11121770. [PMID: 35741968 PMCID: PMC9222609 DOI: 10.3390/foods11121770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite the beneficial health effects of fruit juices, the high content of organic acids and low pH of some of them limit their consumption. The aim of this work was to study the deacidification of fruit juices using electrodialysis (ED) with monopolar membranes. Aqueous solutions of citric acid were used in ED deacidification experiments following a factorial design with citric acid concentration and electric current varying in the ranges of 5–25 g/L and 0.5–1 A, respectively. The design runs were characterized by a constant Faraday efficiency of 0.37 ± 0.03, suggesting that the triple-charged citrate ion (Cit3−) carried the electric charge through the anionic membranes. During deacidification, the pH increased in agreement with the decreasing concentration of the acid. Deacidification of pineapple juice or pineapple juice enriched with 20 g/L of citric acid using ED led to similar values of the Faraday efficiency, confirming that Cit3− is the main ion migrating through the anionic membrane. However, the decrease in titratable acidity during ED treatment was accompanied by a decrease in pH. Such behavior, already reported, was explained by considering proton generation during the transformation of the single (H2Cit−) and double-charged (HCit2−) citrate ions into the triple-charged ion (Cit3−) when entering the anionic membrane.
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Pismenskaya N, Rybalkina O, Kozmai A, Tsygurina K, Melnikova E, Nikonenko V. Generation of H+ and OH− ions in anion-exchange membrane/ampholyte-containing solution systems: A study using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.117920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Moscetti R, Massantini R, Fidaleo M. Application on-line NIR spectroscopy and other process analytical technology tools to the characterization of soy sauce desalting by electrodialysis. J FOOD ENG 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Rybalkina O, Tsygurina K, Melnikova E, Mareev S, Moroz I, Nikonenko V, Pismenskaya N. Partial Fluxes of Phosphoric Acid Anions through Anion-Exchange Membranes in the Course of NaH 2PO 4 Solution Electrodialysis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E3593. [PMID: 31340475 PMCID: PMC6678999 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20143593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrodialysis (ED) with ion-exchange membranes is a promising method for the extraction of phosphates from municipal and other wastewater in order to obtain cheap mineral fertilizers. Phosphorus is transported through an anion-exchange membrane (AEM) by anions of phosphoric acid. However, which phosphoric acid anions carry the phosphorus in the membrane and the boundary solution, that is, the mechanism of phosphorus transport, is not yet clear. Some authors report an unexpectedly low current efficiency of this process and high energy consumption. In this paper, we report the partial currents of H2PO4-, HPO42-, and PO43- through Neosepta AMX and Fujifilm AEM Type X membranes, as well as the partial currents of H2PO4- and H+ ions through a depleted diffusion layer of a 0.02 M NaH2PO4 feed solution measured as functions of the applied potential difference across the membrane under study. It was shown that the fraction of the current transported by anions through AEMs depend on the total current density/potential difference. This was due to the fact that the pH of the internal solution in the membrane increases with the growing current due to the increasing concentration polarization (a lower electrolyte concentration at the membrane surface leads to higher pH shift in the membrane). The HPO42- ions contributed to the charge transfer even when a low current passed through the membrane; with an increasing current, the contribution of the HPO42- ions grew, and when the current was about 2.5 ilimLev (ilimLev was the theoretical limiting current density), the PO43- ions started to carry the charge through the membrane. However, in the feed solution, the pH was 4.6 and only H2PO4- ions were present. When H2PO4- ions entered the membrane, a part of them transformed into doubly and triply charged anions; the H+ ions were released in this transformation and returned to the depleted diffusion layer. Thus, the phosphorus total flux, jP (equal to the sum of the fluxes of all phosphorus-bearing species) was limited by the H2PO4- transport from the bulk of feed solution to the membrane surface. The value of jP was close to ilimLev/F (F is the Faraday constant). A slight excess of jP over ilimLev/F was observed, which is due to the electroconvection and exaltation effects. The visualization showed that electroconvection in the studied systems was essentially weaker than in systems with strong electrolytes, such as NaCl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olesya Rybalkina
- Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya st., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Kseniya Tsygurina
- Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya st., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | | | - Semyon Mareev
- Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya st., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Ilya Moroz
- Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya st., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia
| | - Victor Nikonenko
- Kuban State University, 149 Stavropolskaya st., 350040 Krasnodar, Russia.
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Paltrinieri L, Huerta E, Puts T, van Baak W, Verver AB, Sudhölter EJ, de Smet LCPM. Functionalized Anion-Exchange Membranes Facilitate Electrodialysis of Citrate and Phosphate from Model Dairy Wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2396-2404. [PMID: 30574781 PMCID: PMC6407041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the preparation of a new, functional anion-exchange membrane (AEM), containing guanidinium groups as the anion-exchanging sites (Gu-100), is described as well as the membrane characterization by XPS, water uptake, permselectivities, and electrical resistances. The functional membrane was also employed in pH-dependent electrodialysis experiments using model dairy wastewater streams. The properties of the new membrane are compared to those of a commercially available anion-exchange membrane bearing conventional quaternary ammonium groups (Gu-0). Guanidinium was chosen for its specific binding properties toward oxyanions: e.g., phosphate. This functional moiety was covalently coupled to an acrylate monomer via a facile two-step synthesis to yield bulk-modified membranes upon polymerization. Significant differences were observed in the electrodialysis experiments for Gu-0 and Gu-100 at pH 7, showing an enhanced phosphate and citrate transport for Gu-100 in comparison to Gu-0. At pH 10 the difference is much more pronounced: for Gu-0 membranes almost no phosphate and citrate transport could be detected, while the Gu-100 membranes transported both ions significantly. We conclude that having guanidinium groups as anion-exchange sites improves the selectivity of AEMs. As the presented monomer synthesis strategy is modular, we consider the implementation of functional groups into a polymer-based membrane via the synthesis of tailor-made monomers as an important step toward selective ion transport, which is relevant for various fields, including water treatment processes and fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Paltrinieri
- Delft
University of Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Van der Maasweg
9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- Wetsus−European
centre of excellence for sustainable water technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8932 PG Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Huerta
- FUJIFILM
Manufacturing Europe BV, Oudenstaart 1, 5000 LJ Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Puts
- FUJIFILM
Manufacturing Europe BV, Oudenstaart 1, 5000 LJ Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Willem van Baak
- FUJIFILM
Manufacturing Europe BV, Oudenstaart 1, 5000 LJ Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Albert B. Verver
- FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 4, 3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J.R. Sudhölter
- Delft
University of Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Van der Maasweg
9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C. P. M. de Smet
- Delft
University of Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Van der Maasweg
9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- Wetsus−European
centre of excellence for sustainable water technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8932 PG Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Wageningen
University & Research, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Physicochemical interactions of organic acids influencing microstructure and permselectivity of anion exchange membrane. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Melnikova E, Pismenskaya N, Bazinet L, Mikhaylin S, Nikonenko V. Effect of ampholyte nature on current-voltage characteristic of anion-exchange membrane. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.07.186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Zhang Y, Zhang W, Cházaro-Ruiz LF. Porous PVDF/PANI ion-exchange membrane (IEM) modified by polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and lithium chloride in the application of membrane capacitive deionisation (MCDI). WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2018; 77:2311-2319. [PMID: 29757183 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2018.152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)/polyaniline (PANI) heterogeneous anion-exchange membranes filled with pore-forming agents polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and lithium chloride were prepared by the solution-casting technique using the solvent 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) and a two-step phase inversion procedure. Key properties of the as-prepared membranes, such as hydrophilicity, water content, ion exchange capacity, fixed ion concentration, conductivity and transport number were examined and compared between membranes in different conditions. The pore-forming hydrophilic additives PVP and lithium chloride to the casting solution appeared to improve the ion-exchange membranes (IEMs) by increasing the conductivity, transport number and hydrophilicity. The effects of increasing membrane drying time on the porosity of the as-prepared membranes were found to lower membrane porosity by reducing membrane water content. However, pore-forming agents were found to be able to stabilise membrane transport number with different drying times. As-prepared PVDF/PANI anion-exchange membrane with pore-forming agent is demonstrated to be a more efficient candidate for water purification (e.g. desalination) and other industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhang
- School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, SA 5095, Australia E-mail:
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Natural and Built Environments, University of South Australia, SA 5095, Australia E-mail: ; Systems and Process Engineering Centre, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Bay Campus, Swansea SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Luis F Cházaro-Ruiz
- División de Ciencias Ambientales, Instituto Potosino de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica, A.C., Camino a la Presa San José 2055, Lomas 4a Sección, SLP, San Luis Potosí, 78216, México C.P
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Galvanin F, Marchesini R, Barolo M, Bezzo F, Fidaleo M. Optimal design of experiments for parameter identification in electrodialysis models. Chem Eng Res Des 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2015.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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