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López-Gálvez J, Schiessl K, Besmer MD, Bruckmann C, Harms H, Müller S. Development of an Automated Online Flow Cytometry Method to Quantify Cell Density and Fingerprint Bacterial Communities. Cells 2023; 12:1559. [PMID: 37371029 DOI: 10.3390/cells12121559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell density is an important factor in all microbiome research, where interactions are of interest. It is also the most important parameter for the operation and control of most biotechnological processes. In the past, cell density determination was often performed offline and manually, resulting in a delay between sampling and immediate data processing, preventing quick action. While there are now some online methods for rapid and automated cell density determination, they are unable to distinguish between the different cell types in bacterial communities. To address this gap, an online automated flow cytometry procedure is proposed for real-time high-resolution analysis of bacterial communities. On the one hand, it allows for the online automated calculation of cell concentrations and, on the other, for the differentiation between different cell subsets of a bacterial community. To achieve this, the OC-300 automation device (onCyt Microbiology, Zürich, Switzerland) was coupled with the flow cytometer CytoFLEX (Beckman Coulter, Brea, USA). The OC-300 performs the automatic sampling, dilution, fixation and 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) staining of a bacterial sample before sending it to the CytoFLEX for measurement. It is demonstrated that this method can reproducibly measure both cell density and fingerprint-like patterns of bacterial communities, generating suitable data for powerful automated data analysis and interpretation pipelines. In particular, the automated, high-resolution partitioning of clustered data into cell subsets opens up the possibility of correlation analysis to identify the operational or abiotic/biotic causes of community disturbances or state changes, which can influence the interaction potential of organisms in microbiomes or even affect the performance of individual organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan López-Gálvez
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Michael D Besmer
- onCyt Microbiology AG, Marchwartstrasse 61, 8038 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Bruckmann
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hauke Harms
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Susann Müller
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research, Permoserstraße 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Liu T, Wang Z, Wu L, Guo M, Yang C, Cao X, Qiu X, Kong Z, Zhong M, Pan B, Ke Y, Zheng X. Acute impact of Hg 2+, Cu 2+, and Ag + on the formation of biopolymers and nitrogenous soluble microbiological products in activated sludge for wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115388. [PMID: 33254703 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the present work, acute impact of heavy metals on activated sludge was investigated, specifically the release of biopolymers and nitrogenous soluble microbiological products (N-SMP) that significantly impact tertiary effluent quality. Based on the previously reported studies, Hg2+ and Ag+ were selected as representative "non-essential" heavy metals, while Cu2+ was selected as the "essential" heavy metal. Stress tests show that under the present experimental conditions, adding a higher concentration of heavy metals to the activated sludge increases the concentration of biopolymers and SMP in the supernatant; N-SMP increased more significantly than carbonaceous products, implying a greater risk of formation of toxic nitrogenous disinfection by-products or membrane fouling in relevant tertiary treatment processes. The severity of the release of SMP into the supernatant depended on the heavy metal, with an order of Hg2+ > Ag+ > Cu2+ ("non-essential" > "essential") under identical molar concentrations. The mass balance of typical organics (e.g., biopolymers) in SMP and extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) in activated sludge was analyzed, and a negative correlation between the organics in the SMP and tightly bound EPS was observed, implying that a significant fraction of the SMP could be quickly released from the tightly bound EPS under heavy metal shock conditions and could be related to cell response or damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China.
| | - Zi Wang
- National Supervision & Inspection Center of Environmental Protection Equipment Quality (Jiangsu), Yixing, 214205, China.
| | - Linjie Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Menghan Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Chanyu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Xin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Xiaopeng Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Zan Kong
- National Supervision & Inspection Center of Environmental Protection Equipment Quality (Jiangsu), Yixing, 214205, China
| | - Min Zhong
- National Supervision & Inspection Center of Environmental Protection Equipment Quality (Jiangsu), Yixing, 214205, China
| | - Baozhu Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Yanchun Ke
- Aerospace Kaitian Environmental Technology Co., Ltd., Changsha, 410100, China
| | - Xing Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Eco-Hydraulics in Northwest Arid Region of China, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, 710048, China.
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Lee BY, Kim J, Kim WJ, Kim JK. Dual functional membrane capable of both visual sensing and blocking of waterborne virus. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Lee EJ, An AKJ, Hadi P, Yan DYS, Kim HS. A mechanistic study of in situ chemical cleaning-in-place for a PTFE flat sheet membrane: fouling mitigation and membrane characterization. BIOFOULING 2016; 32:301-312. [PMID: 26905269 DOI: 10.1080/08927014.2016.1140746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed at unfolding the role and mechanisms of chemically enhanced cleaning-in-place (CIP) regimes in fouling control of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) made flat sheet (FS) membrane bio-reactors (MBRs). The trans-membrane pressure (TMP) was successfully maintained below 10 kPa using a daily CIP regime consisting of 100 to 600 mg l(-1) of NaOCl and cake layer resistance control was shown to be critical for effective high-flux MBR operation. In contrast, in the control unit without the CIP, the TMP exceeded 35 kPa at a flux of 40 LMH. The extracellular polymeric substances associated with proteins (EPSprotein) were also controlled effectively with a daily application of the CIP to the fouled membrane. Moreover, the CIP prompted a thinner and looser bio-cake layer on the membrane surface, suggesting that in situ CIP can be a favorable method to control FS membrane fouling at high-flux MBR operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eui-Jong Lee
- a Faculty of Science & Technology , School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , PR China
| | - Alicia K J An
- a Faculty of Science & Technology , School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , PR China
| | - Pejman Hadi
- a Faculty of Science & Technology , School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , PR China
| | - Dickson Y S Yan
- b Faculty of Science & Technology , the Technological and Higher Education Institute of Hong Kong , Hong Kong , PR China
| | - Hyung-Sook Kim
- c Department of Food and Nutrition , School of Human Ecology, The University of Suwon , Hwaseong-Si , Republic of Korea
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