1
|
Cosquer R, Pruvost S, Gouanvé F. Effect of Temperature and Humidity on the Water and Dioxygen Transport Properties of Polybutylene Succinate/Graphene Nanoplatelets Nanocomposite Films. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:721. [PMID: 35877924 PMCID: PMC9316474 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12070721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposite films of polybutylene succinate (PBS)/graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) with a GnP content ranging from 0 to 1.35 wt.% were prepared by melt processing. The morphology of both the neat PBS and PBS/GnP nanocomposites were investigated and revealed no significant impact of GnP on the crystalline microstructure. Moisture sorption at 10 °C, 25 °C, and 40 °C were analyzed and modeled using the Guggenheim, Andersen, and De Boer (GAB) equation and Zimm-Lundberg theory, allowing for a phenomenological analysis at the molecular scale. An understanding of the transport sorption properties was proposed by the determination of the molar heat of sorption (ΔHs), and the activation energy of the diffusion (Ed) of water in the matrix since both solubility and diffusion are thermo-activable properties. Both ΔHs and Ed showed a good correlation with the water clustering theory at high water activity. Water and dioxygen permeabilities ( and ) were determined as a function of temperature and water activity. and decreased with the addition of a small amount of GnP, regardless of the studied temperature. Moreover, the evolution of as a function of water activity was driven by the solubility process, whereas at a given water activity, was driven by the diffusion process. Activation energies of the permeability (Ep) of water and dioxygen showed a dependency on the nature of the permeant molecule. Finally, from the ΔHs, Ed, and Ep obtained values, the reduction in water permeability with the addition of a low content of GnP was attributed mainly to a tortuosity effect without diffusive interfaces rather than a significant change in the transport property mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabrice Gouanvé
- Univ Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5223, Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSA Lyon, Université Jean Monnet, CEDEX, F-69621 Villeurbanne, France; (R.C.); (S.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Wu F, Misra M, Mohanty AK. Challenges and new opportunities on barrier performance of biodegradable polymers for sustainable packaging. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
3
|
Cosquer R, Pruvost S, Gouanvé F. Improvement of Barrier Properties of Biodegradable Polybutylene Succinate/Graphene Nanoplatelets Nanocomposites Prepared by Melt Process. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:151. [PMID: 33671479 PMCID: PMC7926900 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polybutylene Succinate (PBS)/Graphene nanoplatelets (GnP) nanocomposites over a range of GnP from 0 to 1.35 wt.%. were prepared by a melt process. A mixture of individual graphene nanosheets and aggregates was obtained by the addition of GnP in the PBS matrix. The presence of these fillers did not significantly modify the morphology, crystalline microstructure of the matrix or its thermal stability. However, a slight reinforcement effect of PBS was reported in the presence of GnP. The water sorption isotherm modelling with Guggenheim, Andersen and De Boer (GAB) equation and Zimm-Lundberg theory allowed a phenomenological analysis at the molecular scale. The presence of GnP did not modify the water sorption capacity of the PBS matrix. From a kinetic point of view, a decrease of the diffusion coefficient with the increasing GnP content was obtained and was attributed to a tortuosity effect. The influence of water activity was discussed over a range of 0.5 to 1 and 0 to 0.9 for water and dioxygen permeability. Improvement of the barrier properties by 38% and 35% for water and dioxygen permeability respectively were obtained.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raphaël Cosquer
- UMR CNRS 5223 IMP Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Univ Lyon INSA Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (R.C.); (S.P.)
- UMR CNRS 5223 IMP Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Univ Lyon Université Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sébastien Pruvost
- UMR CNRS 5223 IMP Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Univ Lyon INSA Lyon, 69621 Villeurbanne, France; (R.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Fabrice Gouanvé
- UMR CNRS 5223 IMP Ingénierie des Matériaux Polymères, Univ Lyon Université Lyon 1, 69622 Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Biodegradable PLA/PBSA Multinanolayer Nanocomposites: Effect of Nanoclays Incorporation in Multinanolayered Structure on Mechanical and Water Barrier Properties. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10122561. [PMID: 33419300 PMCID: PMC7767261 DOI: 10.3390/nano10122561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable PLA/PBSA multinanolayer nanocomposites were obtained from semi-crystalline poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA) nanolayers filled with nanoclays and confined against amorphous poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanolayers in a continuous manner by applying an innovative coextrusion technology. The cloisite 30B (C30B) filler incorporation in nanolayers was considered to be an improvement of barrier properties of the multilayer films additional to the confinement effect resulting to forced assembly during the multilayer coextrusion process. 2049-layer films of ~300 µm thick were processed containing loaded PBSA nanolayers of ~200 nm, which presented certain homogeneity and were mostly continuous for the 80/20 wt% PLA/PBSA composition. The nanocomposite PBSA films (monolayer) were also processed for comparison. The presence of exfoliated and intercalated clay structure and some aggregates were observed within the PBSA nanolayers depending on the C30B content. A greater reduction of macromolecular chain segment mobility was measured due to combined effects of confinement effect and clays constraints. The absence of both polymer and clays interdiffusions was highlighted since the PLA glass transition was unchanged. Besides, a larger increase in local chain rigidification was evidenced through RAF values due to geometrical constraints initiated by close nanoclay contact without changing the crystallinity of PBSA. Tortuosity effects into the filled PBSA layers adding to confinement effects induced by PLA layers have caused a significant improvement of water barrier properties through a reduction of water permeability, water vapor solubility and water vapor diffusivity. The obtaining barrier properties were successfully correlated to microstructure, thermal properties and mobility of PBSA amorphous phase.
Collapse
|
5
|
|
6
|
Huang YX, Huang HX. Rheological behavior of well-dispersed polypropylene/halloysite nanotube composites prepared by water-assisted mixing extrusion. IRANIAN POLYMER JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s13726-019-00742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
7
|
A comparative study of degradation mechanisms of PHBV and PBSA under laboratory-scale composting conditions. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
8
|
Kujawa J, Rynkowska E, Fatyeyeva K, Knozowska K, Wolan A, Dzieszkowski K, Li G, Kujawski W. Preparation and Characterization of Cellulose Acetate Propionate Films Functionalized with Reactive Ionic Liquids. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1217. [PMID: 31330836 PMCID: PMC6680812 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
1-(1,3-diethoxy-1,3-dioxopropan-2-ylo)-3-methylimidazolium bromide (RIL1_Br), 1-(2-etoxy-2-oxoethyl)-3-methylimidazolium bromide (RIL2_Br), 1-(2-etoxy-2-oxoethyl)-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate (RIL3_BF4) ionic liquids were synthesized. Subsequently, the dense cellulose acetate propionate (CAP)-based materials containing from 9 to 28.6 wt % of these reactive ionic liquids were elaborated. Reactive ionic liquids (RILs) were immobilized in CAP as a result of the transesterification reaction. The yield of this reaction was over 90% with respect to the used RIL. The physicochemical properties of resultant films were studied using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The RIL incorporation influenced the morphology of films by increasing their surface roughness with the rise of RIL content. The thermal stability of CAP-based membranes was dependent on the nature of the ionic liquid. Nevertheless, it was proven that CAP films containing RILs were stable up to 120-150 °C. Transport properties were characterized by water permeation tests. It was found that the type and the amount of the ionic liquid in the CAP matrix substantially influenced the transport properties of the prepared hybrid materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kujawa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina Street 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Edyta Rynkowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina Street 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Kateryna Fatyeyeva
- Normandie Université, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Katarzyna Knozowska
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina Street 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Andrzej Wolan
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina Street 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Dzieszkowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina Street 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Guoqiang Li
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina Street 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kujawski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarina Street 7, 87-100 Torun, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammadreza Nofar
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Department Faculty of Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Reza Salehiyan
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Suprakas Sinha Ray
- DST-CSIR National Centre for Nanostructured Materials Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ferreira F, Dufresne A, Pinheiro I, Souza D, Gouveia R, Mei L, Lona L. How do cellulose nanocrystals affect the overall properties of biodegradable polymer nanocomposites: A comprehensive review. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
|
11
|
Preparation, characterization, and bioactivity of the polyester and tea waste green composites. Polym Bull (Berl) 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00289-018-2322-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
12
|
Espino-Pérez E, Bras J, Almeida G, Plessis C, Belgacem N, Perré P, Domenek S. Designed cellulose nanocrystal surface properties for improving barrier properties in polylactide nanocomposites. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 183:267-277. [PMID: 29352884 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Revised: 11/25/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Nanocomposites are an opportunity to increase the performance of polymer membranes by fine-tuning their morphology. In particular, the understanding of the contribution of the polymer matrix/nanofiller interface to the overall transport properties is key to design membranes with tailored selective and adsorptive properties. In that aim, cellulose nanocrystals (CNC)/polylactide (PLA) nanocomposites were fabricated with chemically designed interfaces, which were ensuring the compatibility between the constituents and impacting the mass transport mechanism. A detailed analysis of the mass transport behaviour of different permeants in CNC/PLA nanocomposites was carried out as a function of their chemical affinity to grafted CNC surfaces. Penetrants (O2 and cyclohexane), which were found to slightly interact with the constituents of the nanocomposites, provided information on the small tortuosity effect of CNC on diffusive mass transport. The mass transport of water (highly interacting with CNC) and anisole (interacting only with designed CNC surfaces) exhibited non-Fickian, Case II behaviour. The water vapour caused significant swelling of the CNC, which created a preferential pathway for mass transport. CNC surface grafting could attenuate this phenomenon and decrease the water transport rate. Anisole, an aromatic organic vapour, became reversibly trapped at the specifically designed CNC/PLA interface, but without any swelling or creation of an accelerated pathway. This caused the decrease of the overall mass transport rate. The latter finding could open a way to the creation of materials with specifically designed barrier properties by designing nanocomposites interfaces with specific interactions towards permeants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Etzael Espino-Pérez
- University Grenoble Alpes, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France; UMR Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, F-91300 Massy, France
| | - Julien Bras
- University Grenoble Alpes, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Giana Almeida
- UMR Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, F-91300 Massy, France
| | - Cédric Plessis
- UMR Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, F-91300 Massy, France
| | - Naceur Belgacem
- University Grenoble Alpes, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France; CNRS, LGP2, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Patrick Perré
- LGPM, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 8-10 rue Joliot-Curie, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette
| | - Sandra Domenek
- UMR Ingénierie Procédés Aliments, AgroParisTech, INRA, Université Paris Saclay, F-91300 Massy, France.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Messin T, Follain N, Guinault A, Sollogoub C, Gaucher V, Delpouve N, Marais S. Structure and Barrier Properties of Multinanolayered Biodegradable PLA/PBSA Films: Confinement Effect via Forced Assembly Coextrusion. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:29101-29112. [PMID: 28758727 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b08404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Multilayer coextrusion processing was applied to produce 2049-layer film of poly(butylene succinate-co-butylene adipate) (PBSA) confined against poly(lactic acid) (PLA) using forced assembly, where the PBSA layer thickness was about 60 nm. This unique technology allowed to process semicrystalline PBSA as confined polymer and amorphous PLA as confining polymer in a continuous manner. The continuity of PBSA layers within the 80/20 wt % PLA/PBSA layered films was clearly evidenced by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Similar thermal events to the reference films were revealed by thermal studies; indicating no diffusion of polymers during the melt-processing. Mechanical properties were measured for the multilayer film and the obtained results were those expected considering the fraction of each polymer, revealing the absence of delamination in the PLA/PBSA multinanolayer film. The confinement effect induced by PLA led to a slight orientation of the crystals, an increase of the rigid amorphous fraction (RAF) in PBSA with a densification of this fraction without changing film crystallinity. These structural changes allowed to strongly improve the water vapor and gas barrier properties of the PBSA layer into the multilayer film up to two decades in the case of CO2 gas. By confining the PBSA structure in very thin and continuous layers, it was then possible to improve the barrier performances of a biodegradable system and the resulting barrier properties were successfully correlated to the effect of confinement on the microstructure and the chain segment mobility of the amorphous phase. Such investigation on these multinanolayers of PLA/PBSA with the aim of evidencing relationships between microstructure implying RAF and barrier performances has never been performed yet. Besides, gas and water permeation results have shown that the barrier improvement obtained from the multilayer was mainly due to the reduction of solubility linked to the reduction of the free volume while the tortuosity effect, as usually expected, was not really observed. This work brings new insights in the field of physicochemical behaviors of new multilayer films made of biodegradable polyesters but also in interfacial processes due to the confinement effect induced in these multinanolayer structures obtained by the forced assembly coextrusion. This original coextrusion process was a very advantageous technique to produce eco-friendly materials with functional properties without the help of tie layer, additives, solvents, surface treatments, or inorganic fillers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tiphaine Messin
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Nadège Follain
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Alain Guinault
- PIMM, Arts et Métiers ParisTech/CNRS/CNAM, 75013 Paris, France
| | | | - Valérie Gaucher
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations, UMR 8207 CNRS/Université Lille 1, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, France
| | - Nicolas Delpouve
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, GPM, 76000 Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Marais
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN Normandie, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS, 76000 Rouen, France
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Soto Puente JA, Fatyeyeva K, Chappey C, Marais S, Dargent E. Layered Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)/Poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) Membranes with Enhanced Water Separation Selectivity and Performance. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:6411-6423. [PMID: 28085242 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b14909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A three-layered membrane based on poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) and hydrolyzed EVA-poly(ethylene-co-vinyl alcohol) (EVOH), was elaborated by the surface hydrolysis of a dense EVA membrane. Because of the chemical modifications, the three-layered EVOH/EVA/EVOH membrane was characterized by the particular microstructure (amorphous EVA and semicrystalline EVOH) and the tunable hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance. Also, these modifications led to the membrane with the selective barrier properties compared with the pure EVA and completely hydrolyzed EVOH membranes. The water barrier behavior was related to the strong hydrogen-bond interactions of water and vinyl alcohol groups, whereas the weak chemical interactions were revealed for gases (N2 and O2). Furthermore, the influence of the polymer rubbery or glassy state on the permeation kinetics was established. In the case of the three-layered membrane, the considerably high selectivity values were obtained for H2O/O2 (∼11 900) and H2O/N2 (∼48 000) at 25 °C. In addition to these highly selective properties, the three-layered structure does not present delamination features due to its elaboration procedure. Thus, these new layered membranes are very promising as selective materials for the water and gas separation and can be potentially used in food packaging or for the gas dehydration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A Soto Puente
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS , 76000 Rouen, France
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, LECAP , 76000 Rouen, France
| | - K Fatyeyeva
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS , 76000 Rouen, France
| | - C Chappey
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS , 76000 Rouen, France
| | - S Marais
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, PBS , 76000 Rouen, France
| | - E Dargent
- Normandie University, UNIROUEN, LECAP , 76000 Rouen, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Charlon S, Delbreilh L, Dargent E, Follain N, Soulestin J, Marais S. Influence of crystallinity on the dielectric relaxations of poly(butylene succinate) and poly[(butylene succinate)-co-(butylene adipate)]. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.09.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
16
|
Zhou SY, Chen JB, Li XJ, Ji X, Zhong GJ, Li ZM. Innovative enhancement of gas barrier properties of biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) nanocomposite films by introducing confined crystals. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22853k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, we creatively obtain high gas barrier poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/clay nanocomposite films by introducing confined crystals taking advantage of the spatial confinement effect which commonly exists in polymer/nanofiller systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Yang Zhou
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- P. R. China
| | - Jing-Bin Chen
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- P. R. China
| | - Xu-Juan Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- P. R. China
| | - Xu Ji
- College of Chemical Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- P. R. China
| | - Gan-Ji Zhong
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- P. R. China
| | - Zhong-Ming Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610065
- P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|