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Lam SF, Shang X, Ghosh R. Membrane-Based Hybrid Method for Purifying PEGylated Proteins. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:182. [PMID: 36837684 PMCID: PMC9966431 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13020182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
PEGylated proteins are usually purified using chromatographic methods, which are limited in terms of both speed and scalability. In this paper, we describe a microfiltration membrane-based hybrid method for purifying PEGylated proteins. Polyethylene glycol (or PEG) is a lower critical solution temperature polymer which undergoes phase transition in the presence of a lyotropic salt and forms micelle-like structures which are several microns in size. In the proposed hybrid method, the PEGylated proteins are first converted to their micellar form by the addition of a lyotropic salt (1.65 M ammonium sulfate). While the micelles are retained using a microfiltration membrane, soluble impurities such as the unmodified protein are washed out through the membrane. The PEGylated proteins thus retained by the membrane are recovered by solubilizing them by removing the lyotropic salt. Further, by precisely controlling the salt removal, the different PEGylated forms of the protein, i.e., mono-PEGylated and di-PEGylated forms, are fractionated from each other. Hybrid separation using two different types of microfiltration membrane devices, i.e., a stirred cell and a tangential flow filtration device, are examined in this paper. The membrane-based hybrid method for purifying PEGylated proteins is both fast and scalable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Raja Ghosh
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-905-525-9140 (ext. 27415)
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2
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Mao L, Russell AJ, Carmali S. Moving Protein PEGylation from an Art to a Data Science. Bioconjug Chem 2022; 33:1643-1653. [PMID: 35994522 PMCID: PMC9501918 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
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PEGylation is a well-established and clinically proven
half-life
extension strategy for protein delivery. Protein modification with
amine-reactive poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) generates heterogeneous
and complex bioconjugate mixtures, often composed of several PEG positional
isomers with varied therapeutic efficacy. Laborious and costly experiments
for reaction optimization and purification are needed to generate
a therapeutically useful PEG conjugate. Kinetic models which accurately
predict the outcome of so-called “random” PEGylation
reactions provide an opportunity to bypass extensive wet lab experimentation
and streamline the bioconjugation process. In this study, we propose
a protein tertiary structure-dependent reactivity model that describes
the rate of protein-amine PEGylation and introduces “PEG chain
coverage” as a tangible metric to assess the shielding effect
of PEG chains. This structure-dependent reactivity model was implemented
into three models (linear, structure-based, and machine-learned) to
gain insight into how protein-specific molecular descriptors (exposed
surface areas, pKa, and surface charge)
impacted amine reactivity at each site. Linear and machine-learned
models demonstrated over 75% prediction accuracy with butylcholinesterase.
Model validation with Somavert, PEGASYS, and phenylalanine ammonia
lyase showed good correlation between predicted and experimentally
determined degrees of modification. Our structure-dependent reactivity
model was also able to simulate PEGylation progress curves and estimate
“PEGmer” distribution with accurate predictions across
different proteins, PEG linker chemistry, and PEG molecular weights.
Moreover, in-depth analysis of these simulated reaction curves highlighted
possible PEG conformational transitions (from dumbbell to brush) on the surface of lysozyme, as a function
of PEG molecular weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leran Mao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Alan J Russell
- Amgen Inc., Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Sheiliza Carmali
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, BT9 7BL United Kingdom
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3
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Chen G, Butani N, Ghosh R. Fast and high-resolution fractionation of positional isomers of a PEGylated protein using membrane chromatography. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2022; 1203:123292. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2022.123292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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4
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Development of an integrated continuous PEGylation and purification Process for granulocyte colony stimulating factor. J Biotechnol 2020; 322:79-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2020.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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5
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Chen G, Umatheva U, Pagano J, Yu D, Ghose S, Li Z, Ghosh R. High-resolution purification of a therapeutic PEGylated protein using a cuboid packed-bed device. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1630:461524. [PMID: 32920248 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PEGylated proteins which are a class of protein-synthetic polymer conjugates that have shown significant promise in the area of biotherapeutics are difficult to purify. A cuboid packed-bed device was used to purify a mono-PEGylated therapeutic protein from impurities such as high molecular weight (HMW) species (e.g., tri- and/or di-PEGylated forms), and low molecular weight (LMW) species such as unreacted protein and polyethylene glycol (or PEG). The separation efficiency of this device was compared with that of an equivalent cylindrical column. The effects of operating conditions such as flow rate, buffer composition, elution gradient, and column loading were systematically compared. An equivalent column with the same bed volume, same resin and same bed height was served as control. In mono-PEGylated protein purifications experiments, the cuboid packed-bed device exhibited sharper peaks and gave better resolution at all conditions examined in this study. The purity of mono-PEGylated protein in the samples collected from the cuboid packed-bed device and the column were comparable, i.e., 98.1% and 97.9% respectively. The recovery of mono-PEGylated protein in the pooled eluate from the cuboid packed-bed device was 31.7% greater than that recovered in the pooled eluate from the column. Therefore, significantly higher recovery of mono-PEGylated protein was obtained with the cuboid packed-bed device while maintaining the same purity specification as obtained with the column.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqiang Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - Umatheny Umatheva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - John Pagano
- Biologics Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3510F-BDB231, 38 Jackson Road, Devens MA 01434, United States
| | - Deqiang Yu
- Biologics Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3510F-BDB231, 38 Jackson Road, Devens MA 01434, United States
| | - Sanchayita Ghose
- Biologics Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3510F-BDB231, 38 Jackson Road, Devens MA 01434, United States
| | - Zhengjian Li
- Biologics Process Development, Bristol-Myers Squibb, 3510F-BDB231, 38 Jackson Road, Devens MA 01434, United States
| | - Raja Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada.
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Madadkar P, Selvaganapathy PR, Ghosh R. Continuous flow microreactor for protein PEGylation. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:044114. [PMID: 30174773 PMCID: PMC6102118 DOI: 10.1063/1.5030984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
PEGylation is increasingly being utilized to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of biopharmaceuticals. Various chemistries and reaction conditions have been established to synthesize PEGylated proteins and more are being developed. Both the extent of conversion and selectivity of protein PEGylation are highly sensitive to process variables and parameters. Therefore, microfluidic-based high-throughput screening platforms would be highly suitable for optimization of protein PEGylation. As part of this study, a poly-dimethylsiloxane-based continuous flow microreactor system was designed and its performance was compared head-to-head with a batch reactor. The reactants within the microreactor were contacted by passive micromixing based on chaotic advection generated by staggered herringbone grooves embedded in serpentine microchannels. The microreactor system was provided with means for on-chip reaction quenching. Lysozyme was used as the model protein while methoxy-polyethylene glycol-(CH2)5COO-NHS was used as the PEGylation reagent. Full mixing was achieved close to the microreactor inlet, making the device suitable for protein PEGylation. The effect of mixing type, i.e., simple stirring versus chaotic laminar mixing on PEGylation, was investigated. Higher selectivity (as high as 100% selectivity) was obtained with the microreactor while the conversion was marginally lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- P. Madadkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - P. R. Selvaganapathy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
| | - R. Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L7, Canada
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Ulmer N, Pfister D, Morbidelli M. Reactive separation processes for the production of PEGylated proteins. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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8
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Xiaojiao S, Corbett B, Macdonald B, Mhaskar P, Ghosh R. Modeling and Optimization of Protein PEGylation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.6b03122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shang Xiaojiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S
4L7, Canada
| | - Brandon Corbett
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S
4L7, Canada
| | - Brian Macdonald
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S
4L7, Canada
| | - Prashant Mhaskar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S
4L7, Canada
| | - Raja Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S
4L7, Canada
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Pfister D, Ingold O, Morbidelli M. Model-based development of an on-column PEGylation process. REACT CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5re00019j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
On-column PEGylation appears as an interesting alternative to classical solution reaction for more selective synthesis of the targeted mono-PEGylated protein. Indeed, it has the potential to inhibit the formation of the multi-PEGylated species and provide site selectivity by restricting the coupling reaction to fewer reaction sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Pfister
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH
- Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Oliver Ingold
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH
- Zurich
- Switzerland
| | - Massimo Morbidelli
- Institute of Chemical and Bioengineering
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences
- ETH
- Zurich
- Switzerland
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