1
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Mohamed M, Tagliabue M, Tiraferri A. Technical Feasibility of Extraction of Freshwater from Produced Water with Combined Forward Osmosis and Nanofiltration. MEMBRANES 2024; 14:107. [PMID: 38786941 PMCID: PMC11123107 DOI: 10.3390/membranes14050107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
This study assesses the technical feasibility of a forward-osmosis-based system for concentrating produced water and extracting freshwater. Forward osmosis was combined with nanofiltration, the latter system used to restore the initial osmotic pressure of the diluted draw solutions while concurrently obtaining the final freshwater product. Three draw solutions, namely, MgCl2, NaCl, and C3H5NaO2, were initially tested against a synthetic water mimicking a pretreated produced water effluent having an osmotic pressure equal to 16.3 bar. MgCl2 was thus selected for high-recovery experiments. Different combinations of draw solution osmotic pressure (30, 40, 60, 80, and 120) and draw-to-feed initial volume ratios (1, 1.6, and 2.2) were tested at the laboratory scale, achieving recovery rates between roughly 35% and 70% and water fluxes between 4 and 8 L m-2h-1. One-dimensional, system-wide simulations deploying the analytical FO water flux equation were utilized to validate the experiments, investigate co-current and counter-current configurations, and understand the system potential. The diluted draw solutions were then transferred to nanofiltration to regenerate their original osmotic pressure. There, the highest observed rejection was 96.6% with an average flux of 21 L m-2h-1, when running the system to achieve 100% relative recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madina Mohamed
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Marco Tagliabue
- Eni S.p.A., Research and Development, Via F. Maritano, 26, 20097 San Donato M.se, Italy
| | - Alberto Tiraferri
- Department of Environment, Land and Infrastructure Engineering, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
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2
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Zhou S, Huang L, Wang G, Wang W, Zhao R, Sun X, Wang D. A review of the development in shale oil and gas wastewater desalination. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162376. [PMID: 36828060 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development of the shale oil and gas extraction industry has heightened concerns about shale oil and gas wastewater (SOGW). This review comprehensively summarizes, analyzes, and evaluates multiple issues in SOGW desalination. The detailed analysis of SOGW water quality and various disposal strategies with different water quality standards reveals the water quality characteristics and disposal status of SOGW, clarifying the necessity of desalination for the rational management of SOGW. Subsequently, potential and implemented technologies for SOGW desalination are reviewed, mainly including membrane-based, thermal-based, and adsorption-based desalination technologies, as well as bioelectrochemical desalination systems, and the research progress of these technologies in desalinating SOGW are highlighted. In addition, various pretreatment methods for SOGW desalination are comprehensively reviewed, and the synergistic effects on SOGW desalination that can be achieved by combining different desalination technologies are summarized. Renewable energy sources and waste heat are also discussed, which can be used to replace traditional fossil energy to drive SOGW desalination and reduce the negative impact of shale oil and gas exploitation on the environment. Moreover, real project cases for SOGW desalination are presented, and the full-scale or pilot-scale on-site treatment devices for SOGW desalination are summarized. In order to compare different desalination processes clearly, operational parameters and performance data of varying desalination processes, including feed salinity, water flux, salt removal rate, water recovery, energy consumption, and cost, are collected and analyzed, and the applicability of different desalination technologies in desalinating SOGW is qualitatively evaluated. Finally, the recovery of valuable inorganic resources in SOGW is discussed, which is a meaningful research direction for SOGW desalination. At present, the development of SOGW desalination has not reached a satisfactory level, and investing enough energy in SOGW desalination in the future is still necessary to achieve the optimal management of SOGW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simin Zhou
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Likun Huang
- School of Food Engineering, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Guangzhi Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Rui Zhao
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Xiyu Sun
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Dongdong Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, 73 Huanghe Road, Harbin 150090, China
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3
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Gonzales RR, Nakagawa K, Hasegawa S, Matsuoka A, Kumagai K, Yoshioka T, Matsuyama H. Ammoniacal nitrogen concentration by osmotically assisted reverse osmosis. J Memb Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2022.121122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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4
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Humidification–Dehumidification (HDH) Desalination and Other Volume Reduction Techniques for Produced Water Treatment. WATER 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/w14010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Volume reduction has been suggested as a novel method to tackle the various challenges associated with produced water. The present solution offers an economical and environmentally friendly solution to treat a large bulk of produced water that may overwhelm conventional water treatment methods. The current study provides a review of the various volume reduction technologies including freeze concentration, reverse osmosis, and humidification and dehumidification desalination systems. Focus is concentrated on the general HDH technologies in addition to its integration with refrigeration cycles for conditioned air production, and the power cycles for power generation. The GOR, freshwater yield, and efficiencies of the integrated HDH systems were reviewed. Lastly, innovation in the HDH desalination technology is discussed with emphasis on its incorporation with the MVC process.
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5
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Foo ZH, Rehman D, Coombs OZ, Deshmukh A, Lienhard JH. Multicomponent Fickian solution-diffusion model for osmotic transport through membranes. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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6
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Li X, Mei Y, Zhang J, Yang Y, Peng LE, Qing W, He D, Fane AG, Tang CY. Osmotically enhanced reverse osmosis using hollow fiber membranes. J Memb Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2021.119703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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7
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Nakao T, Miura Y, Furuichi K, Yasukawa M. Cellulose Triacetate (CTA) Hollow-Fiber (HF) Membranes for Sustainable Seawater Desalination: A Review. MEMBRANES 2021; 11:183. [PMID: 33800203 PMCID: PMC8000292 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11030183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cellulose triacetate (CTA)-based hollow fiber (HF) membrane is one of the commercially successful semipermeable membranes that has had a long progress since the time the excellent semi-permeable feature of cellulose-based polymers was found in 1957. Because of the reliable and excellent performances, especially for drinking water production from seawater, CTA-HFs have been widely used as reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, especially in arid regions. In this review, recent developments and research trends on CTA-HF membranes for seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plants were presented. A flux analytical model, an optimization strategy for chlorine injection without losing salt rejection performance, and a module of current high performance CTA RO membranes along with its plant operation data were updated in this paper. Furthermore, a newly developed CTA-HF membrane for brine concentration (BC) application (called BC membrane) was also addressed. Finally, RO/BC hybrid operation was introduced as an effective SWRO desalination technique that enables minimizing the volume of brine disposal from the RO plant by increasing the recovery ratio and the subsequent amount of produced freshwater, without an additional energy input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahito Nakao
- Desalination Membrane Department, Toyobo Co., Ltd., Osaka 530-8230, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Yuki Miura
- Iwakuni Membrane Plant, Toyobo Co., Ltd., 1-1 Nadamachi, Iwakuni, Yamaguchi 740-0033, Japan
| | - Kenji Furuichi
- Research Center, Toyobo Co., Ltd., 2-1-1 Katata, Ohtsu-City, Shiga 520-0292, Japan; (K.F.); (M.Y.)
| | - Masahiro Yasukawa
- Research Center, Toyobo Co., Ltd., 2-1-1 Katata, Ohtsu-City, Shiga 520-0292, Japan; (K.F.); (M.Y.)
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8
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Nakagawa K, Togo N, Takagi R, Shintani T, Yoshioka T, Kamio E, Matsuyama H. Multistage osmotically assisted reverse osmosis process for concentrating solutions using hollow fiber membrane modules. Chem Eng Res Des 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2020.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Park K, Kim DY, Jang YH, Kim MG, Yang DR, Hong S. Comprehensive analysis of a hybrid FO/crystallization/RO process for improving its economic feasibility to seawater desalination. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 171:115426. [PMID: 31887548 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the FO/crystallization/RO hybrid process was analyzed comprehensively, including experimentation, modeling, and energy and cost estimation, to examine and improve its feasibility to seawater desalination. A new operating strategy by heating the FO process to 45 °C was suggested, and a detailed process design was conducted. A comparative analysis with the conventional seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) process was performed in terms of specific energy consumption (SEC) and specific water cost (SWC). The hybrid process can produce fresh water with SWC of 0.6964 $/m3, electrical SEC of 2.71 kWh/m3, and thermal SEC of 14.684 kWh/m3. Compared to the conventional SWRO process (SWC of 0.6890 $/m3 and electrical SEC of 2.674 kWh/m3), the hybrid process can produce water with comparable cost and energy consumption. An economic feasibility study that utilized the waste heat and the developed FO technology was also carried out to investigate future developments of the hybrid process. The SWC can be reduced to 0.6435 $/m3 with free waste heat energy. The permeate water quality of the hybrid process was about half that of the conventional SWRO process on molar basis. The results revealed that the FO/crystallization/RO hybrid process can be utilized as a competitive process for seawater desalination with high recovery and high water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiho Park
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yeon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hyuk Jang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gyu Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Ryook Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Seungkwan Hong
- School of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Wang Z, Deshmukh A, Du Y, Elimelech M. Minimal and zero liquid discharge with reverse osmosis using low-salt-rejection membranes. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 170:115317. [PMID: 31786394 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Minimal and zero liquid discharge (MLD/ZLD) are wastewater management strategies that are attracting heightened attention worldwide. While conventional reverse osmosis (RO) has been proposed as a promising technology in desalination and MLD/ZLD processes, its application is limited by the maximum hydraulic pressures that current RO membranes and modules can withstand. In this study, we develop low-salt-rejection RO (LSRRO), a novel staged RO process, that employs low-salt-rejection membranes to desalinate or concentrate highly saline feed streams, requiring only moderate hydraulic pressures. Based on process modeling, we demonstrate that LSRRO can overcome the hydraulic pressure limitations of conventional RO, achieving hypersaline brine salinities (>4.0 M NaCl or 234 g L-1 NaCl) that are required for MLD/ZLD applications, without using excessively high hydraulic pressures (≤70 bar). In addition, we show that the energy efficiency of LSSRO is substantially higher than traditional thermally-driven phase-change-based technologies, such as mechanical vapor compressor (MVC). For example, to concentrate a saline feed stream from 0.1 to 1.0 M NaCl, the specific energy consumption (SEC) of 4-stage LSRRO ranges from 2.4 to 8.0 kWh of electrical energy per m3 of feedwater treated, around four times less than that of MVC, which requires 20-25 kWhe m-3. Furthermore, compared to osmotically mediated RO technologies that require bilateral countercurrent stages to treat hypersaline brines, LSRRO is eminently more practical as it can be readily implemented by using 'loose' RO or nanofiltration membranes in conventional RO. Our study highlights LSRRO's potential for energy efficient brine concentration using moderate hydraulic pressures, which would drastically improve the energetic and economic performance of MLD/ZLD processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangxin Wang
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, United States
| | - Akshay Deshmukh
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, United States
| | - Yuhao Du
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, United States
| | - Menachem Elimelech
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, United States.
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11
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Optimization of two-stage seawater reverse osmosis membrane processes with practical design aspects for improving energy efficiency. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2020.117889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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12
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Park K, Kim J, Yang DR, Hong S. Towards a low-energy seawater reverse osmosis desalination plant: A review and theoretical analysis for future directions. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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13
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Chang Kim Y, Min T. Influence of osmotic mediation on permeation of water in reverse osmosis: Experimental and numerical analysis. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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14
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Wei X, Zhang S, Han Y, Wolfe FA. Treatment of petrochemical wastewater and produced water from oil and gas. WATER ENVIRONMENT RESEARCH : A RESEARCH PUBLICATION OF THE WATER ENVIRONMENT FEDERATION 2019; 91:1025-1033. [PMID: 31243845 DOI: 10.1002/wer.1172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater in petrochemical processes and produced water from oil and gas production remain a challenge for the industry to minimize their impact on the environment. Recent research and development of treatment technologies for petrochemical wastewater and produced water from oil and gas industries published in 2018 were summarized in this annual review. Great efforts and progresses were made in various treatment options, including membrane processes, advanced oxidation, biological systems, adsorption, coagulation, and combined processes. PRACTITIONER POINTS: Treatment technologies for petrochemical wastewater are reviewed. Research development in produced water from oil and gas industries is summarized. Reviewed technologies include traditional, advanced, and innovative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchao Wei
- Department of Physics and Engineering, Slippery Rock University, Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania
| | - Shicheng Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuexin Han
- School of Resources and Civil Engineering, Northeastern University, Shenyang, China
| | - Frederick Andrew Wolfe
- College of Engineering, The State University of New York Polytechnic Institute, Utica, New York
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15
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Timkin VA, Novopashin LA, Mazina OA, Lazarev VA, Pishchikov GB. Development of Parameters of the Reverse Osmosis Process for Concentrating Fruit and Vegetable Juices. MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s2517751619040097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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16
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Shan M, Kang H, Xu Z, Li N, Jing M, Hu Y, Teng K, Qian X, Shi J, Liu L. Decreased cross-linking in interfacial polymerization and heteromorphic support between nanoparticles: Towards high-water and low-solute flux of hybrid forward osmosis membrane. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 548:170-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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17
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Togo N, Nakagawa K, Shintani T, Yoshioka T, Takahashi T, Kamio E, Matsuyama H. Osmotically Assisted Reverse Osmosis Utilizing Hollow Fiber Membrane Module for Concentration Process. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b00630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norihiro Togo
- Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Keizo Nakagawa
- Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Takuji Shintani
- Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Yoshioka
- Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomoki Takahashi
- Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Eiji Kamio
- Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hideto Matsuyama
- Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Graduate School of Science, Technology, and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
- Center for Membrane and Film Technology, Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada, Kobe 657-8501, Japan
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18
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Bartholomew TV, Mauter MS. Computational framework for modeling membrane processes without process and solution property simplifications. J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.11.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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19
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Kim J, Hong S. Optimizing seawater reverse osmosis with internally staged design to improve product water quality and energy efficiency. J Memb Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2018.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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20
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Bartholomew TV, Siefert NS, Mauter MS. Cost Optimization of Osmotically Assisted Reverse Osmosis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11813-11821. [PMID: 30226376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We develop a nonlinear optimization model to identify minimum cost designs for osmotically assisted reverse osmosis (OARO), a multistaged membrane-based process for desalinating high-salinity brines. The optimization model enables comprehensive evaluation of a complex process configuration and operational decision space that includes nonlinear process performance and implicit relationships among membrane stages, saline sweep cycles, and makeup, purge, and recycle streams. The objective function minimizes cost, rather than energy or capital expenditures, to accurately account for the trade-offs in capital and operational expenses inherent in multistaged membrane processes. Generally, we find that cost-optimal OARO processes minimize the number of stages, eliminate the use of saline makeup streams, purge from the first sweep cycle, and successively decrease stage membrane area and sweep flow rates. The optimal OARO configuration for treating feed salinities of 50-125 g/L total dissolved solids with water recoveries between 30-70% results in costs less than or equal to $6 per m3 of product water. Sensitivity analysis suggests that future research to minimize OARO costs should focus on minimizing the membrane structural parameter while maximizing the membrane burst pressure and reducing the membrane unit cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy V Bartholomew
- National Energy Technology Laboratory , U.S. Department of Energy , 626 Cochrans Mill Road , P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15236 , United States
| | - Nicholas S Siefert
- National Energy Technology Laboratory , U.S. Department of Energy , 626 Cochrans Mill Road , P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15236 , United States
| | - Meagan S Mauter
- National Energy Technology Laboratory , U.S. Department of Energy , 626 Cochrans Mill Road , P.O. Box 10940, Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania 15236 , United States
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