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Ye J, Xia L, Li H, de Arquer FPG, Wang H. The Critical Analysis of Membranes toward Sustainable and Efficient Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2402090. [PMID: 38776138 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) are a promising technology for large-scale storage of electrical energy, combining safety, high capacity, ease of scalability, and prolonged durability; features which have triggered their early commercial implementation. Furthering the deployment of VRFB technologies requires addressing challenges associated to a pivotal component: the membrane. Examples include vanadium crossover, insufficient conductivity, escalated costs, and sustainability concerns related to the widespread adoption of perfluoroalkyl-based membranes, e.g., perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA). Herein, recent advances in high-performance and sustainable membranes for VRFB, offering insights into prospective research directions to overcome these challenges, are reviewed. The analysis reveals the disparities and trade-offs between performance advances enabled by PFSA membranes and composites, and the lack of sustainability in their final applications. The potential of PFSA-free membranes and present strategies to enhance their performance are discussed. This study delves into vital membrane parameters to enhance battery performance, suggesting protocols and design strategies to achieve high-performance and sustainable VRFB membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaye Ye
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
| | - Lu Xia
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
| | - Huiyun Li
- Center for Automotive Electronics, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - F Pelayo García de Arquer
- ICFO-Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Castelldefels, Barcelona, 08860, Spain
| | - Hongxia Wang
- School of Chemistry and Physics, Faculty of Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
- Centre for Materials Science, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD, 4001, Australia
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Molina-Serrano A, Luque-Centeno JM, Sebastián D, Arenas LF, Turek T, Vela I, Carrasco-Marín F, Lázaro MJ, Alegre C. Comparison of the Influence of Oxygen Groups Introduced by Graphene Oxide on the Activity of Carbon Felt in Vanadium and Anthraquinone Flow Batteries. ACS APPLIED ENERGY MATERIALS 2024; 7:2779-2790. [PMID: 38606034 PMCID: PMC11005476 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.3c03223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies focus on organic flow batteries (OFBs) as possible substitutes for the vanadium flow battery (VFB), featuring anthraquinone derivatives, such as anthraquinone-2,7-disulfonic acid (2,7-AQDS). VFBs have been postulated as a promising energy storage technology. However, the fluctuating cost of vanadium minerals and risky supply chains have hampered their implementation, while OFBs could be prepared from renewable raw materials. A critical component of flow batteries is the electrode material, which can determine the power density and energy efficiency. Yet, and in contrast to VFBs, studies on electrodes tailored for OFBs are scarce. Hence, in this work, we propose the modification of commercial carbon felts with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and poly(ethylene glycol) for the 2,7-AQDS redox couple and to preliminarily assess its effects on the efficiency of a 2,7-AQDS/ferrocyanide flow battery. Results are compared to those of a VFB to evaluate if the benefits of the modification are transferable to OFBs. The modification of carbon felts with surface oxygen groups introduced by the presence of rGO enhanced both its hydrophilicity and surface area, favoring the catalytic activity toward VFB and OFB reactions. The results are promising, given the improved behavior of the modified electrodes. Parallels are established between the electrodes of both FB technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio
J. Molina-Serrano
- Instituto
de Carboquímica, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicas-CSIC. C/Miguel Luesma Castán, 4, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José M. Luque-Centeno
- Instituto
de Carboquímica, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicas-CSIC. C/Miguel Luesma Castán, 4, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - David Sebastián
- Instituto
de Carboquímica, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicas-CSIC. C/Miguel Luesma Castán, 4, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Luis F. Arenas
- Institute
of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 17, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
- Research
Center for Energy Storage Technologies, Clausthal University of Technology. Am Stollen 19 A, 38640 Goslar, Germany
| | - Thomas Turek
- Institute
of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 17, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
- Research
Center for Energy Storage Technologies, Clausthal University of Technology. Am Stollen 19 A, 38640 Goslar, Germany
| | - Irene Vela
- Instituto
de Carboquímica, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicas-CSIC. C/Miguel Luesma Castán, 4, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | | | - María J. Lázaro
- Instituto
de Carboquímica, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicas-CSIC. C/Miguel Luesma Castán, 4, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Cinthia Alegre
- Instituto
de Carboquímica, Consejo Superior
de Investigaciones Científicas-CSIC. C/Miguel Luesma Castán, 4, 50018 Zaragoza, Spain
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In Situ Growth of COF on PAN Nanofibers to Improve Proton Conductivity and Dimensional Stability in Proton Exchange Membranes. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15093405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Perfluorosulfonic acid (PFSA) polymer is considered as a proton exchange membrane material with great potential. Nevertheless, excessive water absorption caused by abundant sulfonic acid groups makes PFSA have low dimensional stabilities. In order to improve the dimensional stability of PFSA membranes, nanofibers are introduced into PFSA membranes. However, because nanofibers lack proton conducting groups, it usually reduces the proton conductivities of PFSA membranes. It is a challenge to improve dimensional stabilities while maintaining high proton conductivities. Due to the structural designability, covalent organic frameworks (COFs) with proton conductive groups are chosen to improve the overall performance of PFSA membranes. Herein, COFs synthesized in situ on three-dimensional PAN nanofibers were introduced into PFSA to prepare PFSA@PAN/TpPa-SO3H sandwiched membranes. The PFSA@PAN/TpPa-SO3H-5 composite membrane exhibited outstanding proton conductivity, which reached 260.81 mS·cm−1 at 80 °C and 100% RH, and only decreased by 4.7% in 264 h. The power density of a single fuel cell with PFSA@PAN/TpPa-SO3H-5 was as high as 392.7 mW·cm−2. Compared with the pristine PFSA membrane, the conductivity of PFSA@PAN/TpPa-SO3H-5 increased by 70.0 mS·cm−1, and the area swelling ratio decreased by 8.1%. Our work provides a novel strategy to prepare continuous proton transport channels to simultaneously improve conductivities and dimensional stabilities of proton exchange membranes.
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Effect of high-energy electrons on the thermal, mechanical and fire safety properties of fire-retarded polypropylene nanocomposites. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Biancolli ALG, Bsoul-Haj S, Douglin JC, Barbosa AS, de Sousa RR, Rodrigues O, Lanfredi AJ, Dekel DR, Santiago EI. High-performance radiation grafted anion-exchange membranes for fuel cell applications: Effects of irradiation conditions on ETFE-based membranes properties. J Memb Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Lutz C, Breuckmann M, Hampel S, Kreyenschmidt M, Ke X, Beuermann S, Schafner K, Turek T, Kunz U, Buzanich AG, Radtke M, Fittschen UEA. Characterization of Dimeric Vanadium Uptake and Species in Nafion™ and Novel Membranes from Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries Electrolytes. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:membranes11080576. [PMID: 34436339 PMCID: PMC8399489 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11080576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
A core component of energy storage systems like vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFB) is the polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM). In this work, the frequently used perfluorosulfonic-acid (PFSA) membrane Nafion™ 117 and a novel poly (vinylidene difluoride) (PVDF)-based membrane are investigated. A well-known problem in VRFBs is the vanadium permeation through the membrane. The consequence of this so-called vanadium crossover is a severe loss of capacity. For a better understanding of vanadium transport in membranes, the uptake of vanadium ions from electrolytes containing Vdimer(IV–V) and for comparison also V(II), V(III), V(IV), and V(V) by both membranes was studied. UV/VIS spectroscopy, X-ray absorption near edge structure spectroscopy (XANES), total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (TXRF), inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), and micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (microXRF) were used to determine the vanadium concentrations and the species inside the membrane. The results strongly support that Vdimer(IV–V), a dimer formed from V(IV) and V(V), enters the nanoscopic water-body of Nafion™ 117 as such. This is interesting, because as of now, only the individual ions V(IV) and V(V) were considered to be transported through the membrane. Additionally, it was found that the Vdimer(IV–V) dimer partly dissociates to the individual ions in the novel PVDF-based membrane. The Vdimer(IV–V) dimer concentration in Nafion™ was determined and compared to those of the other species. After three days of equilibration time, the concentration of the dimer is the lowest compared to the monomeric vanadium species. The concentration of vanadium in terms of the relative uptake λ = n(V)/n(SO3) are as follows: V(II) [λ = 0.155] > V(III) [λ = 0.137] > V(IV) [λ = 0.124] > V(V) [λ = 0.053] > Vdimer(IV–V) [λ = 0.039]. The results show that the Vdimer(IV–V) dimer needs to be considered in addition to the other monomeric species to properly describe the transport of vanadium through Nafion™ in VRFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Lutz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld Str. 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; (C.L.); (S.H.)
| | - Michael Breuckmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Applied Science Münster, Stegerwaldstr. 39, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany; (M.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Sven Hampel
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld Str. 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; (C.L.); (S.H.)
| | - Martin Kreyenschmidt
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Applied Science Münster, Stegerwaldstr. 39, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany; (M.B.); (M.K.)
| | - Xi Ke
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld Str. 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; (X.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Sabine Beuermann
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld Str. 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; (X.K.); (S.B.)
| | - Katharina Schafner
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstr. 17, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; (K.S.); (T.T.); (U.K.)
- Forschungszentrum Energiespeichertechnologien, Am Stollen 19A, 38640 Goslar, Germany
| | - Thomas Turek
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstr. 17, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; (K.S.); (T.T.); (U.K.)
- Forschungszentrum Energiespeichertechnologien, Am Stollen 19A, 38640 Goslar, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kunz
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstr. 17, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; (K.S.); (T.T.); (U.K.)
- Forschungszentrum Energiespeichertechnologien, Am Stollen 19A, 38640 Goslar, Germany
| | - Ana Guilherme Buzanich
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Martin Radtke
- Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing (BAM), Richard-Willstaetter-Str. 11, 12489 Berlin, Germany; (A.G.B.); (M.R.)
| | - Ursula E. A. Fittschen
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Clausthal University of Technology, Arnold-Sommerfeld Str. 4, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany; (C.L.); (S.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-5323-72-2205
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Düerkop D, Widdecke H, Schilde C, Kunz U, Schmiemann A. Polymer Membranes for All-Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries: A Review. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:214. [PMID: 33803681 PMCID: PMC8003036 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries such as the all-vanadium redox flow battery (VRFB) are a technical solution for storing fluctuating renewable energies on a large scale. The optimization of cells regarding performance, cycle stability as well as cost reduction are the main areas of research which aim to enable more environmentally friendly energy conversion, especially for stationary applications. As a critical component of the electrochemical cell, the membrane influences battery performance, cycle stability, initial investment and maintenance costs. This review provides an overview about flow-battery targeted membranes in the past years (1995-2020). More than 200 membrane samples are sorted into fluoro-carbons, hydro-carbons or N-heterocycles according to the basic polymer used. Furthermore, the common description in membrane technology regarding the membrane structure is applied, whereby the samples are categorized as dense homogeneous, dense heterogeneous, symmetrical or asymmetrically porous. Moreover, these properties as well as the efficiencies achieved from VRFB cycling tests are discussed, e.g., membrane samples of fluoro-carbons, hydro-carbons and N-heterocycles as a function of current density. Membrane properties taken into consideration include membrane thickness, ion-exchange capacity, water uptake and vanadium-ion diffusion. The data on cycle stability and costs of commercial membranes, as well as membrane developments, are compared. Overall, this investigation shows that dense anion-exchange membranes (AEM) and N-heterocycle-based membranes, especially poly(benzimidazole) (PBI) membranes, are suitable for VRFB requiring low self-discharge. Symmetric and asymmetric porous membranes, as well as cation-exchange membranes (CEM) enable VRFB operation at high current densities. Amphoteric ion-exchange membranes (AIEM) and dense heterogeneous CEM are the choice for operation mode with the highest energy efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Düerkop
- Institute of Recycling, Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Robert-Koch-Platz 8a, 38440 Wolfsburg, Germany; (H.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Hartmut Widdecke
- Institute of Recycling, Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Robert-Koch-Platz 8a, 38440 Wolfsburg, Germany; (H.W.); (A.S.)
| | - Carsten Schilde
- Institute of Particle Technology, Braunschweig University of Technology, Volkmaroder Straße 5, 38100 Braunschweig, Germany;
| | - Ulrich Kunz
- Institute of Chemical and Electrochemical Process Engineering, Clausthal University of Technology, Leibnizstraße 17, 38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany;
| | - Achim Schmiemann
- Institute of Recycling, Ostfalia University of Applied Sciences, Robert-Koch-Platz 8a, 38440 Wolfsburg, Germany; (H.W.); (A.S.)
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8
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Surface modification and edge layer post curing of 3D sheet moulding compounds (SMC). Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2020.108872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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9
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Ionizing Radiation for Preparation and Functionalization of Membranes and Their Biomedical and Environmental Applications. MEMBRANES 2019; 9:membranes9120163. [PMID: 31816943 PMCID: PMC6950004 DOI: 10.3390/membranes9120163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of ionizing radiation processing technologies has proven to be one of the most versatile ways to prepare a wide range of membranes with specific tailored functionalities, thus enabling them to be used in a variety of industrial, environmental, and biological applications. The general principle of this clean and environmental friendly technique is the use of various types of commercially available high-energy radiation sources, like 60Co, X-ray, and electron beam to initiate energy-controlled processes of free-radical polymerization or copolymerization, leading to the production of functionalized, flexible, structured membranes or to the incorporation of functional groups within a matrix composed by a low-cost polymer film. The present manuscript describes the state of the art of using ionizing radiation for the preparation and functionalization of polymer-based membranes for biomedical and environmental applications.
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11
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Polymer Electrolyte Membranes Prepared by Graft Copolymerization of 2-Acrylamido-2-Methylpropane Sulfonic Acid and Acrylic Acid on PVDF and ETFE Activated by Electron Beam Treatment. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:polym11071175. [PMID: 31336788 PMCID: PMC6680964 DOI: 10.3390/polym11071175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymer electrolyte membranes (PEM) for potential applications in fuel cells or vanadium redox flow batteries were synthesized and characterized. ETFE (poly (ethylene-alt-tetrafluoroethylene)) and PVDF (poly (vinylidene fluoride)) serving as base materials were activated by electron beam treatment with doses ranging from 50 to 200 kGy and subsequently grafted via radical copolymerization with the functional monomers 2-acrylamido-2-methylpropane sulfonic acid and acrylic acid in aqueous phase. Since protogenic groups are already contained in the monomers, a subsequent sulfonation step is omitted. The mechanical properties were studied via tensile strength measurements. The electrochemical performance of the PEMs was evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and fuel cell tests. The proton conductivities and ion exchange capacities are competitive with Nafion 117, the standard material used today.
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Preparation of Polymer Electrolyte Membranes via Radiation-Induced Graft Copolymerization on Poly(ethylene-alt-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) Using the Crosslinker N, N'-Methylenebis(acrylamide). MEMBRANES 2018; 8:membranes8040102. [PMID: 30404203 PMCID: PMC6316420 DOI: 10.3390/membranes8040102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 10/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Polymer electrolyte membranes (PEM) prepared by radiation-induced graft copolymerization are investigated. For this purpose, commercial poly(ethylene-alt-tetrafluoroethylene) (ETFE) films were activated by electron beam treatment and subsequently grafted with the monomers glycidyl methacrylate (GMA), hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and N,N′-methylenebis(acrylamide) (MBAA) as crosslinker. The target is to achieve a high degree of grafting (DG) and high proton conductivity. To evaluate the electrochemical performance, the PEMs were tested in a fuel cell and in a vanadium redox-flow battery (VRFB). High power densities of 134 mW∙cm−2 and 474 mW∙cm−2 were observed, respectively.
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Yang P, Xuan S, Long J, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhang H. Fluorine-Containing Branched Sulfonated Polyimide Membrane for Vanadium Redox Flow Battery Applications. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pan Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Energy Materials; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang 621010 P.R.China
| | - Sensen Xuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Energy Materials; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang 621010 P.R.China
| | - Jun Long
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Energy Materials; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang 621010 P.R.China
| | - Yanlin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Energy Materials; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang 621010 P.R.China
| | - Yaping Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Energy Materials; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang 621010 P.R.China
| | - Hongping Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Friendly Energy Materials; Southwest University of Science and Technology; Mianyang 621010 P.R.China
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Qian J, Fu C, Wang X, Li W, Chu H, Ran X, Nie W. The formation of cross-linking networks in a fluorinated polymer composite system by electron beam irradiation. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adv.22086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qian
- Lab of Polymer Composites Engineering; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Chao Fu
- Lab of Polymer Composites Engineering; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Xuemei Wang
- Lab of Polymer Composites Engineering; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun China
| | - Weiyan Li
- Lab of Polymer Composites Engineering; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Huiying Chu
- Lab of Polymer Composites Engineering; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Xianghai Ran
- Lab of Polymer Composites Engineering; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
| | - Wei Nie
- Lab of Polymer Composites Engineering; Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei China
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15
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Ren J, Dong Y, Dai J, Hu H, Zhu Y, Teng X. A novel chloromethylated/quaternized poly(sulfone)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) anion exchange membrane with ultra-low vanadium permeability for all vanadium redox flow battery. J Memb Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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